Practical Research I Week 1-8

Name:__________________________________Grade & Section ______II____________Score:__________
School:__________________________Teacher:_____________________Subject:Practical Research I____

LAS Writer: JOCELYN F. ZARATE____________________________________________________________
Content Editors: ZYNAFE V. CAIJO MAYLENE S. ORENCIO___________________
Lesson Topic: Research and Its Importance in Daily Life __________________ Quarter 3 WEEK 1 LAS 1
Learning Target/s: Recognize research and its importance in daily life(CS_RS11-IIIa-2)____
Reference(s): Del Rosario-Garcia, M., Jerusalem, V., Palencia, M., & Palencia, J. (2017).Practical research I:
____Basics of qualitative research. Fastbooks 1239 Instruccion St., Sampalok, Manila,pp.4-6.___
Pastor, M. “Practical Research I Quarter 1-Module 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research”_________
___Department of Education, Philippines.2020, pp.3-4.__________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Research and Its Importance in Daily Life
Research is the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes the collection, presentation,
analysis, and interpretation of facts that lines an individual‘s speculation with reality. It is a process of inquiring.
It provides solutions to problems that are based on knowledge, not on mere beliefs, guesses or theories. In
research, a systematic and well-planned procedure is required to meet the need in order that information is
acquired and evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness.
Moreover, John W. Criswell defines research as “a process of steps used to collect and analyze
information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: Pose a question,
collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question (Creswell, 2008).It is the
continuous discovery and exploration of the unknown. It entails an investigation of new facts, leading to the
discovery of new ideas, new methods, or improvements.
The importance of research in daily life are the following:
1. Research directs us to inquire about the right information by conducting further investigation of the
actual condition. It leads us to be cautious in giving results by proving lies and supporting the truth.
2. Research empowers us with knowledge to discover new things and issues in life. It helps us solve
problems in health, crimes, business, technology, and environment.
3. Research facilitates learning as an opportunity to share valuable information to others as a way of
recognizing various concerns for public awareness.
4. Research improves the standard of living.
In addition, Leann Zarah (2017) lists seven (7) reasons why research is important:
1. a tool for building knowledge and efficient learning;
2. a means to understand various issues;
3. an aid to business success;
4. a way to prove lies and to support truths;
5. a way to find, gauge, and seize opportunities;
6. a seed to love reading, writing, analyzing, and sharing valuable information; and
7. a means to nourish and to exercise the mind.
Activity
Directions: Read the following statements. Answer TRUE if the statement is true about research and FALSE
if you think it is not. Write your answers on the blank.
________1. An opinion from any person is considered as an answer to the question asked by the researcher.
________2. Research allows us to disprove lies and support truths.
________3. Research is the most valid and reliable source of information.
________4. To have an objective view, the researcher should avoid listening to another researcher.
________5. Research is the only method in obtaining information.
________6. Research helps us to see other perspectives.
________7. Research is a way to fill the gap of knowledge.
________8. Research is an aid to help us improve in our businesses.
________9. Research is a subjective process of investigation.
________10. Research helps us solve various problems in the society.
Name:__________________________________Grade & Section _______11___________Score:__________
School:_______________________________Teacher:____________________Subject:Practical Research I
Content Editors: ZYNAFE V. CAIJO MAYLENE S. ORENCIO___________________________
Lesson Topic: The Characteristics and Processes of Research Quarter 3 WEEK 1 LAS 2
Learning Target/s: Describe the characteristics and processes of research (CS_RS11-IIIa-3)______________
__Basics of qualitative research. Fastbooks 1239 Instruccion St., Sampalok, Manila, pp.6-11.____
_Pastor, M. “Practical Research I Quarter 1-Module 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research”_________
__Department of Education, Philippines, pp.13-14._________________________________
Characteristics of Research
Research is a systematic investigation undertaken to increase existing knowledge and understanding of

the unknown to establish facts and principles. Some people consider research as a voyage of discovery of new
knowledge. Below are the characteristics of a good research.
1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.
2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical,
descriptive, case study and experimental.
5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and
procedures.
7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to
arrive at valid and conclusive results.
Research is, to say the least, a process. It proceeds from one to the next in a progression until its
completion. At some point in the process, the researcher needs to go back to rethink, re-evaluate, or repeat.
That is why the research process is considered as iterative. In general, below are the main steps to follow:
Step 1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem).
 Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem
 Researcher’s area of interest
 Availability of funds
 Investigator’s ability and training
Step 2. Find background information about your chosen topic (Review of Related Literature).
Step 3. Plan your research design (Methodology).
Step 4. Process and analyze data using thematic analysis (for qualitative research) and statistical tools (for
quantitative research).
Step 5. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) conclusions (for quantitative research) and
recommendations.
Step 6. Define new problem.
Activity 1
Directions: Arranged the jumbled letters to get the correct answer. Write your answer in the space
provided.
____________1. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. ATCRIICL
____________2. It aimed at answering the same scientific question using new data BTEPICYAILILR
____________3. Research is a process that starts with a problem and ends with a problem YCACLILC
____________4. Research has a process to follow using systematic method and procedures. LDETOICHMA
____________5. Research is based on observed and measured phenomena. EIICRMAPL
Activity 2
Directions: Write T if the statement is true, and write F if otherwise. Write your answer in the space
provided.
_______1. Researcher’s area of interest is not considered in making a research.
_______2. In doing a research, it is important to consider the abilities and expertise of the researcher.
_______3. The last part of doing a research is the conclusion.
_______4. It is not imperative to look for the background information of the chosen research topic.
_______5. Planning is part of doing a research.
Name:__________________________________Grade & Section _________11_________Score:__________
School:_______________________________Teacher:____________________Subject::Practical Research I
Lesson Topic: Ethics of Research Quarter 3 WEEK 1 LAS 3
Learning Target/s: Describe and Identify ethics of research (CS_RS11-IIIa-3)___________________________
____Basics of qualitative research. Fastbooks 1239 Instruccion St., Sampalok, Manila, pp.11-14._
_________Department of Education, Philippines, pp.14-17._________________________________
Research Ethics
Research ethics provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of research which educates and
monitors researchers to ensure high ethical standard. It promotes the aim of the research, such as expanding
knowledge, and supports the values required for collaborative work, mutual respect, and fairness.
Ethical Considerations in Conducting Research
1. Objectivity and integrity. Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer
review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research. Keep your
promises and agreements; act with sincerity, strive for consistency of thought and action.
2. Respect of the research subjects’ right to privacy and dignity and protection of subjects from personal
harm. Inform your participants about the criteria set for choosing them as informants and the schedule of
one-on-one interview at the convenient time they are available. Participation to the study will be
completely voluntary. Moreover, when conducting a research on human subjects, minimize harms and
risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and anonymity.
3. Presentation of research findings. Share data, results, ideas, tools, and resources. Be open to criticism
and new ideas and report data, result methods and procedures, and publication status.
4. Misuse of research role. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance your own
career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
5. Acknowledgment of research collaboration and assistance. Respect your colleagues’ opinions, treat them
fairly, and do not outsmart others.
6. Distortions of findings by a sponsor. Do not fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data.
Activity 1
Directions: Answer the following questions. Write the letter of your answer on the space before each number.
_____1. Informed consent for a participant is best exemplified in which of the following actions?
a. Talking to him or her privately b. Surprising him or her with a questionnaire
c. Writing him or her a letter d. Using a padrino system
_____2. Confidentiality of a participant is best exemplified in which of the following actions?
a. Asking the participant to write his or her name in the questionnaire
b. Not mentioning his or her name in the Participants of the study section
c. Introducing himself or herself in an interview
d. Taking his or her picture
_____ 3. It refers to any participants in any research activity must not be forced to take part in the study.
a. Voluntary participation b. Informed consent c. Risk of harm d. Social responsibility
_____ 4. The researcher should ensure that the participants will not be adversely affected by the research.
a. Care b. Human subjects protection c. Respect for colleagues d. Social Responsibility
_____ 5. Whatever agreed upon by the participants must be actualized.
a. Integrity b. Legality c. Social Responsibility d. Responsible Publication
Activity 2. Directions: Search for five (5) words or terms in the puzzle that are connected to research ethics.
C O B E D N F F G O N P R J [ S D C M L
O L T Y O F B P C T T D T O L S P D H J
N M N G O B J E C T I V I T Y D R O T P
S B P C T T D S M R D N G O M R D N G O
E D N M R D N G O O R N M O B P C T T D
N C E A C K N O W L E D G M E N T N R P
T T E M R D M R D A S O P R Y P O E T P
N O N S N P O O P P P P R S H I N G N M
E N C A T R T R O M E B R A T H E L O M
E K M R D O M O K O C O S T O P E E N M
N O K M R D N K T T T O S Y T I N G I D
Lesson Topic: Understanding Qualitative and Quantitative Research Quarter 3 WEEK 2 LAS 1
Learning Target/s: Introduce the two broad methodologies in research and identify the similarities of the two
(CS_RS11-IIIa-4)___________________________________________________________
_____Basics of qualitative research. Fastbooks 1239 Instruccion St., Sampalok, Manila, pp.14-16.
________ Department of Education, Philippines, pp.27-28.
Quantitative Research and Qualitative Research
Research has two broad methodologies; qualitative research and quantitative research. Quantitative
and qualitative researches are complementary methods that you can combine in your research studies to get
results that are both wide-reaching and profound.
Quantitative Research is “explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using
mathematically based methods (in particular statistics).” It is used to quantify the problem by way of generating
numerical data that can be transformed into usable statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions,
behaviors, and other defined variables and generalize results from a larger sample population. Quantitative
data helps you see the big picture.
Qualitative Research seeks to answer questions about why and how people behave in the way that
they do. It provides in-depth information about human behavior. It is primarily exploratory research. It is used
to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. The sample size is typically small.
Qualitative data adds the details and can also give a human voice to your survey results.
Similarities of Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research
1. Both have the process of inquiry and investigation.
2. Both improve life and help us in understanding various issues of life and in giving solutions to our
problems.
3. Both start with a problem and end with a new problem.
4. Both use textual forms in analyzing and interpreting of data.
5. Both use inductive and deductive methods of presenting data.
Activity
Illustrate the major differences and similarities between the two methodologies by filling in the Venn
Diagram below. One example is done for you to follow.
Qualitative Research Quantitative Research
 Individual interpretation  Statistical analysis
 Both are rigorous

