Practice of Ayurveda

PRACTICE
OF
AYURVEDA
PRACTICE
OF
AYURVEDA
Swami Sii>ananda
Published by
THE DIVINE UFE SOCIETY
P.O. SHJVANANDANAOAR—249 192
Tehri-Garhwal, Uttarakhand, Himalayas, India
www.sivanandaonline.org,www.dlshq.org
First Edition: 1958
Second Edition; 2001
Third Edition; 2006
Fourth Edition: 2013
000
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CThe Divine Life Trust Society
ISBN 81-7052-159-9
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PRICE: n20/-
Published by Swami Padmanabhananda for

The Divine Life Society, Shivanandanagar, and printed
by him at the Yoga Vedanta Forest Academy Press,
P.O. Shivanandanagar, Oistt. Tehri-Garbwal, Uttarakhand,
Himalayas, India
For online orders and Catalogue: visit dlsbooks.org
SRI SWAMI SIVANANDA
Bom on the Sth September, 1887, in the illustrious

family of Sage Appayya Dikshitar and several other
renowned saints and savants, Sri Swami Sivananda had
a natural flair for a life devoted to the study and practice
of Vedanta. Added to this was an inborn eagerness to
serve all and an innate feeling of unity with all mankind.
His passion for service drew him to the medical
career; and soon he gravitated to where he thought that
his service was most needed. Malaya claimed him. He
had earlier been editing a health journal and wrote
extensively on health problems. He discovered that
people needed right knowledge most of all; dissemination
of that knowledge he espoused as his own mission.
It was divine dispensation and the blessing of God
upon mankind that the doctor of body and mind
renounced his career and took to a life of renunciation to
qualify for ministering to the soul of man. He settled
down at Rishikesh in 1924, practised intense austerities
and shone as a great Yogi, saint, sage and Jivanmukta.
In 1932 Swami Sivananda started the
Sivanandashram. In 1936 was bom The Divine Life
Society. In 1948 the Yoga-Vedanta Forest Academy was
organised. Dissemination of spiritual knowledge and
training of people in Yoga and Vedanta were their aim
and object. In 1950 Swamiji undertook a lightning tour of
India and Ceylon. In 1953 Swamiji convened a World
Parliament of Religions’. Swamiji is the author of over
300 volumes and has disciples all over the world,
belonging to all nationalities, religions and creeds. To
read Swamiji’s works is to drink at the Fountain of
Wisdom Supreme. On 14th July, 1963 Swamiji entered
Mahasamadhi.
(5)
PLBUSHERS’ NOTE
Sri Swami Sivanandaji Maharaj was a healer of the

body in his Purvashram (before he entered the Holy
Order of Sannyasa). He was a bom healer, with an
extraordinary inborn love to serve humanity; that is why
he chose the medical profession as a career. That is why
he edited and published a health Journal “Ambrosia”.
That is why he went over to Malaya to serve the poor in
the plantations there. And, strangely enough, that is
why, he renounced the world and embraced the Holy
Order of Sannyasa.
He was a healer of the body and the soul. This truth
is reflected in the Ashram which he has established in
Rishikesh. The huge hospital equipped with modem
instruments was set up and the entire Ashram where all
are welcome to get themselves healed of their heart’s
sores and thoroughly refresh themselves in the divine
atmosphere of the holy place.
Sri Swamiji wanted that all systems of healing
should flourish. He had equal love and admiration for all
systems of healing. He wanted that the best of all the
systems should be brought out and utilised in the service
of Man. He has written a number of books on all aspects
of Healing—from the Naturopathic and Allopathic points
of view. This one dealing with Ayurveda is a valuable
addition to the healer’s armamentarium.
Ayurveda is the Veda or knowledge of Ayus or life. It
has been classified as the Fifth Veda.
Ayurveda is a distinct Veda. It is even superior to the
other Vedas because it gives life which is the basis of all
enjoyments, study, meditation and Yoga Sadhana.
Ayurveda is the science of life. It shows the way to
remove diseases, to keep up sound health and attain
longevity.
(6)
Ayurveda was in vogue in India since very early
times. The Ayurvedic and Siddha systems have played a
very important and vital part in the sphere of public
health. Their popularity is due to their availability,
cheapness and efficacy.
Here is a beautiful ideal of Charaka: “Not for self, not
for the fulfilment of any earthly desire of gain, but solely
for the good of suffering humanity should you treat your
patients and so excel all. Those who sell the treatment of
disease as merchandise gather the dust and neglect the
gold.”
Charaka also says: “A physician who cannot enter
into the innermost soul of the patient with the bright
light of the lamp of his own knowledge cannot
successfully treat any disease.”
India has ever been evolving art after art, science
after science, as her contribution to the common heritage
of all the nations of the world. Her greatest gift to the
world is the gift of the spiritual science of Self-perfection.
Next to it we should place this Science of Life, the
Ayurveda, as a precious gift to be carefully developed and
broadcast to all nations. It is a national duty of every
Indian.
THE DIVINE LIFE SOCIETY
(7)
CONTENTS
Chapter I
Ayurveda—^Theory and Practice 13
Chapter n
Ayurvedic Ethics 33
Chapter m
Doctrine of Vata-Pitta-Kaphas 36
Chapter IV
Doctrine of Rasa, Veerya,
Vipaka and Prabhava 50
Chapter V
Hygienic Principles in Ayurveda 56
Chapter VI
Ayurveda on Diet 69
Chapter vn
Ayurvedic Psychology 79
Chapter Vni
Nadi Vijnana. 86
Chapter IX
Indian Surgery 97
Chapter X
Nidana 102
(8)
Chapter XI
Ayurvedic Chikitsa 109
CHAPTER Xn
Indian Materia Medica 113
Chapeter XIII
Home Remedies 131
Chapter XIV
Common Herbs 134
Chapter XV
Charaka’s Classification of Drugs 139
Chapter XVI
Classification of Drugs—I 145
Chapter XVn
Classification of Drugs—II 150
Chapter XVm
Index to Therapeutic Action of Bazaar Drugs. 152
Chapter XIX
Ayurvedic Preparations 160
Chapter XX
Ayurvedic Preparations Explained 162
Chapter XXI
Kaya KaJpa 208
(9)
Chapter XXH
The Rasayana Treatment 219
Chapter XXni
Yantras . 221
Appendix
Definitions in Ayurveda.................................. 224

