Practically Speaking Chapter 1: Public Speaking: An Act of Communication Where There Is An Identified Speaker Formally

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1/26/2022
PRACTICALLY SPEAKING Chapter 1
Public speaking: an act of communication where there is an identified speaker formally

presenting a message, to an audience to achieve a specific purpose.
(give and receive messages)

There can also be noise that interferes with this transaction
1. Physical interference
2. Physiological interference
3. Semantic interference
4. Psychological interference
PHYSICAL INTERFERENCE
- Phone (ringing)
- Tattoos
- Clothes
Unanticipated distractions
PHYSIOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE
- Anxiety (feeling sick/nervous)
- Bodily functions at an awkward time
- Losing voice/ getting sick
SEMANTIC NOISE
- Offensive language
- Choice of labels
( African American or Black)
PSYCHOLOGICAL NOISE
- Ethnic prejudice
- Gender bias
- Cultural bias
- Geographical bias
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Shared Meaning
Your audience takes away what you intend
Competence is determined by:

Effectiveness - achieving intended goals
Appropriateness- speaking by the rules of the context
Rule: a prescription for what behavior is preferred or prohibited

(rules will vary depending on the context)
Knowledge: learn the rules of that context

Skills: performance
Sensitivity: know your audience
Commitment: passion for excellence
Ethics- honest, respectful, fair, free choice, the responsibility of the speaker
Appeals
Ethos - appeal to credibility
Pathos- appeal to emotion
Logos - appeal to logic
The 5 canons of rhetoric

1. Invention: what you are saying
2. Arrangement: the order
3. Style: how you say it (language)
4. Delivery: how the message is delivered
5. Memory: The preparation
Elements of Effective Speeches
- Organized: easy to floor as an audience member and not confusing. uses transitions
between ideas
- Appeals: appeals are the content of your speech, the “invention” of your speech. All good
speeches have ethos logos and pathos
- Evidence: outside sources. Helps establish credibility, your first speech does not need this
element to be effective since it is a narrative, or story, speech.
- Visual aids: helps the speaker express ideas to the audience, create appeals, and helps
visualize the ideas
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- Delivery: verbal and nonverbal wo3rds and behaviors. It also deals with the tone, pitch,
volume, pauses, filler words, body language, gestures, etc.
- Outline: keeps the speaker on track, organized, and saying all necessary information. It
helps the speaker not forget what to say next
Chapter 2 : Speech Anxiety

➔ Fight or flight: is the body’s natural response to stress or a perceived threat
- The physiologicaL defense-alarm process triggered by stress
This response cant be prevented, only controlled
NOVELTY/UNCERTAINTY
1. Uncertainty reduction theory: as you gain experience speaking in front of groups, the
novelty wears off
THE SPOTLIGHT EFFECT
- A phenomenon where people tend to overestimate how much others notice aspects of
one’s apperance/behavior
TYPES OF SPEECHES
- Depending on the type of speech and your audience, your anxiety levels may differ
NOVELTY INTO FAMILIARTY
● Don’t procrastinate
● Become familiar w/your material
● Give your speech to a variety of audiences beforehand
RATIONALITY AND REFRAMING
● Consider severity and probability
● Shift performance orientation to communication orientation
● Don’t overthink your presentation, make it conversational
Communication: focuses on making your message clear and interesting to your listeners
Copings statements and positive imaging
- Rational reappraisal: the act of re-evaluting one’s response to a stressful situation
- Visualization: the act of countering negative thoughts with positive images
Relaxtion Techniques and Desensitaziation
- Using relaxation techniques are effective for reducing stress
- Systematic desensitization: a technique used to control anxiety, combines relaxation
techniques with gradual exposure to aid in the reduction of anxiety
Catastrophic Thinking: Fear of Failure
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Perfectionist thinking
Desire for complete approval
Alcohol deadens mental activity
Caffeine heightens anxiety
The 4 P’s
1. Preparation
2. Practice
3. Proper perspective
4. Positive imaging
FOR QUIZ !!!
Canons of rhetoric
Effective speeches
Appeals
Speechmaking progress

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Anelim Villa Matos

Public speaking: an act of communication where there is an identified speaker formally

(give and receive messages)

Competence is determined by:

Rule: a prescription for what behavior is preferred or prohibited

Knowledge: learn the rules of that context

The 5 canons of rhetoric

Chapter 2 : Speech Anxiety

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