and uses textual
form in data
analysis
Name:__________________________________Grade & Section ______11____________Score:__________
Lesson Topic: Understanding Qualitative and Quantitative Research Quarter 3 WEEK 2 LAS 2
Learning Target/s: Differentiate qualitative research from quantitative research (CS_RS11-IIIa-4)___________
Reference(s): Abdullah, S.N. 2018.Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research:[online]academia.edu..Available
at:http://www.academia.edu./ppt.[Accessed 10 March 2021]_________________________
Department of Education, Philippines, 28-30.
Qualitative Research versus Quantitative Research
Qualitative Quantitative
Objective  It aims to create new theory based on the  The purpose is to test a hypothesis
gathered data. or theory.
 A fact-finding research used to gain  Measures problem using rating
understanding of individual differences in scale and other research
terms of feelings and experiences. parameters of group similarities.
Data Description  natural setting  performs measures out of a certain
 Makes stories out of a certain phenomenon. phenomenon.
 Uses pictures, words, sentences, paragraphs,  Uses numbers, scales, hypotheses,
compositions, narrations and short stories. calculations, computations and
statistics tools.
Sample (size)  Small judgment (by decision) sampling  Large sample representatives of
population.
Data Gathering  Unstructured or semi structured (flexible  Standardized /Structured
processes)  Uses census, survey questionnaire,
 Uses interviews, participant observation, and checklist, paper-pencil test and
group discussions. experimentation.
 Uses closed ended questions.
Approach  Inductive  Deductive
Opinions  Opinions are based on experience or  Opinions are based on laws, rules,
observation. There are no criteria used in data or other recognized principles.
discussions.
Data  Uses both inductive and deductive
Discussions and  They are not mutually exclusive with each other in research.
Presentation
Data Analysis  Synthesizes data, interprets, thematic  Statistical
 Subjective  Objective
 Data analysis is influenced by the personal  The researcher employs standard
experiences and views. criteria in analyzing data.
Outcome  Cultivates understanding with high validity.  endorses a development
 There are no conclusions formulated.  has high output replicability
 Conclusion is formulated towards
the end of the research process.
Activity. Complete the table by filling in the missing description of qualitative or quantitative research.
Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