Rajo Dharma.................................................. 234
Nomenclature of Diseases.............................. 245
Diseases of the Eyes........................................ 252
Index to Diseases and Treatment.................... 254
Ayurvedic Quotations..................................... 258
Ayurvedic Jottings............................................ 260
Maharshi Chyavana and Chyavanaprash . . 271
The Bilwa Tree: Its Properties and Uses . . . 272
Kuppamani..................................................... 274
Cancer................................................................ 275
Lumbago............................................................ 277
Saltless Diet...................................................... 280
Causes of Diseases............................................ 281
The Three Pillars in Ayurveda....................... 282
Ayurveda—Although Ancient It Can Be
284
Ever New....................
(10)
PRACTICE OF AYURVEDA
I
A
▼
4 A
Chapter I
AYURVEDA—THEORY AND PRACTICE
Ayurveda
The Importance and Value of the
Ancient Indian System of Medicine
The ancient intuitive India that brought to being the

brightest and the most inspired of eternal spiritual songs
on the struggles and problems of active life in this
terrestrial world in relation to the highest End of
Existence which Self-realisation is, and embodied them
in the four Vedas, could not resist its native many-sided
tendency not merely to subject the entire nature of man
to a process of dynamic spiritualisation, but literally to
seek the health, strength, vim, vitality, longevity of the
third of the triune aspect of man,—the physical body,
which is recognized as the indispensable and perfectible
vehicle for both the enjoyment of temporal happiness
and supreme spiritual felicity. This tendency of an
essentially intuitive mind, towards an integral
development of life, towards a complete blossoming of
the whole man even while living in a physical form in this
material world, this impassioned affirmation of positive
living, this acceptance of the body as the best instrument
for the realization here on earth, of the best blessings of
the profound spiritual realms, resulted in the
obtainment of the yet unmatched, deepest insights, the
subtle determining vital powers and secrets in the
human system that govern its radiant health and
longevity and in the creation of a yet another Veda, the
Ayurveda. Ayurveda is a perfect science of life and
consists of a body of most remarkable knowledge on the
internal mechanism of human health and longevity, on
medicinal herbs and therapeutic roots, on the efficacious
treatment of human ills by eradicating from the human
(13)
14 PRACTICE OF AYURVEDA
system the very sources of their causation. This great

medical science and humanity’s most ancient and finest
preventive school of practical medicine, which has been
practised in India, century after century for over four
thousand years, by expert Vaidyas well-versed and
highly trained in its lore, should now receive, as a matter
of immediate practical necessity, the increasing and the
best interest of modem free India. To those who claim to
have a knowledge of this ancient medicinal science
enriched by the happy results of the researches and
advancement made by eminent Vaidyas in succeeding
ages, its superior merits over the Western systems of
medicine, and its immense value, do not need any
delineation. Such names of the great pioneers who added
to the development of the science of Ayurveda, as
Vagbhata, Madhava, Jivaka and Bhava Mishra of
Banaras are well-known, and the almost miraculous
results that the medicinal herbs prescribed by Ayurveda
have brought into the systems of those who have used
them, are more than sufficient proof of its unique value.
The amazingly wide scope and the genuine scientific
nature of Ayurveda received much enthusiastic
appreciation by such Westerners as Sri William Hunter,
too, and the recent researches show that the early
Greeks owed much of their knowledge on the physiology
of man and medicine, to Ayurveda. The interest of
Government of India, in Ayurveda is indeed most
encouraging, but the private bodies and the public too
should come to an increasing recognition of its
importance and value, and as a first step begin trying its
drugs.
Origin of Ayurveda
The Lxard Himself is the first divine physician. He is

