Please Do Not Write on This Sheet

Physics Formula Sheet

Chapter 1: Introduction: The 𝑅𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔
Nature of Science and Physics 𝑣2
𝑅 = √𝑅𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑦2 𝑎𝐶 =
𝑟
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝑅𝑦 𝑎𝐶 = 𝑟𝜔2
𝑥= 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
2𝑎 𝑅𝑥 𝐹𝐶 = 𝑚𝑎𝐶
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 6.38 × 106 𝑚 2
𝑣0𝑦 𝑚𝑣 2
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 5.98 × 1024 𝑘𝑔 ℎ= 𝐹𝐶 =
2𝑔 𝑟
𝑐 = 3.00 × 108 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑣2
𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃0 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
𝑁𝑚2 𝑅= 𝑟𝑔
𝐺 = 6.673 × 10−11 𝑔
𝑘𝑔2 𝐹𝐶 = 𝑚𝑟𝜔2
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑁𝐴 = 6.02 × 1023 𝑚𝑀
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝐹=𝐺 2
𝑘 = 1.38 × 10−23 𝐽/𝐾 𝑟
𝐽 𝑣 = √𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 𝐺𝑀
𝑅 = 8.31 ⁄𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⋅ 𝐾 𝑔= 2
𝑣𝑦 𝑟
𝜎 = 5.67 × 10−8 𝑊/(𝑚2 ⋅ 𝐾) 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑇12 𝑟13
𝑘 = 8.99 × 109 𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚2 /𝐶 2 𝑣𝑥 =
𝑇22 𝑟23
𝑞𝑒 = −1.60 × 10−19 𝐶
4𝜋 2 3
𝜖0 = 8.85 × 10−12 𝐶 2 /(𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚2 ) Chapter 4: Dynamics: Forces 𝑇2 = 𝑟
𝐺𝑀
𝜇0 = 4π × 10−7 𝑇 ⋅ 𝑚/𝐴 and Newton’s Laws of Motion
𝑟3 𝐺
ℎ = 6.63 × 10−34 𝐽 ⋅ 𝑠 = 𝑀
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑇 2 4𝜋 2
𝑚𝑒 = 9.11 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔 𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑚𝑝 = 1.6726 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔 Chapter 7: Work, Energy, and
𝑚𝑛 = 1.6749 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔 Chapter 5: Further Applications Energy Resources
𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 1.6605 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔 of Newton’s Laws: Friction, 𝑊 = 𝑓𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑘𝑔 Drag, and Elasticity
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1000 3 1
𝑚 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 2
1 1
Chapter 2: Kinematics 𝑓𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑚𝑣02
1 2 2
𝛥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥0 𝐹𝐷 = 𝐶𝜌𝐴𝑣 2 𝑃𝐸𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
2
𝛥𝑡 = 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡0 1
𝐹𝑠 = 6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣 𝑃𝐸𝑠 = 𝑘𝑥 2
𝛥𝑥 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥0 𝐹 = 𝑘𝛥𝑥 2
𝑣= = 𝐾𝐸0 + 𝑃𝐸0 = 𝐾𝐸𝑓 + 𝑃𝐸𝑓
𝛥𝑡 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡0 1𝐹
𝛥𝐿 = 𝐿 𝐾𝐸0 + 𝑃𝐸0 + 𝑊𝑛𝑐 = 𝐾𝐸𝑓 + 𝑃𝐸𝑓
𝛥𝑣 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣0 𝑌𝐴 0
𝑎= = 𝐹 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝛥𝑡 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡0 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓 =
𝐴 𝐸𝑖𝑛
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣𝑡
𝛥𝐿 𝑊
𝑣0 + 𝑣 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃=
𝑣= 𝐿0 𝑡
2
𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑌 × 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
1 1𝐹 Chapter 8: Linear Momentum
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 𝛥𝑥 = 𝐿
2 𝑆𝐴 0 and Collisions
1𝐹
𝑣 2 = 𝑣02 + 2𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) 𝛥𝑉 = 𝑉 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
𝑚 𝐵𝐴 0
𝑔 = 9.80 2 𝛥𝑝 = 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝛥𝑡
𝑠
Chapter 6: Uniform Circular 𝑝0 = 𝑝𝑓

Chapter 3: Two-Dimensional Motion and Gravitation 𝑚1 𝑣01 + 𝑚2 𝑣02 = 𝑚1 𝑣𝑓1 + 𝑚2 𝑣𝑓2

