2.

4 Computing Indefinite Integrals

Warm-up Examples: Differentiate each of the following.

1. f ( x) = x3 2. f ( x) = x 3 − 10 3. f ( x) = x 3 + C (C = constant)
2 2 2
f x 3 F x 3 f'Cx 3

So what should you get when you antidifferentiate (integrate) f ′( x ) = 3x 2 ?

I Etc
f ( x) = _______
Notation
This problem can be written as ∫ 3x dx = Xtc
2

The symbol ∫ g p
is called an integral symbol and tells you to integrate (antidifferentiate) the

expression which follows it. That expression is called an integrand. dx indicates that you are
integrating with respect to the variable x but does not affect the integration process. C is called
the constant of integration and must be written as part of your answer when you are
antidifferentiating.

Integration Rules:
aways a number
x n +1 p
Power Rule: ∫ x dx = n + 1 + C , n ≠ −1
n

Constant Rule: ∫ k dx = kx + C (if k is any constant)

Scalar Multiple Rule: ∫ k f ( x ) dx = k ∫ f ( x ) dx (if k is any constant)

(Constants may be “factored out” of the integral expression. NEVER “factor out” a variable.)

Sum Rule: ∫ ( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ g ( x ) dx
Trig Rules: ∫ cos x dx = sinxtc ∫ sin x dx = cost

∫ sec x dx = ∫ csc x dx =
2 2
tanxtc cotxtc

∫ sec x tan x dx = sext ∫ csc x cot x dx = csextc

Examples: Evaluate (Integrate).

4. ∫x 5. ∫ 2 dx 6. ∫ (t + 2) dt
3 4
dx

II
to
to
Is atte
to
tix test at te

 3 1  x +1
7. ∫ (2 y + 4 y + 1) dy 8. ∫  x − 9. ∫
2
 dx dx
2
x x2

24
g YI sic
St x'tax É t dx
35 ax's a 32
ay y a
8 x tax

2x x te
 cos x
10. ∫ ( 2 cos θ − 3sin θ ) dθ 11. ∫ sin
2
x
dx

2sinotacos C
f Ind
f cotx cscx dx
csex to

Sometimes an initial condition is given which makes it possible to solve for C .

x y3
Example 12: If f ′( x ) = x −3 and f (1) = , find f ( x ) .
2

F'adx Fa

3
x dx x t c fix

I 45 C 3
z t c
Z
c s
2.4 Assignment 1-30 all.

Evaluate the given integral.

1. ∫ 4x − 2x3 + 7x − 4dx 2. ∫z − 48z11 − 5z16dz

6 7

3. ∫ 10t + 12t −9 + 4t3dt 4. ∫w + 10w −5 − 8dw

−3 −2

5. ∫ 12dy 6. ∫ w + 10 5 w3 dw
3

4 1
7. ∫ x7 − 7 6 x5 + 17 3 x10 dx 8. ∫x 2
+2−
8x3
dx

7 1 2
9. ∫ 3y 10. ∫ (t )
− 1 ( 4 + 3t ) dt
2
+ − dy
6
y 10
3
y4

 1  z8 − 6z5 + 4z 4 − 2
11. ∫ z  z2 −

 dz
4z 
12. ∫ z4
dz

x4 − 3 x 6 2
13. ∫ 6 x
dx 14. ∫w 3
−
w5
dw

15. ∫ 2 sin x + 3cos x dx 16. ∫ (t − sin t) dt

2

17. ∫ (1 − csc x cot x) dx 18. ∫ sec2 x dx

1 − sin2 x
19. ∫ cos2 x
dx 20. ∫ (2t + cos t) dt

21. ∫ 4 sec x tanx dx 22. ∫ (θ − sec2 θ ) dθ

2

23. ∫ (csc θ − sin θ ) dθ 24. ∫ sec y(tan y − sec y) dy

2

25. ∫ (tan y + 1) dy 26. ∫ sin ( x ) + 10 csc ( x ) dx

2 2

27. ∫ 2cos ( w ) − sec ( w ) tan ( w ) dw 28. ∫ 12 + csc (θ ) sin (θ ) + csc (θ ) dθ

29. Determine f(x) given that f'(x) = 12x2 − 4x and f ( −3) = 17

30. Determine h(t) given that h"(t) = 24t2 − 48t + 2 , h (1 ) = −9 and h ( −2 ) = −4

Selected Answers

3 −8 4 3 34 25 58
3. −5t −2 − t +t +C 6. w + w +C
2 4 4

1
7 −5 1 −9 − 1 92 1 56
9. − y − y + 6y 3 + C 13. x − x +C
15 9 27 5

1 3
19. x + C 22. θ − tan θ + C
3

27. 2 sin w − sec w + C 28. 13θ − cot θ + C

29. f ( x ) = 4x 3 − 2x 2 + 143