1. Dependent on statistical tools
Uses open-ended questions 2.
3. Has high output replicability
4. Result-oriented and highly structured
Uses more flexible process 5.
6. Objective
Data analysis is influence by personal experiences 7.
8. Statistical
Inductive 9.
Make stories out of certain phenomenon 10.
Name:__________________________________Grade & Section ________11__________Score:__________
School:______________________________Teacher:____________________Subject::Practical Research I
Content Editors: ZYNAFE V. CAIJO MAYLENE S. ORENCIO_____________________
Lesson Topic: The Kinds of Research Across Field Quarter 3 WEEK 2 LAS 3
Learning Target/s: Provide examples of research in areas of interest (CS_RS11-IIIa-5)___________________
Reference(s): Abdullah, S.N. 2018.Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research:[online]academia.edu.Available
at:http://www.academia.edu./ppt.[Accessed 10 March 2021]_________________________
[PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt_______________________
Department of Education, Philippines, pp.39-42.
Kinds of Research across Fields
The examples of research in areas of interest will lead you to choose specific topic of your research
study which you will be exploring to create new knowledge.
Areas of Interest Description Example of Studies
Art-Based Research Personal expression in various art forms is used as How Classroom Artistic
a primary mode of inquiry. Structure Motivates Learning
Research in It deals with human culture such as philosophy, Values Education in the Public
Humanities religion, literature, linguistics, and history. Schools: Practices and
It includes ancient and modern languages, human Challenges
geography, laws, politics, and other social sciences.
Sports Research It helps the coaches and athletes to access Sports and Fitness Support on
information and applies it to develop programs and Students in Public Schools
techniques in sports.
Science Research It discovers laws, postulates theories that can Making of COVID -19 Cure out
explain natural or social phenomena. A strong and of Heat Transfer
testable hypothesis is the fundamental part of the
scientific research.
Mathematical It provides mastery topics on Mathematics and Students’ Difficulties in
Research helps develop confidence and interest to solve more General Mathematics:
mathematical problems. Remediation and Interventions
It may also assist to find new methods to simplify
calculations.
Information and It aims to adapt current technology advancement The Role of ICT in the New
Communication which enhances development of resources. Normal Education
Technology (ICT)
Research
Business Research It acquires information in business to maximize the Business Practices and
sales and profit. It aids business companies, Strategies of Small Enterprises
regulates which product or service is most profitable at Gaisano Mall
or in demand.
Activity. Provide at least two (2) topics in each research area. One example is done for you to follow.
Arts-Based Humanities Science ICT Business
1. 1. 1. . 1. Calculating risks
in business during
pandemic
2. 2. 2. 2. 2. Student
entrepreneur
Name:__________________________________Grade & Section ___________11_______Score:__________
School:__________________________Teacher:____________________Subject:Practical Research I_____
Content Editors: ZYNAFE V. CAIJO MAYLENE S. ORENCIO RAFFY G. HERRERA_
Lesson Topic: Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Research Quarter 3 WEEK 3 LAS 1
Learning Target/s: Determine the strength and weaknesses of qualitative research (CS_RS11-IIIb-1)________
Reference(s): Del Rosario-Garcia, M., Jerusalem, V., Palencia, M., & Palencia, J. (2017). Practical research I:
Basics of qualitative research. Fastbooks 1239 Instruccion St., Manila, pp.24-26.____________
Pastor, M. “Practical Research I Quarter 1-Module 2: Qualitative Research and Its Importance in
Daily Life”, Department of Education, Philippines, pp.5-6._________________________
Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
The advantage of using qualitative methods is that they generate rich, detailed data that leave the
participants’ perspectives intact and provide multiple contexts for understanding the phenomenon under study.
In this way, qualitative research can be used to vividly demonstrate phenomena or to conduct cross-case
comparisons and analysis of individuals or groups.
It is very much true that most of the limitations you find in using qualitative research techniques also
reflect their inherent strengths. For example, small sample sizes help you investigate research problems in a
comprehensive and in-depth manner.
However, small sample sizes undermine opportunities to draw useful generalizations from, or to make
broad policy recommendations based upon, the findings. Additionally, as the primary instrument of
investigation, qualitative researchers are often embedded in the cultures and experiences of others. However,
cultural embeddedness increases the opportunity for bias to enter into the way data is gathered, interpreted,
and reported (USC, 2017).
Strengths of Qualitative Research Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
 It adopts a naturalistic approach to its subject  It involves a lot of researcher’s subjectivity in
matter. data analysis.
 It promotes a full understanding of human  It is hard to know the validity/reliability of the
behavior/personality traits in their natural setting. data.
 It is instrumental for positive societal changes.  It uses open-ended questions that yield “data
 It engenders respect for people’s individuality. overload” that requires long-time analysis.
 It is a way of understanding and interpreting social  Research using human subjects increases the
interactions. chance of ethical dilemmas that undermine the
 It increases the researcher’s interest in the study. overall validity of the study.
 It offers multiple ways of acquiring and examining  Data gathering and analysis is often time-
knowledge about something. consuming and/ or expensive.
 It obtains a more realistic view of the lived world  May lack consistency and reliability because the
that cannot be understood or experienced in researcher can employ different probing
numerical data and statistical analysis. techniques and the respondent can choose to
 It develops flexible ways to perform data collection, tell some particular stories and ignore others.
subsequent analysis, and interpretation of collected  It involves several processes, whose results
information. greatly depend on the researcher’s views or
interpretations.
Activity
Instructions: Draw a star ( ) if the statement states the strength of the qualitative research and draw a
circle ( ) if it states the weakness of qualitative study. Write your answer in the space provided before the
number.
___________1. It allows the researcher to describe existing phenomena and current situations.
___________2. It develops flexible ways to perform data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
___________3. Replication of a study is very difficult.
___________4. It responds to local situations, conditions, and needs of participants.
___________5. It arrives to different conclusions based on the same information.
___________6. It promotes a full understanding of human.
___________7. It may lack consistency and reliability.
___________8. It involves a lot of researcher’s subjectivity.
___________9. It involves several processes, whose results greatly depend on the researcher’s views.
___________10. It obtains a more realistic view of the lived world.
Name:__________________________________Grade & Section ___________11_______Score:__________
School:__________________________Teacher:____________________Subject: Practical Research I
LAS Writer: JOCELYN F. ZARATE
Content Editors: ZYNAFE V. CAIJO MAYLENE S. ORENCIO RAFFY G.HERRERA
Lesson Topic: Types of Qualitative Research Quarter 3 WEEK 3 LAS 2
Learning Target/s: Identify the types of qualitative research (CS_RS11-IIIb-1)___________________________
Reference(s): Palasan, E.B (2018). Qualitative Research: Importance in Daily Life_______________________
[PowerPoint] available online at: http://www.slideshare.net.ppt.[Accessed 10 March 2021]_____
Pastor, M. “Practical Research I Quarter 1-Module 2: Qualitative Research and Its Importance in
______ Daily Life”, Department of Education, Philippines, pp.6-7._______________________________
Types of Qualitative Research
Type Description Example of Studies