Kinematics 𝛥𝑠
𝛥𝜃 =
𝐴𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑟
2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 360° = 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝛥𝜃
𝑅𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 𝜔=
𝛥𝑡
 Please Do Not Write on This Sheet
1 2
1 2 Thin rod about axis through center 1
𝑚1 𝑣01 + 𝑚2 𝑣02 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣12 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ1
2 2 𝑀ℓ2 2
⊥ to length: 𝐼 =
1 2
12 1
= 𝑚1 𝑣𝑓1 Thin rod about axis through one end = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑣22
2 2
1 𝑀ℓ2 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ2
+ 𝑚2 𝑣𝑓2 2 ⊥ to length: 𝐼 =
3
2 1
𝑚1 𝑣1 = 𝑚1 𝑣1′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 Solid sphere: 𝐼 =
2𝑀𝑅 2 (Δ𝑃 + Δ 𝜌𝑣 2 + Δ𝜌𝑔ℎ) 𝑄 = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
5 2
0 = 𝑚1 𝑣1′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 2𝑀𝑅 2 𝑣1 = √2𝑔ℎ
Thin spherical shell: 𝐼 =
1 1 1 3
𝐹𝐿
𝑚𝑣12 = 𝑚𝑣1′2 + 𝑚𝑣2′2 Slab about ⊥ axis through center: 𝜂=
2 2 2 𝑣𝐴
+ 𝑚𝑣1′ 𝑣2′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃1 𝑀(𝑎2 +𝑏 2 )
𝐼= 𝑃2 − 𝑃1
− 𝜃2 )
12 𝑄=
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑊 = (𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝜏)𝜃 𝑅
𝑣𝑒 𝛥𝑚 8𝜂𝑙
𝑎= −𝑔 1 𝑅= 4
𝑚 𝛥𝑡 𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 𝐼𝜔2 𝜋𝑟
𝑣1 𝑚1 + 𝑣2 𝑚2 2
(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )𝜋𝑟 4
𝑣𝑐𝑚 = 𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔 𝑄=
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 8𝜂𝑙
𝛥𝐿
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝜏 = 2𝜌𝑣𝑟
𝛥𝑡 𝑁𝑅 =
Chapter 9: Statics and Torque 𝜂
𝜌𝑣𝐿
𝜏 = 𝑟𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 Chapter 11: Fluid Statics 𝑁𝑅′ =
𝜂
𝑟⊥ = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑚
𝐹𝑜 𝑙𝑖 𝜌= 𝑥𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √2𝐷𝑡
𝑉
𝑀𝐴 = =
𝐹𝑖 𝑙𝑜 𝐹
𝑃= Chapter 13: Temperature,
𝑙𝑖 𝐹𝑖 = 𝑙𝑜 𝐹𝑜 𝐴
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1.01 × 105 𝑃𝑎 Kinetic Theory, and the Gas
Chapter 10: Rotational Motion 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ Laws
and Angular Momentum 𝑃2 = 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ 9
𝐹1 𝐹2 𝑇(°𝐹) = 𝑇(°𝐶) + 32
𝛥𝜃 = 5
𝜔= 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝑇(𝐾) = 𝑇(°𝐶) + 273.15
𝛥𝑡 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑤𝑓𝑙
𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔 𝛥𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿𝛥𝑇
𝜌𝑜𝑏𝑗
𝛥𝜔 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 = 𝛥𝐴 = 2𝛼𝐴𝛥𝑇
𝛼= 𝜌𝑓𝑙
𝛥𝑡 𝛥𝑉 = 𝛽𝑉𝛥𝑇
𝛥𝑣 𝜌
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝛽 ≈ 3𝛼
𝑎𝑡 = 𝜌𝑤
𝛥𝑡 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑟𝛼 𝐹
𝛾= 𝑘 = 1.38 × 10−23 𝐽/𝐾
𝜃 = 𝜔𝑡 𝐿
4𝛾 𝑁𝐴 = 6.02 × 1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
𝜔 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼𝑡 𝑃= 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
1 𝑟
𝜃 = 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝛼𝑡 2 2𝛾 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝐽
2 ℎ= 𝑅 = 8.31
𝜌𝑔𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⋅ 𝐾
𝜔2 = 𝜔02 + 2𝛼𝜃 1 2
𝜔0 + 𝜔 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑁𝑚𝑣
3
𝜔=
2 Chapter 12: Fluid Dynamics 1 3
2
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼 and Its Biological Medical 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 = 𝑘𝑇
2 2
Hoop about cylinder axis: 𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅2 Applications
3𝑘𝑇
𝑀𝑅 2 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √
Hoop about any diameter: 𝐼 = 𝑉 𝑚
2 𝑄=
𝑀 𝑡
Ring: 𝐼 = (𝑅12 + 𝑅22 ) % 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦
2 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
Solid cylinder (or disk) about 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 =
𝑀𝑅 2 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
cylinder axis: 𝐼 = 𝑛1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝑛2 𝐴2 𝑣2
2 × 100%
Solid cylinder (or disk) about
𝑀𝑅 2 𝑀ℓ2
central diameter: 𝐼 = + Chapter 14: Heat and Heat
4 12
Transfer Methods
 Please Do Not Write on This Sheet
1.000 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 4186 𝐽 1 𝑃𝐸
𝑃𝐸𝑒𝑙 = 𝑘𝑥 2 𝑉=
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝛥𝑇 2 𝑞
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝑓 𝑚 𝛥𝑃𝐸 = 𝑞𝛥𝑉
𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝑣 𝑘 𝑊 = 𝑞𝑉𝐴𝐵
𝑄 𝑘𝐴(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 1 𝑘 𝑉𝐴𝐵
= 𝑓= √ 𝐸=
𝑡 𝑑 2𝜋 𝑚 𝑑
𝑄 𝛥𝑉
= 𝜎𝑒𝐴𝑇 4 2𝜋𝑡 𝐸=−
𝑡 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝛥𝑠
𝐽 𝑇 𝑘𝑄
𝜎 = 5.67 × 10−8 2𝜋𝑡 𝑉=
𝑠 ⋅ 𝑚2 ⋅ 𝐾 4 𝑣(𝑡) = −𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑟
𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑇 𝑄
= 𝜎𝑒𝐴(𝑇24 − 𝑇14 ) 𝐶=
𝑡 2𝜋𝑋 𝑘 𝑉
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 𝑋√ 𝐴
𝑇 𝑚 𝐶 = 𝜖0
Chapter 15: Thermodynamics 𝑑
𝑘𝑋 2𝜋𝑡 𝐹
𝑎(𝑡) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝜖0 = 8.85 × 10−12
3 𝑚 𝑇 𝑚
𝑈 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇
2 𝐴
𝐹 𝐶 = 𝜅𝜖0
𝛥𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 𝑣𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 =√ 𝑑
𝑚/𝐿
𝑊 = 𝑃𝛥𝑉 (𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠) 𝑄𝑉 𝐶𝑉 2 𝑄2
𝐸𝑐𝑎𝑝 = = =
Δ𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑃Δ𝑉 𝑚 𝑇 2 2 2𝐶
𝑊 = 0 (𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠) 𝑣𝑤 = (331 ) √
𝑠 273 𝐾
Δ𝑈 = 𝑄 Chapter 20: Electric Current,
𝑃
𝑄 = 𝑊 (𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠) 𝐼= Resistance, and Ohm’s Law
𝐴
Δ𝑈 = 0 𝐴𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝛥𝑄
