Coefficient Linear in Two Variables

Given: (a1x + b1y + c1) dx + (a2x + b2y + c2) dy = 0; where a, b and c are constants
To solve this Differential Equation, consider the two lines:
a1x + b1y + c1= 0
a2x + b2y + c2= 0
There are two cases for the substitution to be used:
1.) If the two lines intersect
a.) Find the point of intersection (h, k) by equating:
a1h + b1k + c1= 0 and a2h + b2k + c2= 0
b.) Let:
X = u + h; dx= du
Y= v + k; dy = dv
c.) Apply homogenous differential equation, evaluate the, substitute

2.) If the two lines are parallel

Let v= a1x + b1y since a1= a2 b1= b2

Solve the differential equation:

Example A (Case 1):

(x – 2y) dx + (2x + y + 5) dy = 0

Solution
X – 2y = 0  x= 2y
2x + y + 5 = 0  2(2y) + y + 5 = 0
4y + y + 5 = 0
5y + 5 = 0
Y = -1
Substitute the value of y in the equation of x:
X = 2y  x= 2(-1)  x= -2
Therefore, (-2, -1) is the point of intersection
Let:
X = u – 2; dx= du
Y = v -1; dy= dv
Substitute: [ (u – 2) – 2(v – 1)] du + [ 2 (u – 2) + (v - 1) + 5] dv = 0
(u - 2v) du + (2u + v) dv = 0
 Let: v = uz dv= udz + zdu
Substitute: (u - 2uz) du + (2u + uz) (udz + zdu)= 0
(1 - 2z) du + (2 + z)(udz + zdu) = 0
(1 - 2z + 2z + z2) du + u(z + z) dz = 0
(1 + z2) du + u(2 + z) dz = 0
�� 2 + �
+ �� = 0
� 1 + �2
1 �
Integrate: ��� + 2 ln �2 − 1 + 2���−1 = 2
1 �
2[��� + 2 ln �2 − 1 + 2���−1 = 2]

2��� + ln �2 + 1 + 4���−1 � = �
���2 (�2 + 1) + 4���−1 � = �
�2 �
���2 ( 2 + 1) + 4���
−1
=�
� �
�
��(�2 + �2 ) + 4���−1 = �
�
�
�+�
�� [ � + � + � + �)� + ����−� =�
�+�

Example B (Case 1):

(x + 2y - 4) dx – (2x + y – 5) dy = 0

Solution
(1) x + 2y – 4 = 0
(2) 2x + y – 5 = 0
Let: X = 4 – 2y
Substitute the value of x to equation 2:
2(4 – 2y) + y – 5 =0
8 – 4y + y -5 = 0
3 – 3y = 0
3 = 3y
Y =1
Substitute y to first equation:
X + 2(1) – 4 = 0
 X+2–4=0
X–2=0
X =2
Therefore, (2, 1) is the point of intersection
Let:
X = u – 2; dx= du
Y = v -1; dy= dv
Substitute: (x + 2y – 4) dx – (2x + y -5 ) dy = 0
(u + 2 + 2(v + 1) - 4) (du) – (2(u + 2) + (v +1) - 5) (dv) = 0
(u + 2 + 2v + 2 - 4) (du) – (2u + 4 + v + 1 - 5) (dv) = 0
(u + 2v) (du) – (2u + v) (dv) = 0
Apply Homogenous Equation: (u + 2v) (du) – (2u +v) (dv) = 0
Let: u=vz; du = vdz + zdv
Substitute: (z + 2) (zdv + vdz) – (2z + 1) dv = 0
(vz + 2v) (vdz + zdv) – (2(vz) + v)(dv) = 0
(v2zdz + vz2dv + 2v2d z+ 2vzdv) - (2vzdv - vdv) = 0
v2zdz +2v2dz + vz2dv - vdv=0
v2 (z + z) dz + v(z2- 1) dv=0
v2 (z + z)dz + v(z 2- 1) dv=0
�2 −1
[ � + � �� ? + �
�� = 0

�� � + �
+ �� = 0
� �2 − 1
−1 3

Integrate: ��� + 2
�+1
�� + 2
�−1
�� = 0

1 3
��� − � + 1 + ln � − 1 = �
2 2
2��� − ln � + 1 + 3 ln � − 1 = �
���2 + ln 3 − 1 3 − ln � + 1 = �
�2 (� − 1)3
=�
(� + 1)
�2 (� − 1)3 = �(� + 1)
 Substitute: �3 � − 1 3
= � �� + �
3
�� − � = � �� + �
3
�−� =� �+�
� = � + 2 −→ � = � − 2
� = � + 1 −→ � = � − 1
(� − 2 − � − 1 )3 = �(� − 2 + � − 1)
(� − � − �)� = �(� + � − �)

Example A (Case 2): L1 and L2 are parallel

v=a1x+b1y
dv= a2dx+b2dy
Solve:
(6x – 3y + 2)dx – (2x- y – 1)dy = 0
Solution
Let:
v= 2x – y
dv= 2dx – dy  dy= 2dx – dv
(3v + 2)dx – (v – 1) (2dx – dv) = 0
(3v + 2 – 2v + 2) dx + (v – 1) dv = 0
� + 4 �� + � − 1 �� = 0
�−1
�� + �� = 0
�+4
�+4 −5
�� + [ ]�� = 0
�+4
� + � − 5 ln � + 4 = �
� + 2� − � + � = 5 ln 2� − � + 4
�� − � + � = ��� |�� − � + �|

PROBLEMS
Solve the following differential equations.

(a) (2x + 3y – 1) dx + (2x + 3y + 2) dy = 0

(b) (x – 2y + 4) dx + (2x – y + 2) dy = 0
(c) (2x + 3y -1) dx + (-4x -4) dy = 0
(d) (x + y – 2) dx – (x – 4y – 2) dy = 0
(e) (2x + 3y – 1) dx + (2x + 3y + 2) dy = 0