Case Study It is an intensive study of a specific individual or specific “School Violence: A Qualitative
context. It describes in-depth the experience of one Case Study”
person, family, group, community, or institution. It involves
a deep understanding through multiple types of data
sources.
Ethnography It comes from the field of Anthropology. The emphasis is on “Cultural Awareness and
the study of a particular cultural group. Originally, the idea Integration of Peace Education
of culture was tied to the notion of ethnicity and geographic in the Indigenous Peoples (IP)
location, but it has been broadened to include any group or Communities”
organization. That is, we can study the “culture” of a
business or defined group (Trochim, 2006).
Phenomenol It refers to a person’s perception of the meaning of an “The Achievement Gap From
ogy event. It emphasizes a focus on people’s subjective the Student’s Perspective”
experiences and interpretations of the world.
Content and  Content Analysis is a research technique that analyzes “A Discourse Analysis on the
Discourse the modes of communication such as letters, e-mails etc. Impact of Modern
Analysis  Discourse Analysis is the study of social life, understood Technologies on
through the analysis of language. It includes face-to-face Communication”
talk, non-verbal interaction, images, and symbols.
Materials for Discourse Analysis include books,
newspapers, periodicals, brochures, and advertisements.
Historical Describes and examines events of the past to understand “Effects of the Historical
Analysis the present and anticipate potential future effects. Decisions of the Philippine
Supreme Court on Philippine
Prisons”
Grounded It originated in Sociology. The self-defined purpose of “The Story Behind the
Theory grounded theory is to develop a theory about a Migration of Christians from
phenomenon of interest. The theory is discovered, Visayas and Luzon to
developed, and provisionally verified through systematic Mindanao”
collection and analysis of data pertaining to that
phenomenon.
Activity. Identify the type of research being described in the sentence. Write your answer on the space
provided.
_______________1. It may concern an in-depth examination of individuals, groups of people, or institutions.
_______________2. “The Lived Experience of Surviving a Typhoon.” This title would fall under what type of
qualitative research?
_______________3. It intends to generate a theory that is based on data gathered and analyzed.
_______________4. It is concerned with a holistic view of a culture.
_______________5. It analyzes the language “beyond the sentence”.
_______________6.It is the study of the ways in which language is used by the people, both written and
spoken contexts.
_______________7. It originated in Sociology.
_______________8. It describes and examines events of the past to understand the present.
_______________9. It is the study of social life understood through the analysis of language.
______________10. It comes from the field of Anthropology.
School:__________________________Teacher:____________________Subject::Practical Research I_____
Content Editors: ZYNAFE V. CAIJO MAYLENE S. ORENCIO RAFFY G. HERRERA__
Lesson Topic: Formulating a Research Title Quarter 3 WEEK 3 LAS 3____________________
Learning Target/s: Formulate a research title (CS_RS11-IIIc-e-2)____________________________________
Reference(s): Abdullah, S.N. 2018.Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research:[online]academia.edu.Available
at:http://www.academia.edu./ppt.[Accessed 14 March 2021]_____________________________
Pastor, M. “Practical Research I Quarter 1-Module 3: Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the
Problem”, Department of Education, Philippines, pp.4-5________________________________
Formulating a Research Title
A Research title is the most important element that defines the research problem. It is usually read first
and the most read part of the research. It contains the least words enough to describe the contents and the
purpose of your research paper. It can be revised many times as the research develops and addresses its
final phase. It becomes final on its final defense before the panel of judges.
Elements of a Research Title .The research title does not need to be entertaining but informative. It
contains the following information:
1. The subject matter or topic to be investigated. (“What?”)
2. The place or locale where the research is to be conducted. (“Where?”)
3. The population or the respondents/interviewees. (“Who?”)
4. The period of the study during which the data are to be collected. (“When?”)
Example:
Subject matter: The teaching of English
Place or locale: in the high schools of Province A
Time period: during the school year 2018-2019
Population: as perceived by teachers and students
Research Title: The Teaching of English in the High Schools of South Cotabato for School Year 2018-
2019 as Perceived by Teachers and Students
Activity. Formulate a research title by filling out the information needed below. (2 pts. for each number)
1. Subject Matter:
Place or locale:
Time period:
Population:
Research Title: ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Subject Matter:
Place or locale:
Time period:
Population:
Research Title: _________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. Subject Matter:
Place or locale:
Time period:
Population:
Research Title: _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. Subject Matter:
Place or locale:
Time period:
Population:
Research Title: _________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5. Subject Matter:
Place or locale:
Time period:
Population:
Research Title: _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Lesson Topic: The Background of the Study Quarter 3 WEEK 4 LAS 1_____________
Learning Target/s: State the background of the study (CS_RS11-IIIc-e-3)______________________________
Reference{s}: Del Rosario-Garcia, M., Jerusalem, V., Palencia, M., & Palencia, J. (2017).Practical research I:
Basics of qualitative research. Fastbooks 1239 Instruccion St., Sampalok, Manila,p.59._______
Pastor, M. “Practical Research I Quarter 1-Module 3: Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the____
Problem”,Department of Education, Philippines, pp.18-20.______________________________
Background of the Study
One of the preliminary steps to completing a research is the background study for it. The background
study for a research includes a review of the area being researched, current information surrounding the issue,
previous studies on the issue, and relevant history on the issue. (Hearst Seattle Media, LLc, 2017)
 The Purpose of the Background of the Study

a. The general definition of the topic/problem area;
b. the historical basis for the existence of the problem;
c. efforts made towards addressing similar challenges; and
d. how the efforts failed to be realized hence the need for your study.
 Contents of the Background of the Study

a. Presentation of the problem. Describe the existence of the condition or a problem that needs a solution.
b. Historical background of the problem. Give the historical background of the problem, if applicable.
c. Geographical conditions of the study locale. If applicable, describe the geographical location of the study.
d. Rationale of the study. Give the reason(s) why the study should be conducted.
 How to describe the “Background of Research”

Step 1: Describe the field you will be researching.
Step 2: Tell us why this field is important.
Step 3: Describe the current (and relevant) “hot topics” in the field.
Step 4: Describe the specific area you will be researching in the field.
Step 5: Tell us how your research will add to the field (explain why your work is important, does it address any
unanswered questions in this field?)
Step 6: Describe your research as answer to research questions you have been assigned to research.
Step 7: Summarize the current research based on your specific area of interest and highlight any gaps in the
research that you plan to address with your research.
Activity. From your proposed research study, formulate the rationale or the background study of your chosen
problem. Write your answer using extra paper should you need more space.
1. Proposed Study___________________________________________________________________
2. State the Background of the Study

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Lesson Topic: The Research Problem and Research Question Quarter 3 WEEK 4 LAS 2_______
Learning Target/s: State a research problem (CS_RS11-IIIc-e-4) ____________________________________
Reference(s): Pastor, M. “Practical Research I Quarter 1-Module 3: Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the____
Problem”,Department of Education, Philippines, pp. 17-18.______________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Overview of the Research Problem and Research Question
Chapter I of the research paper is called The Problem and Its Background (Sometimes it is also called
The Introduction). It is composed of the following sections:
1) Background of the Study, 2) Statement of the Problem, 3) Scope and Delimitation, and 4)
Significance of the Study.
What is a research problem?
A problem is “any significant, perplexing, and challenging situation, real or artificial, the solution of
which requires reflexive thinking” (Calderon& Gonzales, 1993).
Below is an illustration showing the description between a research topic, research problem, purpose
statement, and research question.
General
A research topic is the broad

subject matter of the study. Topic: Distance Learning
A research problem is a general Research Problem:

issue or concern about the Lack of learners’ knowledge about
research that narrow the topic. Distance education.
.
A purpose of the study used Purpose Statement:
to address the problem. To study why learners do not attend
Distance education classes in a community
college.
A research question narrows Research Questions:
the purpose into specific Does the use of website technology in
questions that the the classroom deter learners from
researcher would like to enrolling in a distant education class?
answer in the study.
Specific
Activity. Think of the topic of your interest and fill out the missing information below. Use the illustration
presented above as your guide.
Topic:
Research Problem:
Purpose Statement:
Research Questions:
Name:__________________________________Grade & Section ________11________Score:__________
School:__________________________Teacher:____________________Subject:Practical Research I___
Content Editors: ZYNAFE V. CAIJO MAYLENE S. ORENCIO RAFFY G.HERRERA___
Lesson Topic: The Scope and Delimitation of the Study Quarter 3 WEEK 4 LAS 3_____________
Learning Target/s: Indicate the scope and delimitation of research (CS_RS11-IIIc-e-5)____________________
Basics of qualitative research. Fastbooks 1239 Instruccion St., Sampalok, Manila,pp. 83-85.___
Pastor, M. “Practical Research I Quarter 1-Module 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research”________
Department of Education, Philippines, pp.21-22.______________________________________
Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The scope and delimitation of the study are two elements of a research paper that inform the reader
what information is included in the research and explain why the author chose that information. Although scope
and delimitation explain the way a study is limited, this information adds credibility to research.
 Scope of a Study - It is the coverage of the research to be explored which includes the facts and the
theories about the subject.
 Delimitation of a Study - It limits the scope and outlines the boundaries of the study.
These limitations include the following:
1. Sample size
2. Lack of available and/or reliable data
3. Lack of prior studies
4. Chosen data collection method
5. Nature of the information collected
6. Access
7. Time period
8. Bias
9. Language
When writing the paper, the researcher should ensure that any delimitation factor is noted down at the
introduction, discussion, and conclusion sections. He or she should clarify why the study included and
excluded some delimitation.
Example:
Scope and Delimitation
This study focuses on the challenges and experiences of selected Grade 11 students on online
learning modality. The sample targets will be the purposely selected eight Grade 11 students of Tupi
National High School who are presently residing at Barangay Lunen, Tupi, South Cotabato. The study will
be conducted during the school year 2020-2021.
Activity. Write the scope and delimitation of your study below. Write your answer using extra paper should you
need more space.
Scope and Delimitation
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Lesson Topic: The Significance of the Study Quarter 3 WEEK 5 LAS 1__________________________
Learning Target/s: Cite the benefits and beneficiaries of the study (CS_RS11-IIIc-e-6)____________________
Basics of qualitative research. Fastbooks 1239 Instruccion St., Sampalok, Manila,p.93._______
Pastor, M. “Practical Research I Quarter 1-Module 3: Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the____
Problem”, Department of Education, Philippines, p.23.
Significance of the Study
The significance of the study discusses the purpose that the research will serve to the society, to the
country, to the government, to the institution, to the agency concerned, to the curriculum planners and
developers, and to the research community. It describes the contribution of the study to the existing body of
knowledge. It could be the following:
a. A form of new knowledge in the field;
b. a validation of the major findings of other studies;
c. a verification of the validity of findings in a different population; and
d. analysis of trends over time, and validation of other findings using different methodologies.
The researcher must identify specifically the beneficiaries who will directly gain from the results of the
study, mentioning them in the paper according to the significance of the result. The specific benefits must also
be enumerated and explained if necessary.
Example:
The Effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction in the Performance of Students in Asian History
and Civilization
The findings of the study may provide deeper insights on how teaching can be made easier and
more meaningful by the use of computer-assisted instruction. The study will determine the significant
effects of slide presentation in instruction, a form of computer instruction on the performance of the
students in the subjects Asian History and Civilization.
To the students. The results may serve as an inspiration for them to continuously improve their
skills in using computers because they will realize the comfort that computer skills offer in complying with
the requirements of major subjects in the coming years.
To the administrators. The results may serve as a guide in the program-planning and
implementation of the Information Technology (IT) department so that they can be of great help to the
teachers of the university.
To the teachers. The results may serve as an eye-opener for those who are not comfortable with
the use of computers in their class lesson presentations. The findings of this study may encourage more of
them to apply computer-assisted instruction in teaching.
Activity. Write down the benefits and beneficiaries of your research on the space provided. The example
written above will serve as your guide in making the significance of the study. Write your answer using extra
paper should you need more space.
Significance of the Study

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Content Editors: ZYNAFE V. CAIJO MAYLENE S. ORENCIO______RAFFY G. HERRERA___
Lesson Topic: The Statement of the Problem Quarter 3 WEEK 5 LAS 2__________________________
Learning Target/s: Write the statement of the problem of the study (CS_RS11-IIIc-e-7)___________________
References: Del Rosario-Garcia, M., Jerusalem, V., Palencia, M., & Palencia, J. (2017).Practical research I: _
Basics of qualitative research. Fastbooks 1239 Instruccion St., Sampalok, Manila, pp.99-101.
Department of Education, Philippines, pp.20-21._______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Statement of the Problem
Statement of the problem is a series of questions used in researching the topic. It is composed of:
1. The general statement of the problem (the purpose statement) and,
2. the specific sub-problems or sub-questions (or research questions).
Guidelines in Writing the Statement of the Problem:
1. The general statement of the problem and the research questions should be formulated first before
conducting the research.
2. Research questions should be stated in the interrogative form and each should be clear to avoid
confusion.
3. Each research question should be researchable separately from the other questions and must be
based upon known facts and phenomena which are accessible to the researcher.
4. Answers to each research question can be interpreted apart from the answers to the other specific
questions and must contribute to the development of the whole research study.
5. The summary of the answers to all the specific questions will give a complete development of the
entire study.
6. The number of research questions should be enough to cover the development of the whole research
study.
Example:
This study aims to determine the practices and challenges of the technicians in repairing
appliances. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What are the strategies of the technicians in repairing appliances?

2. What do technicians do before repairing the appliances?
3. What are the challenges encountered by the technicians in repairing appliances?
Activity. Present the statement of the problem of your research on the space provided below. Check the
example in the box above as your guide. Write your answer using extra paper should you need more space.
Statement of the Problem

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Name:__________________________________Grade & Section __________11________Score:__________
Content Editors: ZYNAFE V. CAIJO MAYLENE S. ORENCIO_ RAFFY G. HERRERA___
Lesson Topic: The Statement of the Problem Quarter 3 WEEK 5 LAS 3__________________________
Learning Target/s: Present the written statement of the problem (CS_RS11-IIIc-e-7)_____________________
Reference(s): Del Rosario-Garcia, M., Jerusalem, V., Palencia, M., & Palencia, J. (2017).Practical research I:_
Basics of qualitative research. Fastbooks 1239 Instruccion St., Sampalok, Manila, pp.100-101._
Pastor, M. “Practical Research I Quarter 1-Module 3: Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the______
Problem”, Department of Education, Philippines, pp.24-25.______________________________
Presenting Written Statement of the Problem

The following sections compose the presentation of the written statement of the problem.
1. Introduction. It states briefly the background of the study and identifies the rationale of the research
problem.
It begins with a general statement of the problem and it outlines the specific problem or issue within the
existing literature.
2. Statement of the Problem.It states clearly the purpose or interest of the study and poses specific
questions about a research problem.
3. Scope and Delimitation.It sets the boundaries and parameters of the study and narrows the scope of the
inquiry.
4. Significance of the Study.It shows the benefits of the study to address issues and problems in improving
economic and health conditions or even finding solutions to problems encountered in daily life.
Activity. Present your written statement of the problem which comprises the background of the study, the
statement of the problem, and the significance of the study. Write your answer using extra paper should you
need more space.
I. Background of the Study

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II. Statement of the Problem

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III. Significance of the Study

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School:__________________________Teacher:____________________Subject: Practical Research I_____