𝑄 = 0 (𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠) 𝐼=
(𝛥𝑝)2 𝛥𝑡
Δ𝑈 = −𝑊 𝐼= 𝐼 = 𝑛𝑞𝐴𝑣𝑑
2𝜌𝑣𝑤
𝑊 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
𝐸𝑓𝑓 =
𝑄ℎ 𝜌𝐿
Chapter 17: Physics of Hearing 𝑅=
𝑄𝑐 𝐴
𝐸𝑓𝑓 = 1 − (𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠) 𝐼
𝑄ℎ 𝜌 = 𝜌0 (1 + 𝛼𝛥𝑇)
𝛽 = (10 𝑑𝐵) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑇𝑐 𝐼0 𝑅 = 𝑅0 (1 + 𝛼𝛥𝑇)
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝐶 = 1 − 𝑣𝑤 ± 𝑣𝑜
𝑇ℎ 𝑓𝑜 = 𝑓𝑠 ( ) 𝑉2
𝑄ℎ 𝑣𝑤 ∓ 𝑣𝑠 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉 = = 𝐼2 𝑅
𝑅
𝐶𝑂𝑃ℎ𝑝 = 𝑓𝐵 = |𝑓1 − 𝑓2 | 1
𝑊
𝑄𝑐 𝑣𝑤 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝐼0 𝑉0
𝑓𝑛 = 𝑛 ( ) 2
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝐶𝑂𝑃ℎ𝑝 − 1 = 2𝐿 𝐼0
𝑊
𝑣𝑤 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑄𝑐 ⁄𝑡1 𝑓𝑛 = 𝑛 ( ) √2
𝐸𝐸𝑅 = 4𝐿
𝑄ℎ ⁄𝑡2 𝑉0
𝑍 = 𝜌𝑣 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑄 √2
𝛥𝑆 = (𝑍2 − 𝑍1 )2
𝑇 𝑎=
𝑄ℎ 𝑄𝑐 (𝑍1 + 𝑍2 )2
𝛥𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑡 = + =0 Chapter 21: Circuits,
𝑇ℎ 𝑇𝑐 Bioelectricity, and DC
𝑊𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙 = 𝛥𝑆 ⋅ 𝑇0 Chapter 18: Electric Charge
Instruments
𝑆 = 𝑘 𝑙𝑛 𝑊 and Electric Field
𝑘 = 1.38 × 10−23 𝐽/𝐾 𝑅𝑆 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + ⋯
|𝑞𝑒 | = 1.60 × 10−19 𝐶
1 1 1 1
|𝑞1 𝑞2 | = + + +⋯
Chapter 16: Oscillatory Motion 𝐹=𝑘 𝑅𝑃 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
𝑟2
𝑉 = 𝑒𝑚𝑓 − 𝐼𝑟
and Waves 𝐸 = 𝐹/𝑞 𝑡
1 |𝑄| 𝑉 = 𝑒𝑚𝑓 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑅𝐶 )
𝑓= 𝐸=𝑘 2
𝑇 𝑟 𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶
𝜆 𝑡
𝑣 = = 𝑓𝜆 Chapter 19: Electric Potential 𝑉 = 𝑉0 𝑒 −𝑟𝐶
𝑇
𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥 and Electric Energy
 Please Do Not Write on This Sheet
Chapter 22: Magnetism 𝑅 1 𝜆
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = (𝑚 + )
𝑍 2 𝑑
𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝜆
𝑚𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑚
𝑟= 𝑊
𝑞𝐵 𝜆
Chapter 24: Electromagnetic 𝜃 = 1.22
𝜖 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 𝐷
Waves
𝐹 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝜆𝑛
1 2𝑡 =
𝜏 = 𝑁𝐼𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐= 2
𝜇0 𝐼 √𝜇 0 𝜖0 2𝑡 = 𝜆𝑛
𝐵=
2𝜋𝑟 𝐸 I = ½ I0
𝜇0 𝐼 =𝑐
𝐵= 𝐵 𝐼 = 𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
2𝑅 𝑐 = 𝑓𝜆 𝑛2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃𝑏 =
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼 𝑐𝜖0 𝐸02 𝑛1
𝐹 𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
= 2
𝑙 2𝜋𝑟 𝑐𝐵02 Chapter 28: Special Relativity
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
2𝜇0 𝛥𝑡0
Chapter 23: Electromagnetic 𝐸0 𝐵0 𝛥𝑡 =
𝐼𝑎𝑏𝑒 = 2
Induction, AC Circuits, and 2𝜇0 √1 − 𝑣2
𝑐
Electrical Technologies
1
Chapter 25: Geometric Optics 𝛾=
𝛷 = 𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2
𝛥𝛷 √1 − 𝑣2
𝜃𝑖 = 𝜃𝑟 𝑐
𝑒𝑚𝑓 = −𝑁
𝛥𝑡 𝑐
𝑛= 𝑣2
𝑒𝑚𝑓 = 𝑣𝐵𝐿 𝑣 𝐿 = 𝐿0 √1 −
𝑒𝑚𝑓 = 𝑁𝐴𝐵𝜔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑐2
𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 = 𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2
𝑉𝑆 𝑁𝑆 𝐼𝑃 𝑛2 𝑣𝐿𝑇 + 𝑣𝑇𝐺
= = 𝜃𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑣𝐿𝐺 = 𝑣 𝑣
𝑉𝑃 𝑁𝑃 𝐼𝑆 𝑛1 1 + 𝐿𝑇 2 𝑇𝐺
𝑐
𝛥𝐼2 1
𝑒𝑚𝑓1 = −𝑀 𝑃= 𝑢
𝛥𝑡 𝑓 1+
𝜆𝑜𝑏𝑠 = 𝜆𝑠 √ 𝑐
𝛥𝐼 1 1 1 𝑢
𝑒𝑚𝑓 = −𝐿 = + 1−
𝛥𝑡 𝑓 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖 𝑐
𝛥𝛷 ℎ𝑖 𝑑𝑖
𝐿=𝑁 𝑚= =− 𝑢
𝛥𝐼 ℎ𝑜 𝑑𝑜 1−
𝑓𝑜𝑏𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠 √ 𝑐
μ0 𝑁 2 𝐴 𝑅 𝑢
𝐿= 1+
ℓ 𝑓= 𝑐
2
1 2 𝑚𝑣
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝐿𝐼 𝑝=
2 2
𝑡 Chapter 26: Vision and Optical √1 − 𝑣2
𝑒 −𝜏 ) 𝑐
𝐼 = 𝐼0 (1 − Instruments 2
𝑚𝑐
𝐿 1 1 𝐸=
𝜏= 2
𝑅 𝑃= +
𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖 √1 − 𝑣2
𝑡 𝑐
𝐼 = 𝐼0 𝑒 −𝜏 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜 𝑚𝑒 𝐸0 = 𝑚𝑐 2
𝑉 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑚𝑐 2
𝐼= 𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑙 = − 𝑚𝑐 2
𝑋𝐿 𝑓 1 2
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
𝑓/# = ≈
𝐷 2𝑁𝐴 √1 − 𝑣2
𝑐
𝑉 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑓𝑜 𝐸 = (𝑝𝑐) + (𝑚𝑐 2 )2
2 2
𝐼=
𝑋𝐶 𝑓𝑜
𝑀=
1 𝑓𝑒
𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝑉0 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 Chapter 27: Wave Optics
𝐼0 = 𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑍 𝑍
𝜆
𝑍 = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 𝜆𝑛 =
𝑛
1 𝜆
𝑓0 = sin 𝜃 = 𝑚
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶 𝑑
 General Physics Equation Summary Sheet
SI UNITS KINEMATICS MECHANICS
Length m Δx Displacement Newton’s Laws of Motion
Mass kg ∆x Velocity 1st Law If F = 0, then v = constant
v=
Time s ∆t 2nd Law F = ma
∆v Acceleration
Electric current A a= 3rd Law F1→2 = -F2→1
Temperature K ∆t
Luminous intensity Cd No Uniform m1 m2
Fg = G Gravity
Acceleration Acceleration
DERIVED UNITS r2
Δx = vt Δx = vavgt
Volume m3
Δx = vit + ½at2 N ∙ m2 Gravitational Constant
Force N G = 6.67 × 10−11
vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔx kg 2
Energy/Work J
vf = vi + at W = mg Weight
Power W
Pressure Pa Ffmax = μs FN Static Friction
Charge C Ff = μk FN Kinetic Friction
Resistance 
Capacitance F
WORK AND ENERGY
METRIC PREFIXES W = (Fcosθ)d Work
Terra 1012
E = KE + U Mechanical Energy
Giga 109
KEi + Ui = KEf + Uf Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Mega 106
KE = ½mv2 Kinetic Energy (Translational)
kilo 103
centi 10-2 Ugravitational = mgy Gravitational Potential Energy
milli 10-3 Uelastic = ½kx2 Elastic Potential Energy
icro 10-6 WNC = ΔE Work of Nonconservative Forces
nano 10-9 Wnet = ΔKE Work-Energy Theorem
pico 10-12 F = -kx Hooke’s Law (Spring Force)
femto 10-15 W Power
P= = Fv
atto 10-18 ∆t

MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS UNIFORM CIRCULAR ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS

p = mv momentum MOTION  = F⊥ r Torque
FΔt = Δp Impulse-Momentum Theorem v2 Centripetal  = (Fsinθ) r
Elastic Collisions Perfectly Inelastic Collisions ac =
r Acceleration I = ∑mr2 Moment of
pi = p f pi = p f mv 2 Centripetal Inertia
KEi = KEf KEi > KEf F = ma c = Force
r ∑ mi xi Center of
xCG =
∑ mi Gravity
ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS
Linear Angular Relation ∑F = 0 Conditions for
∑τ = 0 Equilibrium
Displacement Δx Δθ Δx = r Δθ
∆x ∆θ v = rω
Angular Linear
Velocity v= ω=
∆t ∆t Δθ d
Acceleration ∆v ∆ω a = r ω v
a= α=
∆t ∆t α a
No Acceleration Uniform Acceleration I m
linear angular linear angular τ F
Δx = vt Δθ = ωt Δx = vavgt Δθ = ωavgt τ = I α F = ma
Δx = vit + ½at2 Δθ = ωit + ½t2 KErot = ½I2 KE = ½mv2
vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔx ωf2 = ωi2 + 2Δθ W = τ(Δθ) W = Fd
vf = vi + at ωf = ωi + t L = I p = mv

