Topic 3 Design of Beams-Part 1

STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN 1
CESB 333/CESB 3024

Eurocode 3 Part 1
EN 1993 – 1 (2005)
Topic 3: Design of Beams-Part 1
Prepared by
Dr. Ean Lee Woen
Topic 3: Design of Beams
1. cross section design resistance
2. design resistance for bending moment
3. design shear resistance
4. design resistance for compression
5. design buckling resistance moment (lateral
torsional buckling)
6. design resistance for combination actions
7. deflection of beams
What is Beam
??
Transverse load
NO Lateral
rotation &
deflection for Resist BM and SF
laterally
restrained beam
BEAM
Categorized:
-Laterally Bent about its
restrained major axis
-Laterally
unrestrained
Categorized:
-Primary
-Secondary
• Transverse load
▪ Beam is a structural member subjected to a transverse
load.
▪ Direction is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis (x-x) of
the beam.
• Resist BM and SF
▪ Beam is designed to resist BM and SF of a load.
▪ Generally, a beam is bent about its major axis (y-y)
• Primary and Secondary Beam
▪ A primary beam supports a secondary beam and a slab
while being supported only a column.
▪ A secondary beam supports a slab while being supported
by a primary beam or a column.
• Laterally restrained and unrestrained

▪ Laterally restrained beam not allow lateral rotation and
deflection.
▪ Laterally unrestrained beam is free to rotate and deflect
laterally when load is applied.
▪ Any beam without restrained on its sides is categorized as
a laterally unrestrained beam.
Examples of laterally restrained beams
Studs welded to
beam
concrete floor
slab
Table:
Ref: F.Hejazi& K.C Tan (2018) Table 2.1

Cross section design resistance & design
resistance for bending moment
• EC 3 Cl 5.5.2.1(1) & Cl 6.2.5(2) (Ref:T. Draycott&P. Bullman, Table 5.10)
Design buckling resistance moment
(lateral torsional buckling)
Lateral Torsional Buckling

• Consider the case when a simply-supported I beam bends due to
downward loads.
• The fibres at the top of the beam are in compression, i.e., the top
flange of the beam is in compression, and the bottom flange is in
tension.
• Therefore the top flange acts as a strut and may buckle under
compressive force.
• Generally the web will prevent the flange from buckling by
deflecting vertically.
• However the flange can move horizontally by a combination of
lateral movement and twisting, which termed as lateral buckling
(LT or LTB)
LTB of an unrestrained beam
• LTB can be prevented by restraining the compression flange
along its entire length.
Cross-section through beams with full restraint to

compression flange
• Alternatively, discrete transverse restraints can be provided at
intervals along the beam.
Cross-section through beams with restraint to compression flange at

intervals along the length
• However, it may still be possible for LTB to occur between the
restraints.
LTB of a beam with central restraint and central point load

• A beam may fail by LTB before it reaches its plastic moment
capacity.
• Thus it is necessary to investigate the bending strength ULS of

beams in 2 ways:
▪ Laterally restrained
▪ Laterally unrestrained
Design Procedure for a Laterally Restrained
Beam -Ref: F.Hejazi& K.C Tan (2018)
1. Determine the support condition (i.e., pin, roller, or fixed at both ends of
the beam).
2. Determine the DL and LL that act on the beam.
3. Choose the steel grade. Refer to BS 4 Part 1 2005 to choose the beam
section for use in construction. A table for the universal beam section and
its corresponding properties is provided in Appendix A.2 (Table 2.1)
4. Perform a structural analysis to determine the maximum shear force VEd
and bending moment MEd induced by loading. Prior to analysis, the partial
safety factor for ULS (Table 1.1) is applied to the actions determined in
Step 2, including the self-weight of the beam section.
5. Classify the beam section. For beams, check only the section class by using
the criteria “outstand flange for rolled sections” and “web with neutral
axis at mid-depth, rolled sections” (Table 2.2).
6. Determine shear resistance of the section. The shear area of the section
needs to be determined beforehand. γM0 should be set as 1.0. (BS EN
1993-1-1:2005 6.2.6(2))
7. Compare the design shear force on the structure and shear resistance of
the section. If the shear resistance of the structure is insufficient, repeat
Step 3 to choose a better section. Otherwise, proceed to Step 8.
8. Check whether the section is classified as a plated member. This step is
especially necessary for a built-up section because universal beam
sections usually do not satisfy Eqn below, in which case, Step 9 is skipped.
Otherwise, the shear buckling resistance of the section should be
determined according to BS EN 1993-1-5. η is set as 1.0 (BS EN 1993-1-
1:2005 6.2.6(6)).
Note: Appendix A2 is section properties table