Content Editors: ZYNAFE V. CAIJO MAYLENE S. ORENCIO_______RAFFY G. HERRERA__
Lesson Topic: The Review of Related Literature Quarter 3 WEEK 6 LAS 1_______________
Learning Target/s: Search and select relevant literature ( CS_RS11-IIIf-j-1)____________________________
References: Del Rosario-Garcia, M., Jerusalem, V., Palencia, M., & Palencia, J. (2017).Practical research I:
Basics of qualitative research. Fastbooks 1239 Instruccion St., Sampalok, Manila, pp.110-113.___
Pastor, M. “Practical Research I Quarter 1-Module4: Learning from Others and Reviewing the___
Literature”, Department of Education, Philippines, p.7,15.________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Search for the Related Literature
A literature search is a systematic and thorough search of all types of literature. In searching the
literature for the study, there are many sources of information available such as internet, books, peer-reviewed
articles in journals, publications, unpublished works like theses and dissertations (detailed and comprehensive
accounts of a research work submitted for a higher degree at a university), conference proceedings
(summaries of research work presented at conferences), books, leaflets, posters, blogs, and other library
materials both offline and online.
Some websites might give valuable information, such as Wikipedia, Facebook, Twitter, and the likes but
they are not as dependable as other sources of knowledge since they can be edited and considered not a
scholarly article (Baraceros, 2016). Therefore, there is a need to carefully evaluate online sources as to the
accuracy and veracity of information.
Steps in Selecting the Review of Literature
Step 1: Finding information. You should know “what” information to look for and “where” to look for the
information.
Step 2: Evaluating content. Evaluate the quality and scholarliness of a source. Make sure you only
include credible scholarly sources.
Step 3: Recording information. Take down notes and use the method that works best for you.
Step 4: Synthesizing content. Take a moment to reflect on the research you have, what you have
learned, how the information fits into your topic, and plan what is the best way to present your findings.
Step 5: Writing the review. Narrowly focused your literature and concentrate only on truly relevant
materials.
Step 6: Citing your sources. Be consistent with the format chosen. Do not mix up different formats.
Activity. Think of a topic that you are most interested to explore. Enumerate at least 5 sources of information
then find relevant literature connected to your chosen topic. Write only the excerpt of the relevant literature
found.
Topic:_____________________________________________
Source of Information Excerpt of the relevant literature found

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Name:__________________________________Grade & Section ______11____________Score:__________
Content Editors: ZYNAFE V. CAIJO MAYLENE S. ORENCIO _____RAFFY G. HERRERA
Lesson Topic: The Review of Related Literature Quarter 3 WEEK 6 LAS 2______________________
Learning Target/s:Understand the steps in writing a coherent relevant literature in the study (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-4)
Basics of qualitative research. Fastbooks 1239 Instruccion St., Sampalok, Manila, p.114.______
Pastor, M. “Practical Research I Quarter 1- Module 4: Learning from Others and Reviewing the
Literature”, Department of Education, Philippines, p.8._________________________________
Steps in Writing the Review of Related Literature
A review of related literature is the process of collecting, selecting, and reading books, journals, reports,
abstracts, and other reference materials. The following information may be collected:
1. background knowledge about the problem and associated ideas;
2. theories that give details of the presence of the problem that are connected to the problem;
3. data that prove the occurrence and gravity of the problem;
4. detailed and broad results of related studies; and
5. gaps and recommendations for additional study specified in related studies.
The significance and rationale of related literature and studies are to find out the similarities and
differences between the past and present studies, and to get ideas into the critical and controversial aspects of
the problem. It helps recognize and define a research problem and it gives the researcher a background
analysis aspect, which has been studied. It guides the researcher on what to do on the mechanism of the
research methods. It also provides the thoughts to advance with the study until its conclusion. It avoids
duplication of a study. Moreover, reading extensively will enrich your background knowledge on your research
topic that will enable you to establish a good groundwork or course of your research endeavor.
Steps in Writing the Review of Related Literature:
Step 1: Present relevant findings and issues from your research articles in your literature.
Step 2: Decide on what organization pattern makes sense for organizing the studies into a coherent
presentation: chronological, categorical/ topic, general-to-specific, known to unknown, and
many others.
Step 3: Do not include all the information from each study. Your goal in this section is to synthesize
information from the studies into a meaningful presentation.
Step 5: Your study rationale is the last part of the body section of your literature review. This is where
you explain the thinking that leads to your research questions (you’ll draw upon the past
literature to do this-your research may be extending a previous study, filling a gap you’ve
identified, and many others).
Activity. Visit webpages, journals, and similar online materials that have published theses and dissertations.
Select five (5) study of your interest and examine the Review of Related Literature (RRL) section. Based on
what you have learned about writing the RRL, comment on how these appear in the manuscript.
Title of the Research Comments
Study
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Lesson Topic: Reading and Citing the Source Material Quarter 3 WEEK 6 LAS 3___________________
Learning Target/s: Properly cite the source used in the study_(CS_RS11-IIIf-j-2)________________________
Basics of qualitative research. Fastbooks 1239 Instruccion St., Sampalok, Manila,pp. 312-313._
Pastor, M. “Practical Research I Quarter 1-Module 4: Learning from Others and Reviewing the__
Literature”, Department of Education, Philippines, p.8.__________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Reading and Citing Source of Material
In reviewing related literature, you come up with ideas borrowed from someone else; therefore, it is but
polite and honest to learn to acknowledge other people’s intellectual rights to avoid plagiarism. The following
are the terms to express recognition of the author’s ownership of borrowed ideas (Sharp, 2012).
1. Acknowledgment. It identifies individuals who have contributed to the making of the manuscript,
written at the start of the paper.
2. References or Bibliography. It is a whole list of literary materials including all books, journals, theses,
and dissertations. References are arranged alphabetically. This holds the summary of the information
of all of your sources. Information needed in making the reference list involves the following:
a. Author’s name
b. Date of publication of the source
c. Page number where you found the information
d. Publisher
e. Place of Publishing
f. Volume
g. Edition
h. Other relevant information –date of access
APA Format:
Author’s last name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication Date).Book title .Additional Information. City of
Publication: Publishing Company.
Example: Stot, J.C. (1995).Native Americans in children’s literature. Phoenix,AZ.:Oryx Press.
Activity: Look for five (5) related literature of your chosen research topic then fill in the table with the data
needed. Then write a reference list below the table. An example is given for you to follow.
Author’s First Middle (Publication Book Title Place of Publisher
last name initial initial Date) Publication
Simban J. H. 2012 Essentials of Cebu City, Digital Books

Hydroponics Farming Philippines
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Example:
Simban, J.H. (2012). Essentials of Hydroponics farming. Cebu City, Philippines: Digital Books.
1._____________________________________________________________________________________
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2._____________________________________________________________________________________
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3._____________________________________________________________________________________
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4._____________________________________________________________________________________
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5._____________________________________________________________________________________
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School:__________________________Teacher:____________________Subject:Practical Research I____
LAS Writer: JOCELYN F. ZARATE_____________________________________________________________
Content Editors: ZYNAFE V.CAIJO MAYLENE S. ORENCIO RAFFY G. HERRERA__
Lesson Topic: Citing the Source Material Quarter 3 WEEK 7 LAS 1_______________________
Learning Target/s: Cite related literature using in-text citation (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-2)__________________________
Reference(s): Pastor, M. “Practical Research I Quarter 1-Module 4: Learning from Others and Reviewing the
Literature”, Department of Education, Philippines, pp.19-21.______________________________
Citing the Source Material
Citations or in-text citations are similar to references, but occur in the body of the text with direct quotes
and paraphrases to identify the author/publication for the material you have used. Citations are used:
 to show which reference supports a particular statement;
 to give your readers the information necessary to find that source again;
 for direct quotes – when you repeat a passage from a text (or speech, video, etc.) in your assignment
without changing any words; and
 when you paraphrase – this is when you use your own words to restate the meaning of a text in your
assignment.
One of the most important things to remember is that every citation should also have a corresponding
entry in your reference list.
Examples:
1. Sanchez (2015) found out building food systems that are more sustainable, resilient and responsive...
2. A study by Chojnacka (2012) revealed that extracts derived from algae contain such components as
polysaccharides…
3. This planting system is a sustainable alternative that reduces dependence on water and fertilizer and
requires less space (Alshrouf, 2017), making it ideal in urban places.
4. Productivity is declining as the country is facing a burgeoning population of more than a hundred
million, where majority of Filipinos are suffering from malnutrition (Briones, et al, 2017).
Activity. Make an in-text citation based on the following given information.
1. Author(s): Lynn Smith Year: 2010
In-text: One out of every five students feels unprepared for writing classes _______________
2. Author(s): Allen Jameison and Susan Plette