ChemistryPrep.com 1
 ELASTICITY OF SOLIDS FLUIDS
F ∆L Stretching/Compression m Density
=Y ρ=
A L0 V
ρ Specific Gravity
F ∆x Shear Deformation S. G. =
=S ρ𝐻2𝑂
A h
∆V Volume Deformation P = fluid g h Hydrostatic Pressure
∆P = −B (Gauge Pressure)
V
P = P0 + fluid g h Absolute Pressure
FB = Wfluid displaced Buoyancy Force
GASES
FB=(fluid)(Vsubmerged)(g)
F Pressure ρobject
P=
A % submerged = × 100
ρfluid
p1V1 = p2V2 Boyle’s Law
F1 F2 Pascal’s Principle
V1 V2 Charles’ Law =
= A1 A 2 (Hydraulic Jack)
T1 T2
A1d1 = A2d2 Hydraulic Jack
V1 V2 Avogadro’s Principle
= F = Av Flow Rate
n1 n2
p1 V1 p2 V2 A1v1 = A2v2 Continuity Equation
Combined Gas Law
= P1 + ½v12 + gy1 = P2 + ½v22 + gy2 Bernoulli’s Equation
T1 T2
pV = nRT Perfect Gas Law
ptotal = pA + pB + pC + … Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures THERMODYNAMICS
q Heat Capacity
pA = χA ptotal C=
∆T
C Specific Heat Capacity
Cs =
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION m
x = Acos(ωt) Displacement C Molar Heat Capacity
Cm =
n
v = -Aωsin(ωt) Velocity δU ∆U Constant Volume Heat Capacity
vmax = Aω CV = ( ) =
δT V ∆T
a = -Aω2cos(ωt) Acceleration δH ∆H Constant Pressure Heat Capacity
amax = Aω2 CP = ( ) =
δT P ∆T
1 Frequency / Period
f= U = q + w Change in Internal Energy
T
2π Frequency Factor
ω = 2πf = q = ∫ CV dT
Constant V
w = ∫ −pext dV
Universal
T
Frequency Factor Constant P w = −p∆V Constant pext
k q = ∫ CP dT
ω=√ for Springs
𝑚
q = −w Constant T Vf Reversible,
g Frequency Factor w = −nRTln
ω=√ Vi Isothermal
L for Pendulums
x = Acos(ωt + ϕ) ϕ = phase shift H = U + pV Enthalpy
H = qp Enthalpy Change at Constant p
y(x,t) = Acos(ωt ± kx) ω = 2f CP – CV = nR For a Perfect Gas
2π Laws of Thermodynamics
k=
 1st Law Energy can’t be created or destroyed.
Standing Waves nd
2 Law For a spontaneous process, ΔSuniverse > 0.
f = v Wave Speed
A perfectly ordered crystal at 0K has zero entropy.
rd
3 Law
2L String fixed at both ends
n = n = 1,2,3. .. qrev Entropy Change
n Pipe open at both ends ∆S =
4L T
String fixed at one end
n = n = 1,3,5. .. Vf pi Entropy Change during
n Pipe open at one end ∆S = nRln = nRln
Wave Velocity on a String Vi pf Expansion/Compression
T
v=√ Tf Entropy Change during heating
μ ∆S = nC ln
Ti

ChemistryPrep.com 2
 SOUND DC CIRCUITS
v = f Speed of Sound q Capacitance
C=
Speed of Sound in a Metal Rod ∆v
Y Capacitor Charging
v=√
ρ
t
P Speed of Sound in a Gas Q(t) = Q max (1 − e−τ )
v=√
ρ
Temperature Dependence on
T t
v = 331m/s√
273K
the Speed of Sound V(t) = ε (1 − e−τ )
P P Intensity of Sound
I= =
A 4πr 2
ε −t
I Intensity Level I(t) = e τ
β = 10log 𝑅
𝐼0

W
Capacitor Discharging
𝐼0 = 10−12
𝑚2
t
v ± 𝑣0 Doppler Effect Q(t) = Q max e−τ
𝑓0 = 𝑓𝑠
v ∓ 𝑣𝑠

t
ELECTRIC FIELDS AND FORCES V(t) = ε e−τ
e = 1.602×10-19C Fundamental charge
𝑞1 𝑞2 Coulomb’s Law
F = |𝑘 2 |
𝑟 ε −t
F = qE Force due to an Electric Field I(t) = e τ
𝑅
𝑞 Electric Field due to a Point
E = |𝑘 2 | A
𝑟 Charge Parallel Plate Capacitor
C = ε0
Q Gauss’s Law d
𝐸 = EAcosθ = A
ϵo (Electric Flux) C =  (ε0 )
q d
V=k Potential due to a Point Charge 1 1 Potential Energy Stored by a
r Ustored = C∆V 2 = Q∆V
U = qV Potential Energy of a Point 2 2 Capacitor
1 1 1 Capacitors in Series
Charge = + +. ..
ΔV = -Ed Relationship between ΔV and E Ceq C1 C2
Ceq = C1 + C2 +. .. Capacitors in Parallel
W = qΔV Work done against an electric ∆q Current
field I=
∆t
W = -qΔV Work done by an electric field
ΔV = IR Ohm’s Law
L Resistance of a Wire
R=ρ
A
 = 0(1 + ΔT) Temperature Dependence of the
R = R0(1 + ΔT) Resistivity and Resistance
∆V 2 Power Dissipated by a Resistor
P = ∆VI = I 2 R =
R
R eq = R + R 2 +. .. Resistors in Series
1 1 1 Resistors in Parallel
= + +. ..
R eq R R 2
Current entering a junction = Kirchoff’s Junction Rule
Current exiting a junction
The potential difference around Kirchoff’s Loop Rule
any closed loop sums to zero.

