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    Distillation and Vapor Pressure Test of Gasoline Fuel: Fuels Tested

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    Reyes, Ishmael Edward John U.
    This document discusses tests performed on gasoline and diesel fuels, including distillation, vapor pressure, cetane number, cloud point, and copper corrosion. It provides details on the distillation test, which determines the boiling points at which 10%, 50%, and 90% of a fuel evaporates to characterize its volatility. Maintaining appropriate values in these areas is important for satisfactory vehicle performance over a wide range of operating conditions.

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    Distillation and Vapor Pressure Test of Gasoline Fuel: Fuels Tested

    Uploaded by

    Reyes, Ishmael Edward John U.
    88 views3 pages
    This document discusses tests performed on gasoline and diesel fuels, including distillation, vapor pressure, cetane number, cloud point, and copper corrosion. It provides details on the distillation test, which determines the boiling points at which 10%, 50%, and 90% of a fuel evaporates to characterize its volatility. Maintaining appropriate values in these areas is important for satisfactory vehicle performance over a wide range of operating conditions.

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    This document discusses tests performed on gasoline and diesel fuels, including distillation, vapor pressure, cetane number, cloud point, and copper corrosion. It provides details on the distillation test, which determines the boiling points at which 10%, 50%, and 90% of a fuel evaporates to characterize its volatility. Maintaining appropriate values in these areas is important for satisfactory vehicle performance over a wide range of operating conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    88 views3 pages

    Distillation and Vapor Pressure Test of Gasoline Fuel: Fuels Tested

    Uploaded by

    Reyes, Ishmael Edward John U.
    This document discusses tests performed on gasoline and diesel fuels, including distillation, vapor pressure, cetane number, cloud point, and copper corrosion. It provides details on the distillation test, which determines the boiling points at which 10%, 50%, and 90% of a fuel evaporates to characterize its volatility. Maintaining appropriate values in these areas is important for satisfactory vehicle performance over a wide range of operating conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    Distillation and Vapor Pressure Test of Gasoline Fuel

    Fuels Tested:
    Gasoline
    Gasoline is a complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons that vary widely in
    their physical and chemical properties. The fuel quality program inspects and tests all
    grades of automotive gasoline, gasoline-ethanol blends, E-85 ethanol, aviation
    gasoline and racing fuels. The fuel properties must be balanced to give satisfactory
    engine performance over an extremely wide range of operating conditions. The
    prevailing standards for fuel represent compromises among numerous qualities,
    environmental, and performance requirements. Antiknock (octane) rating, distillation
    characteristics, vapor pressure, sulfur content, oxidation stability, corrosion protection,
    and other properties are balanced to provide satisfactory vehicle performance.
    Additives are often used to provide or enhance specific performance features.

    Laboratory Tests Perform:


    Alcohol
    Alcohol in gasoline is normally added to enhance its octane rating. There are many
    types of alcohols, but currently only ethanol is added to gasoline.

    API Gravity
    Producers of petroleum products developed this test so the specific gravity of liquids
    could be expressed in whole numbers. The API gravity is used along with the distillation
    temperatures for calculating the cetane index of diesel fuel.

    Cetane Index
    The cetane index is derived from a formula for estimating the cetane number of diesel
    fuel.
    Cetane Number
    The cetane rating is a measure of an important combustion characteristic of a fuel in a
    compression ignition (diesel) engine. A long ignition delay (low cetane) in a diesel
    engine will result in rapid pressure rise that can cause undesirable audible knock, high
    stresses and severe engine vibration. Also, difficult starting in cold weather, misfiring
    and excessive white smoke often result from too low cetane. The official cetane rating is
    determined in a special engine by ASTM D 613, Standard Test Method for Cetane
    Number of Diesel Fuel Oil.

    Cloud Point
    Cloud point and pour point are measures of winter temperature behavior properties of
    distillate fuels. Cloud point is the temperature where paraffin first forms in fuel. The pour
    point indicates the lowest temperature at which the fuel can be pumped.
    In practice, cloud point helps to determine the temperature at which paraffin crystals
    will begin to block fuel filters and lines and cause starting and stalling problems for
    diesel engines.
    For ground-based fuels, such as No. 1-D diesel and No. 2-D diesel, the cloud point
    temperature is defined as a temperature at the tenth percentile minimum monthly
    temperature for the area. The 10-percentile minimum temperature means that there
    is only a 10 percent expectation that the minimum daily temperature will be lower
    than the tenth percentile minimum temperature. The tenth percentile minimum
    monthly temperatures for Missouri are:

    Cloud Point

    October 34 °F January 3 °F

    November 19 °F February 9 °F

    December 7 °F March 18 °F

    There are no pour point specifications for diesel fuel; however, pour point temperatures
    of 8 °F to 15 °F below the cloud points of fuels are most common. In practice,
    occasionally there are fuels that meet these minimum specifications and cause
    performance problems in very cold weather. For this reason, many marketers
    "winterize" their No. 2-D diesel by blending kerosene or No.1-D diesel, which typically
    has a much lower cloud point than No. 2. Some marketers may also add anti-gel
    additives, which will reduce the pour point and cold temperature filter plugging. The
    additives normally do not reduce the cloud point temperature. The Low Temperature
    Flow Test method is designed for predicting the cold behavior properties for the fuels
    with chemical additives.

    Copper Corrosion
    The copper corrosion standard ensures that the fuel will not create excessive corrosion
    in the vehicle fuel system.

    Distillation
    The "distillation" standard is one of several tests used to address gasoline’s
    vaporization characteristics. Gasoline is metered in liquid form, through the fuel injectors
    (or carburetor), and mixed with air and atomized before entering the cylinders.
    Therefore, it is very important that a fuel’s tendency to evaporate is controlled to certain
    standards. A fuel’s ability to vaporize or change from liquid to vapor is referred to as its
    volatility. In gasoline, the distillation characteristics, along with vapor pressure, define
    and control starting, warm-up, acceleration, vapor lock, crankcase oil dilution, and, in
    part, fuel economy and carburetion icing.
    The tendency of a fuel to vaporize is also characterized by determining a series of
    temperatures at which various percentages of the fuel have evaporated (boiling
    temperatures), as described in ASTM D86, Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum
    Products. The temperatures at which 10 percent, 50 percent, and 90 percent
    evaporation occurs are often used to characterize the volatility of gasoline.
    The 10 percent evaporated temperature is directly affected by the seasonal
    blending of the gasoline. This temperature must be low enough to provide easy cold
    starting, but high enough to minimize the vapor lock and hot weather drivability
    problems. Most cool weather drivability problems occur from the use of summer
    season gasoline in the winter months. This is especially true in premium grades,
    which normally have a high 10 percent evaporated temperature.
    The 50 percent evaporated temperature must be low enough to provide good
    warm-up and cool weather drivability without being so low as to contribute to hot
    drivability and vapor locking problems. This portion of the gasoline greatly affects
    fuel economy on short trips.
    The 90 percent and end-point evaporation temperatures must be low enough to
    minimize crankcase and combustion chamber deposits, as well as spark plug
    fouling and the dilution of engine oil.
    If the end-point temperature exceeds the ASTM maximum requirement, it is usually
    because of the presence of a distillate fuel such as No. 2 diesel. This contamination
    can be directly attributable to the delivery of diesel prior to the delivery of the
    gasoline. This problem is avoided if care is taken in handling the product.

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