Book: Medical Practice Year: 2013
In-text: According to _______________few symptoms showed after two weeks of treatment.
3. Author(s): Coleman, G.J. Year: 1984

Book: Elephas maximus
In-text: That elephants fear cheese was an accidental discovery made by the noted elephantologist
G. Coleman _______________
4. Author(s): Maas, K.A. Year: 2003

Title: The missing link: Elephants, mice, and cheese
In-text: Based on several clever experiments, K. Maas _______________ has claimed that in fact elephants
do not fear cheese at all, but instead fear the mice which are attracted to cheese.
5. Author(s): Achison, C.L. Year: 2004

Title: Cheese Lovers World
In-text: One researcher _______________ has published a series of articles roundly denouncing the
MMH, and the debate has even spilled over into the popular press.
Activity 2. Fill in the box with complete information.
Usages of
Citations
Content Editors: ZYNAFE V. CAIJO MAYLENE S. ORENCIO_____ RAFFY G. HERRERA _
Lesson Topic: APA and MLA Style of Referencing _ Quarter 3 WEEK 7 LAS 2__________________
Learning Target/s: Cite related literature using standard style (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-2)_________________________
Reference(s):Del Rosario-Garcia, M., Jerusalem, V., Palencia, M., & Palencia, J. (2017).Practical research I:
Basics of qualitative research. Fastbooks 1239 Instruccion St., Sampalok, Manila, p.309.______
Pastor, M. “Practical Research I Quarter Module 4: Learning from Others and Reviewing the____
Literature”, Department of Education, Philippines, pp.17-18.______________________________
Research References
Research references is a list of all the sources you have used in your project, so readers can easily find
what you have cited. This is the last section of your research paper.
We provide references to acknowledge the persons who are the intellectual owners of the information
we are using. The intellectual owners could be the authors of books or articles, the designers of a product, the
producers of a film, or even the webmasters of a website.
There are three basic methods of referencing. These are the APA (American Psychological
Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), and the Chicago Manual Style. We will be focusing on
the two most commonly used styles of referencing. Moreover, between the two, APA is the most frequently
used in citing various sources within the social sciences in citing various sources.
Examples:
The table below shows examples of MLA and APA styles of referencing:
Features in writing APA System MLA System
Author’s name and Stot, J.C. (1995). Stot, John
publication date (APA)
Title of the book Native Americans in children’s literature. Native Americans in Children’s
Literature
Other information such
as: Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press,1995.
 City of publication
 Name of publishing
company
 Publication date
(MLA)
Activity. Using APA Style of Referencing, write ten references that are found in your study. Make sure that the
references are alphabetically arranged.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Content Editors: ZYNAFE V. CAIJO MAYLENE S. ORENCIO RAFFY G.HERRERA____
Lesson Topic: APA Style of Referencing Quarter 3 WEEK 7 LAS 3___________________
Learning Target/s: Cite relevant literature using APA citation style (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-2)_____________________
Reference(s): Pastor, M. “Practical Research I Quarter 1- Module 4: Learning from Others and Reviewing the
Literature”, Department of Education, Philippines,p.31.________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
APA Style of Referencing
The APA referencing style is an "author-date" style, so the citation in the text consists of the author(s)
and the year of publication given wholly or partly in round brackets. Use only the surname of the author(s)
followed by a comma and the year of publication. Include page, chapter or section numbers if you need to be
specific, for example if you are quoting, paraphrasing, or summarising.
Activity. Extract key points and valuable information that are related to your research topic. Cite five (5)
related literatures using APA citation style. Present your output using this table below. One example is
provided for you. Write your answer using extra paper should you need more space.
Source Key points and valuable In-text Citation