ChemistryPrep.com 3
 MAGNETIC FIELDS AND FORCES INDUCED VOLTAGES AND INDUCTANCE
F = qvBsinθ Magnetic Force on a B = B⊥A = BAcosθ Magnetic Flux
Charged Particle in ∆B Faraday’s Law
Motion ε = −N
∆t (Induce Emf)
ΔV = B  v⊥ Motional Emf
ε = NBAω sinωt Generator Emf
∆B21 ∆I Mutual Inductance
Magnetic Force on a ε1 = −N1 = −M
F = BI  sinθ ∆t ∆t
Current-carrying Wire
∆B12 ∆I
ε2 = −N2 = −M
∆t ∆t
∆B ∆I Self-Inductance
ε = −N = −L
∆t ∆t
τ = BIANsinθ Torque on a Current- ∆B ∆B
Carrying Loop L=N =N
∆I I
μ0 I Magnetic Field Due to
B= ΔV1I1 = ΔV2I2 Transformers
2πr a Current Carrying ∆𝑉1 𝑁1 𝐼2
Wire = =
∆𝑉2 𝑁2 𝐼1
∆I Emf in an RL Circuit
ε = −L
∆t
ε t L Current in an RL
μ0 I Magnetic Field at the I(t) = (1 − e−τ ) τ=
B=N R R Circuit
2R Center of a Circular
PEL = ½ LI2 Potential Energy
Current-Carrying Loop
Stored in an Inductor

μ0 NI Magnetic Field Inside

B= = μ0 nI
L an Ideal Solenoid

AC (ALTERNATING CURRENT) CIRCUITS ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

ΔV = ΔVmax sinωt AC Potential 1 Speed of Light in a Vacuum
c= = 3.0 × 108 m
∆Vmax Rms Potential √ε0 μ0
∆Vrms =
√2 /s
∆𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 Rms Current c Index of Refraction
∆I𝑟𝑚𝑠 = n=
v
√2
P = Irms2 R Power Dissipated in a Resistor λf = v Wavelength/Frequency of
Light
ΔVmax = Imax R Ohm’s Law
Ephoton = hf Energy of a Photon
ΔVrms = Irms R
1 1 Capacitive Reactance 1 Energy density of the
XC = = uE = ε0 E 2
2πfC ωC 2 Electric Field
1 2 Energy density of the
uB = B
ΔVC,rms = Irms XC 2μ0 Magnetic Field
XC = 2πfL Inductive Reactance P Intensity of Light
I=
A
ΔVL,rms = Irms XL u Doppler Effect
fO = fS (1 ± )
Z= √R2 + (XL − XC )2 Impedance of RLC Circuits c
1 Unpolarized light
ΔVmax = Imax Z I = I0
2 transmitted through a
ΔVrms = Irms Z polarizing filter
1 Resonance Frequency in LC Circuits I = I0 cos 2 θ Polarized light transmitted
f0 =
2π√LC through a polarizing filter

ChemistryPrep.com 4
 REFLECTION AND REFRACTION WAVE OPTICS
θincidence = θreflection Law of Reflection d sinθbright = m Bright Fringes (Double Slit Interference)
n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2 Snell’s Law of Refraction L
c ybright = m
n= Index of Refraction d
v d sinθdark = (m + ½) Dark Fringes (Double Slit Interference)
𝑛2 Critical Angle for Total Internal L 1
sinθ𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = ybright = (m + )
𝑛1 Reflection d 2
𝑛2 Apparent depth 1
d′ = 𝑑 Thin Film Interference
𝑛1 2t = (m + ) film
2 Destructive Interference (No Phase Shift)
2t = mfilm Thin Film Interference
MIRRORS AND LENSES Destructive Interference (Phase Shift)
f=½R Focal Length Bright Fringes (Diffreaction Grating)
d sinθbright = m
1 1 1 Thin Mirror and
+ = a sinθdark = m Dark Fringes (Single Slit Interference)
𝑝 𝑞 𝑓 Lens Equation
ℎ𝑖 𝑞 Magnification
m= =− CONSTANTS
ℎ𝑜 𝑝
2
1 Lens Power g 9.80 m/s Gravitational acceleration near the
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = surface of the Earth
𝑓𝑚
𝑓 F number G 6.67×10-11 N∙m2/kg2 Gravitational constant
f number =
𝐷 ME 5.98×1024 kg Mass of the Earth
Diverging Mirror/Lens RE 6.38×106 m Radius of the Earth
p q f R 8.314 J/mol∙K Universal gas constant
Always virtual ke 8.99×109 N∙m2/C2 Coulomb constant
Converging Mirror/Lens 0 8.85×10-11 C2/N∙m2 Permitivity of Free Space
p>f real
e 1.62×10-31 C Fundamental charge
p<f me 9.11×10-31 kg Mass of an electron
virtual
mp 1.67×10-27 kg Mass of a proton
real, inverted image
q 0 4×10-7 T∙m/A Permeability of Free Space
virtual, upright image c 3.00×108 m/s Speed of Light (vacuum)
q
upright
m
inverted
m
|𝑚| < 1 reduced image
|𝑚| > 1 enlarged image
Combinations of Lenses
m = (m1)(m2) magnification
1 1 1 Two lenses in direct
= +
𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑓1 𝑓2 contact
1 1 1 𝑑 Two lenses not in direct
= + +
𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓1 𝑓2 contact
Optical Instruments
𝑞1 𝐿 Lateral magnification of
M1 = − ≈
𝑝1 𝑓𝑜 objective
25𝑐𝑚 Angular magnification of
𝑚𝑒 = eyepiece
𝑓𝑒
θ 𝑓𝑜 Angular magnification of
m= =
θo 𝑓𝑒 a telescope
 Telescope Resolution
θ𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≈
𝑎 (Single Slit)
1.22 Telescope Resolution
θ𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≈
𝐷 (circular aperture )

ChemistryPrep.com 5
CHEAT SHEET

PHYS1205: Integrated Physics Final Displacement with Avg. Velocity Vector Multiplication/Division by a Scalar – Only
1 magnitude is multiplied or divided. Direction is
University of Newcastle !! = !! + ! (!!" + !!" )! reversed for negative scalars.
2
Final Displacement with Velocity and Acceleration Vector Components

1 1D Motion 1
!! = !! + !!" ! + !! ! !
• Length
2
Vector – A measurement with both magnitude and ! =
!
!! + !! !
!
Final Velocity without Time
direction (e.g. Displacement)
! !
!!" = !!" + 2!! !! − !! • Direction
Scalar – A measurement with only magnitude (e.g.
2
distance) Objects in Freefall – Acceleration is –g (9.8m/s ) !!
! = ! tan!!
Average Velocity !!
∆! Unit Vectors:
!!"# =
∆! 2 Vectors and 2D Motion
! = ! x! + ! y!
Instantaneous Velocity Vector Addition – Tip to Tail
Projectile Motion
!"
!!"#$ = • Position
!"
Average Acceleration 1
!! = !! + !! ! + !! !
2
∆!
!!"# = Vector Subtraction – From the negative to the • Initial Horizontal Velocity
∆!
positive, or add the negative (! − ! = ! + (−!))
Instantaneous Acceleration !!" = !! cos !
!" • Initial Vertical Velocity
!!"#$ =
!" !!" = !! sin !
Final Velocity
!!" = !!" + !! !