9. Determine the shear buckling resistance according to BS EN 1993-1-5.
10.Determine the bending moment resistance of the section. Note that for a
different section class, the section properties used are different, (BS EN
1993-1-1:2005 6.2.5(2)).
11.Compare the design bending moment of the structure and the bending
moment resistance of the section. If the bending moment resistance of
the structure is insufficient, repeat Step 3 to choose a better section.
Otherwise, proceed to Step 12.
12. Refer to BS EN 1993-1-1:2005 6.2.8(2) to check the ratio of design shear force to
shear resistance of the section. If the ratio is more than 0.5, proceed to Step 13.
Otherwise, proceed to Step 15 to continue with the design.
13. Determine the reduced bending moment resulting from the shear force. The formula
for bending moment resistance remains unchanged, as shown in Eqn. in step 10, but
the value of fy is replaced by fyr. Alternatively, reduced bending moment can be
determined directly if the section has equal flanges. (BS EN 1993-1-1:2005 6.2.8(3),
(4), (5))
14.Compare the design bending moment of the structure and the reduced
bending moment resistance of the section. If the bending moment
resistance of the structure is insufficient, repeat Step 3 to choose a better
section. Otherwise, proceed to Step 15.
15.Determine the maximum deflection of the structure under the loading
specified in Step 2. The load combination for this calculation should be any
of those specified for the SLS design, as shown in Table 1.1.
16.Determine the allowable deflection of the structure (Table 2.4).
17.Compare the maximum deflection of the structure and the allowable
deflection. If the deflection of the structure exceeds the allowable
deflection, repeat Step 3 to choose a better section. Otherwise, proceed
to Step 18.
18.Check whether the section is an overdesign by checking the ratio of design
value to resistance for shear and bending and the ratio of maximum
deflection to allowable deflection. If both ratios are less than 0.5, repeat
Step 3 and choose a smaller section to ensure optimum design.
Design Flowchart for a Laterally Restrained Beam
Example 1:
Select the optimum section of a beam 5 m in length and
subjected to a uniform load. Use steel grade S235. Assume the
beam is laterally restrained and sits on 100 mm bearings at each
end. Take the self-weight of the beam into account.
Example 2:
Steel floor beams arranged as shown in figure below support a reinforced
concrete slab with a screed finish. Other design data:
Slab thickness- 150mm
Screed weight- 1.2 kN/m2
Imposed load on slabs- 5.0 kN/m2
Assumed mass of steel beams- 75 kg/m
Choose an UB section in S275 steel that has sufficient bending capacity at

ULS.
my next class…
Bending Strength ULS of Laterally
Unrestrained Beams
LTB of a beam with central restraint and central point load

(a) Destabilising load (b) stabilized detail
Reference
1. Trevor Draycott and Peter Bullman, Structural Elements Design Manual:
Working with Eurocodes, Butterworth Heinemann, Second Ed. 2009.
2. Airya C, Design of Structural Elements: Concrete, Steelwork, Masonry and Timber
Designs to British Standards and Eurocodes, Taylor & Francis, 2009.
3. Farzad Hejazi and Tan Kar Chun, Steel Structures Design Based on Eurocode 3,
2018.
4. Lawrence Martin and John Purkiss, Structural Design of Steelwork to EN 1993
and EN 1994, Third Ed. 2008.
5. I. Vayas, J. Ermopoulos, G. Ioannidis. Design of Steel Structures to Eurocodes,
2019.
INTRODUCTION TO STEEL DESIGN
END

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STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN 1

CESB 333/CESB 3024

• Laterally restrained and unrestrained

Ref: F.Hejazi& K.C Tan (2018) Table 2.1

Lateral Torsional Buckling

Cross-section through beams with full restraint to

Cross-section through beams with restraint to compression flange at

LTB of a beam with central restraint and central point load

• Thus it is necessary to investigate the bending strength ULS of

Note: Appendix A2 is section properties table

Choose an UB section in S275 steel that has sufficient bending capacity at

LTB of a beam with central restraint and central point load

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