information APA
Example: Schools need canteens to According to Galabo (2019), a school utilizes
Galabo N.R. (2019). Canteen be able to cater to the a canteen to meet the food and nutritional
service quality and student dietary needs of the needs of its students in order for them to
satisfaction. International Journal learners. have the energy to accomplish the task that
of Scientific & Technology they would do for the day.
Research. Retrieved from:
https://www.academia.edu/39664
535/Canteen_Service_Quality_A
nd_Student_Satisfaction.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Lesson Topic: Paraphrase Quarter 3 WEEK 8 LAS 1________________________
Learning Target/s:Synthesize information from relevant literature (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-3)______________________
Reference(s): Pastor, M. “Practical Research I Quarter 1-Module 4: Learning from Others and Reviewing the
Literature”, Department of Education, Philippines,Department of Education, Philippines,19-21.__
________________________________________________________________________________________
Paraphrasing
Developing your review of related literature by gathering ideas from other researches can be done by
some patterns or techniques like paraphrasing, quoting, and summarizing. In quoting, a part of an author’s
words is repeated in writing but the page number of copied text should be written, ideas must be essential and
quoted judiciously, meaning with full understanding. Summarizing is a shortened version of the original text
expressed in your own language, picking only the most important details of the text. Paraphrasing on the other
hand permits you to explain the idea in your own words.
A paraphrase restates another’s idea (or your own previously published idea) in your own words.
Paraphrasing allows you to summarize and synthesize information from one or more sources, focus on
significant information, and compare and contrast relevant details. Published authors paraphrase their sources
most of the time, rather than directly quoting the sources. Student authors should emulate this practice by
paraphrasing more than directly quoting.
When you write a paraphrase always remember the first four letters of the word PARAphrase.
Put the text in your own words.
Avoid copying the text.
Rearrange similar text.
Ask yourself if you included all the important points.
Example:
Original text Paraphrase
A biostimulant is an organic material that, when A biostimulant makes a plant grow beautifully and
applied in small quantities, enhances plant growth and bigger when added with traditional plant nutrient
development such that the response cannot be (Sharma et.al., 2011).
attributed to the application of traditional plant
nutrients (Sharma et.al., 2011).
Activity. Examine the original text below and write a paraphrase on the space provided.
Philippines is an agricultural country. Yet, productivity is declining as the country is facing a burgeoning
population of more than a hundred million, where majority of Filipinos are suffering from malnutrition (Briones,
et al, 2017). According to Sanchez Jr, F. C. (2015) building food systems that are more sustainable, resilient,
and responsive should be the top priority. The production innovations have been evolving more and more
towards organic, sustainable, or environment friendly systems.
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________________________________________________________________________________________
Content Editors: ZYNAFE V. CAIJO MAYLENE S. ORENCIO RAFFY G. HERRERA
Lesson Topic: Ethical Issues in the Research Process Quarter 3 WEEK 8 LAS 2_____________
Learning Target/s: Observe ethical standards in writing a research paper (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-5)_____
Basics of qualitative research. Fastbooks 1239 Instruccion St., Sampalok, Manila, pp.127-129.
Pastor, M. “Practical Research I Quarter 1-Module 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research”_______
Department of Education, Philippines, pp.26-27.____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Ethical Issues in the Research Process
The ethical standards of research establish the values and expectations of a research so that
information generated is written accurately and appropriately in accordance to the highest moral principles of
research. These ethical standards are governed by core values of integrity, confidentiality, anonymity, and
privacy through informed consent, voluntary participation, beneficence, justice, and rights to review. It is
important to adhere to ethical principles in order to protect the dignity, rights, and welfare of research
participants. These principles are honesty, integrity, trustworthiness, openness, carefulness, respect for
intellectual property, and social and legal responsibility.Scientific misconduct might arise when ethical
standards are not followed such as the following:
1. Plagiarism. This refers to fraudulent acts that entail claiming another person’s ideas, work or
publication violating intellectual property rights by stealing and dishonesty. This usually happens in
scientific publications.
2. Fabrication of data. It involves producing data without an actual experimentation or altering data in
recording with the intent to fit them to desired results.
3. Falsification of data. It entails faulty gathering of data due to negligence and carelessness which lead
to errors in measurement or instrument use. Error may also be caused by inappropriate application of
treatment to the subjects and poor data recording.
4. Non-publication of data. In contrast with fabrication and falsification, this involves choosing not to
include data because they do not conform to the well-established body of knowledge or are
unsupportive of the research hypothesis. Only the results that do not reject the hypothesis are reported
and published.
To avoid such encounters and to ensure that ethical standards are followed, ethics review committees
usually require research studies to undergo review proceedings by submission of pertinent documents that will
verify the truthfulness of data, information, and paper presented. The following are some of these:
1. Checklist for Adult Sponsors which includes parents’ consent and advisers consent.
2. Student Checklist which tells learners’ information, consent and ensure student safety.
3. Human Participant’s Form which provides information for description, recruitment, protection of
privacy, and informed consent process.
4. For scientific researches: Research Institution and Qualified Scientists Form, Human Participants
form, Vertebrate Animals Form, Potentially Hazardous Biological Agents Form, and Hazardous
Chemical Activities Form.
5. Research Plan which discusses in summary the rationale, hypotheses, methods, risk and safety, data
analysis, and references or bibliography.
6. Risk Assessment Form which evaluates the extent of hazards posed by the conduct of research. It
includes assessing safety of respondents, or sampling locale, or in the events of scientific studies, the
biosafety hazards like methods of disposing chemical and biological agents, drug dosages, and delicate
instrument use.
7. Research Abstract which is not more than 250 words that clearly and concisely state the purpose,
procedures, data collected, and conclusions of the research.
8. Research Logbook with start and end dates, pictures, documentations, notes during the course of
research that shows detailed and accurate processes.
Activity:
Directions: Fill in the attached form applying the ethical standards in research.
Attachment
Research Team Leader:

Members:
Research Title:
Research Goals: Write down your research question, rationale, significance, plan to do with your findings, and
questions ask participants.
Place, Date/ Time and Duration of Study:
Recruitment of participants / Sampling Procedure:
Data Collection Methods and Study Participants:
Informed consent: list ways to ensure respondent participation as safe
Confidentiality agreement: list ways to ensure confidentiality, privacy, and safety of participants and data
collected.
Risk Assessment: list means of ensuring safety in materials, instruments, area, and substances used.
Signature of Team Members:
Date of Application: _______

Content Editors: ZYNAFE V. CAIJO MAYLENE S. ORENCIO RAFFY G. HERRERA____
Lesson Topic: Common Difficulties in Conducting Research Quarter 3 WEEK 8 LAS 3______________
Learning Target/s: Identify the common difficulties in conducting a research (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-5)_____________
Reference(s): Del Rosario-Garcia, M., Jerusalem, V., Palencia, M., & Palencia, J. (2017).Practical research I:_
Basics of qualitative research. Fastbooks 1239 Instruccion St., Sampalok, Manila.____________
Pastor, M. “Practical Research I Quarter 1-Module 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research”________
Department of Education, Philippines, pp.24-25.______________________________________
Common Difficulties in Conducting Research

During the course of the conduct of research, common difficulties may arise that will greatly affect the
result of your research. As a researcher, one must be adept enough to foresee possible challenges to your
research so that it will be resolved sooner. Below is a summary of difficulties, challenges, and/or issues you
may encounter.
1. Unavailability of respondents
2. Non-cooperation or refusal of respondents to answer questions
3. Failure of respondents to remember data or give honest responses
4. Delayed or failure in returning questionnaires with responses
5. Incomplete documents and records
6. Unscientific data
7. No local data are available
8. Lacking instruments
9. Communication problems
10. Funds are tight
Activity. Based on your chosen research study, state at least five (5) challenges that you might encounter
during the conduct of your research and give reason(s) on why you foresee those challenges. An example is
provided for you to follow.
Example:
Research Focus/Study: Challenges and experiences of working parents on modular learning modality during
the school year 2020-2021
Unavailability of the respondents- My respondents are all working mothers. They might find it difficult to
give ample time for an in-depth interview.
Research Focus/Study:_____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
1. ______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

Practical Research I Week 1-8

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Name:__________________________________Grade & Section ______II____________Score:__________

School:__________________________Teacher:_____________________Subject:Practical Research I____

Research is a systematic investigation undertaken to increase existing knowledge and understanding of

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

 Individual interpretation  Statistical analysis

 Both are rigorous

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Arts-Based Humanities Science ICT Business

Type Description Example of Studies

Formulating a Research Title

 The Purpose of the Background of the Study

 Contents of the Background of the Study

 How to describe the “Background of Research”

2. State the Background of the Study

A research topic is the broad

A research problem is a general Research Problem:

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Significance of the Study

1. What are the strategies of the technicians in repairing appliances?

Statement of the Problem

Presenting Written Statement of the Problem

I. Background of the Study

II. Statement of the Problem

III. Significance of the Study

LAS Writer: JOCELYN F. ZARATE____________________________________________________________

Source of Information Excerpt of the relevant literature found

LAS Writer: JOCELYN F. ZARATE____________________________________________________________

Simban J. H. 2012 Essentials of Cebu City, Digital Books

2. Author(s): Allen Jameison and Susan Plette

3. Author(s): Coleman, G.J. Year: 1984

4. Author(s): Maas, K.A. Year: 2003

5. Author(s): Achison, C.L. Year: 2004

Activity 2. Fill in the box with complete information.

Source Key points and valuable In-text Citation

Research Team Leader:

Place, Date/ Time and Duration of Study:

Recruitment of participants / Sampling Procedure:

Data Collection Methods and Study Participants:

Informed consent: list ways to ensure respondent participation as safe

Signature of Team Members:

Date of Application: _______

Common Difficulties in Conducting Research

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Name:______________________Grade & Section IIScore:

School:__________Teacher:_Subject:Practical Research I