Learn your uni course in one day. Check spoonfeedme.com for free video summaries, notes and cheat sheets by top students.
CHEAT SHEET

Uniform Circular Motion Equilibrium Hooke’s Law

• Centripetal Acceleration !" = 0 !! = −!"

!! Friction Kinetic Energy

!! =
! • Kinetic Friction 1
!" = !! !
• Overall Acceleration 2
! = !! !
|!| = !
!! + !! ! Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
• Static Friction
!" = !"#
• Period ! ≤ !! !
2!" Potential Energy
!= Circular Motion Dynamics
! • Gravitational
!!
Relative Velocity ! = !!! = ! ! = !"#$
!
!!" = !!" + !!" ! • Elastic
1 !
4 Work, Energy and Power !=
2
!!
3 Force and Motion
Scalar/Dot Product Conservative Force - Work done is independent of
st
Newton’s 1 Law - In the absence of external forces, the path taken by an object (e.g. Gravity)
! ∙ ! = !"#$%&
when viewed from an inertial reference frame, an
Work Non-conservative Force - Work done dependent on
object at rest will remain at rest and an object in
the motion of the object (e.g. Friction)
motion continues in motion with a constant velocity • Same Direction as Displacement
nd Conservation of Energy
Newton’s 2 Law - Net Force is the product of Mass ! = !∆!
and Acceleration • Mechanical Energy
• Different Direction to Displacement
!" = !" !!"#! = !" + !
! = !∆!"#$%
rd
Newton’s 3 Law - If two objects interact, the force • Total Energy
• Work by Varying Force
that object one is exerting on object 2 is equal and
!! !!"! = !" + ! + !!"#
opposite to that object two is exerting on object one
!!"# = !! !"
!!
!!" = ! −!!"

Learn your uni course in one day. Check spoonfeedme.com for free video summaries, notes and cheat sheets by top students.
CHEAT SHEET

• Non-Conservative Force Absent • Conservation of KE (Elastic Collisions) !"

!!"#$ =
!"
∆!!"#! = 0 !"! = !"!
Final Angular Velocity
• Non-Conservative Force Present • Perfectly Inelastic
!! = !! + !αt
∆!!"! = 0 !! !!! + !! !!! = (!! + !! )!!
Final Angular Displacement
Power • Perfectly Elastic
!! = ! θ! + ωt + αt !
!" !! !!! + !! !!! = !! !!! + !! !!!
!=
!" Final Angular Velocity without Time
1 1 1 1
! !! + ! !! = ! !! + ! !! ω!! = !!! + !2α(θ! − θ! )
2 ! !! 2 ! !! 2 ! !! 2 ! !!

5 Momentum Final Angular Displacement with Avg. Velocity

1
Momentum 6 Rotation θ! = θ! + (ω! + ω! )t
2
! = !! Arc Length Kinetic Energy of Rotation
Impulse ! = !" !!
!! = ! !! !!!
• Definition Translational Velocity 2
! = ∆! ! = !" Moment of Inertia
• For Constant Force Translational Acceleration • General
! = !" ! = !" ! =! !" ! !!"
• For Non-Constant Force Average Angular Velocity
!! • Sphere
∆!
!= !. !" !!"# = 2
!! ∆! != !! !
5
Collisions Instantaneous Angular Velocity
• Cylinder
!"
• Conservation of Momentum (All Collisions) !!"#$ = 1
!" != !! !
!! = !! 2
Instantaneous Angular Acceleration

Learn your uni course in one day. Check spoonfeedme.com for free video summaries, notes and cheat sheets by top students.
CHEAT SHEET

! 1
• Disk 7 Waves, Oscillations and SHM != =
2! !
! = !! !
Wave Number • Energy
Parallel Axis Theorem 2!
!= 1 !
! = !!" ×!! ! ! !!"#! = !!
2
Torque Wave Equation • Velocity
• Using Radius ! !, ! = !"#$ !" − !" + !
! = ! ±! !! − ! !
! = !"#$%& • SHM and Circular Motion – Uses SHM
• Using Perpendicular Distance Speed of Wave on a String formulae for each direction of movement
• SHM and the Pendulum
! = !" !
!= o Period
• Net Torque !
!
!" = !" Simple Harmonic Motion ! = 2!
!
and • General Equation
! o Physical Pendulum
!! = !! ! ! = !"#$(!" + !)
Angular Momentum !
• Acceleration ! = 2!
!"#
• Angular Momentum !! = −! ! !
! = !" • Angular Frequency
• The Conservation of Momentum
!
8 Sound and EM Waves
!! = !! !=
! Bulk Modulus
∆!
• Period !=−
∆!/!
2!
!= Sound Wave Displacement
!
• Frequency ! !, ! = !!"# cos!(!" − !")

Learn your uni course in one day. Check spoonfeedme.com for free video summaries, notes and cheat sheets by top students.
CHEAT SHEET

Sound Wave Pressure • Per Unit Area !"#ℎ!!"##$%$&'$

×2! = !ℎ!"#!!"##$%$&'$
! !
• Including Bulk Modulus ∆!!"#
!= Standing Waves on a String
2!"
∆! = !!!"# sin!(!" − !")
• In Three Dimensions • Formula
• Without Bulk Modulus
!"#$%!"# ! = 2!"#$ !" cos!(!")
∆!!"# = !"#!!"# !≡
4!! ! • Amplitude
Density
Sound Levels in Decibels !"# = 2!"#$(!")
!
!= !
! ! = 10 log • Nodes
!!
Speed of Sound !"
Doppler Effect != !(!ℎ!"!!! = 0, 1, 2 … )
2
• Formula
! + !!
!′ = ! • Antinodes
! ! − !!
! =! !"
! Reflection of a Pulse != !!ℎ!"!!! = 1, 3, 5 … )
4
• Dependence on Temperature • When a pulse hits a fixed boundary, reflection Boundary Conditions on a String
is inverted
!! • When a pulse hits a free boundary, reflection ! !
! = !331 1 + !! =
273 is not inverted 2! !
• When a pulse moves from a light to a heavy
string the reflected pulse is inverted
EM Waves • When a pulse moves from a heavy to a light Standing Waves in an Air Column
string, the reflection is not inverted
• Electrical Component • Closed Pipe
Superposition !"
! = !! sin!(!" − !") !! = !(!ℎ!"!!! = 1, 3, 5 … )
! ! 4!
• Magnetic Component ! = 2!"#$ !" − !" + cos
2 2 • Open Pipe
! = !! sin!(!" − !") !"
Interference
!! = !(!ℎ!"!!! = 1, 2, 3 … )
Intensity of a Sound Wave 2!

Learn your uni course in one day. Check spoonfeedme.com for free video summaries, notes and cheat sheets by top students.
CHEAT SHEET

• End Effects • Equation of Continuity Image Formation

!" !! !! = !! !! • Magnification
!= − 2!×!!"#!!""!#$%
2 !
!=−
!
• Bernoulli’s Equation
Thin Lens Equations
9 Fluids 1 1
!! + !!!! + !"!! = !! + !!!! + !"!!
2 2 • Focal Length
Fluids at Rest
1 1 1
• Density = !−1 −
! !! !!
! 10 Ray Optics
!= • Focal Length (convex lens)
! Refraction
1 !−1
• Pressure !! !"#!! = !! !"#!! !(!"#$! ! !!!"#) =
! !!
!
!= Total Internal Reflection • Thin Lens Equation in i
!
!! !"
• Pressure in Liquids !! = sin!! !=
!! !−!
! = !! + !"#
• Thin lens equation in P
• Gauge Pressure
Spherical Mirrors !"
!! = ! − 1!"# !=
• Focal Length !−!
• Barometers 1 • Magnification in terms of P and f
!= !
!!"#$% = !"ℎ 2 !
!=
• Manometers !−!

!!"#$% = 1!"# + !"ℎ • Image Distance (thin lens equation)

• Archimedes Principle 1 1 1 • Magnification in terms of i and f

+ =
! ! ! !−!
!! = !! !! ! !=
!
Fluids in Motion

Learn your uni course in one day. Check spoonfeedme.com for free video summaries, notes and cheat sheets by top students.
CHEAT SHEET

Thin Lens Images • Refracting Telescope • Distances of Dark Fringes

Lens P Real? Orientation m !!" 1
!!" = − !+ !"
!!" !′! = 2
Convex <F No
!
=F N/A N/A N/A • Distances Between Fringes
>F Yes !"
= 2F Yes -
11 Wave Optics ∆! =
!
> 2F Yes Path Difference Interference of Light in Single Slit
Concave <F No • Constructive • Angles for Dark Fringes
=F N/A N/A N/A !" = !"!(!ℎ!"!!! = 1, 2, 3 … ) !"
!! =
>F No • Destructive !
= 2F No - 1 • Distances for Dark Fringes
!" = ! + !!(!ℎ!"!!! = 1, 2, 3 … )
> 2F No 2 !"#
!! =
Interference of Light in Double Slit !
Two Lens System
• Width of Central Maximum
!!"! = !! !! • Angles for Bright Fringes
2!"
Optical Instruments !" !=
!! = !
!
• Simple Magnifying Lens Circular Aperture Diffraction
• Distances of Bright Fringes
25 2.44!"
!! = !"# !=
! !! = !
!
• Compound Microscope Interferometer
• Angles for Dark Fringes
! 25 !"
!=− × 1 !=
!!" !!" !+ ! 2
!′! = 2
!

Learn your uni course in one day. Check spoonfeedme.com for free video summaries, notes and cheat sheets by top students.
CHEAT SHEET

12 Charge Ohm’s Law Charge

!" •
-
e = -1.60 × 10
-19
C
Coulomb’s Law !=
! 9 2 2
!!! !! • K = 8.99 × 10 Nm /C
!= Power and Energy
!! • V = J/C
• Power delivered by an emf
Electrical Field
Electrical Circuits
!!"# = !"
• Vector Equation
• A = C/s
• Power Dissipated by a Resistor
!
!= ! • Ω = V/A
! !!!
!! =
! !
• Electrical Field of a Point Charge
!"
!=
!! 14 Units and Constants
Electrical Potential
Particle Kinematics in One Dimension
!!"!# = !" 2
• g = 9.8m/s
Particle Dynamics

13 Electrical Circuits • N = kg.m/s

2

Current Work and Energy

2
• Definition • J = Nm = kg.m /s
!" • W = J/s
!=
!"
• 1Hp = 746W
• Conservation of Charge
Fluids
!!!" = !!!"# 2
• Pa = N/m

Learn your uni course in one day. Check spoonfeedme.com for free video summaries, notes and cheat sheets by top students.