the best among physicians.
3^81 IHNuft
AYURVEDA—THEORY AND PRACTICE 15
When the body is afflicted with senility and diseases,

the holy water of Mother Ganga is the medicine and Lord
Narayana, from whose holy feet Ganga emanates, is the
great physician.
—Lord Dhanwantari.
Once upon a time some distinguished sages
happened to meet on the Himalayan mountains, among
them being Agastya, Ashvalayana, Asita, Badarayana,
Balikhya, Bharadwaja, Chyavana, Devala, Dhaumya,
Galaya, Garga, Gautama, Gobhila, Harita, Hiranyaksha,
Jamadagni, Kamya, Kankayana, Kapinjala, Kashyapa,
Katyayana, Kaundinya, Kushika, Langakshi, Maitreya,
Markandeya, Narada, Parashara, Parikshaka,
Pulasthya, Sankhya, Sankritya, Shakuneya, Shandilya,
Sharaloma, Shaunaka, Vaijapeya, Vaikhanasa,
Vamadeva, Vasishtha, Vishwamitra and many others.
All of them were well-versed in philosophy and practised
religious austerities. The subject of their conversation
was the ‘ills that the flesh is heir to’. They began to
complain: “Our body, which is the means of attaining the
four aims of life, viz., virtue, worldly pursuits, pleasure
and liberation, is subject to diseases which emaciate and
weaken it, deprive the senses of their functions, and
cause extreme pains. These diseases are great
impediments to our worldly affairs and bring on
premature death. In the face of such enemies, how can
men be happy? It is neceesary, therefore, to find
remedies for such diseases.” They turned to sage
Bharadwaja, and thus addressed him:
“O Sage! Thou art the fittest person among us. Go
thou to the thousand-eyed Indra, who has systematically
studied the Ayurveda, and by acquiring from him the
knowledge of that science, free us, O sage, from the
scourge of diseases.”
“So be it,” said the sage, who at once went to Indra
and thus accosted him: “O Lord, I have been deputed by
the parliament of sages, to learn from you the remedies
for the direful diseases that afflict mankind; I pray you,

therefore, to teach me the Ayurveda.”
Indra was pleased with the object of his mission, and
taught him the Ayurveda in all its parts. Bharadwaja
recounted the precepts he had acquired to the other
sages who had deputed him, and with the knowledge of
this science they were able to live in health and
happiness.
Indra taught the science to his pupil Atreya, who
wrote several works. Atreya Samhita is a celebrated
book. Atreya is one of the oldest authorities on Hindu
medicine.
Brahma propounded the healing art first. He
composed the Ajnirveda consisting of one hundred
chapters of one hundred stanzas each. It is the oldest
medical book of the Hindus. It is divided into eight parts:
(1) Shalya Surgery. (2) Shalaka Treatment of
disease of the eye, nose, mouth, ears, etc. (3) Kaya
Chikitsa Treatment of general diseases affecting the
whole body, such as, fever, diabetes, etc. (4)
Bhoota-uidya Treatment of diseases caused by evil
spirits. (5) Kumara Bhritya. Treatment of infants and of
puerperal state. (6) Agada. Antidotes to poisons: (7)
Rasayana Treats of medicines which promote health
and longevity, which preserve vigour, restore youth,
improve memory, cure and prevent diseases in general.
(8) Vajikarana or aphrodisiac: Describes the means of
increasing the virile power, of giving tone to the
weakened organs of generation.
11
Mdane Madhava Shreshthah, Sutra Sthane Tu Vagbhatah;

Sharire Sushrutah Proktah, Charakastu Chikitsake.
It means Madhava is unrivalled in Diagnosis,
Vagbhata in principles and practice of Medicine,
Sushruta in Surgery and Charaka in Therapeutics. In

his old age Madhava became an ascetic and assumed the
name of Vidyaranya (forest of learning).
Charaka is said to have been an incarnation of
Shesha—the Serpent God with a thousand hoods—who
is supposed to be the depository of all sciences,
especially of medicine.
Charaka, the son of Vishuddha, a learned Muni,
flourished during the Vedic period. Some believe him to
have been born at Banaras 320 years B.C. He was the
greatest physician of his day, and his “Charaka Samhita”
is still held to be a standard work on medicine.
Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Ayurveda are the
oldest and most reputed treatises on Hindu medicine
now extant. Charaka Samhita is generally believed to be
the oldest work on Hindu medicine.
Atreya taught the Ayurveda to six pupils, namely
Agnivesa, Bhela, Jatukarna, Parasara, Harita and
Kharapani. Agnivesa first wrote a book on medicine. It
was edited and corrected by Charaka.
Next to Charaka the authority on Hindu medicine is
Vagbhata, who flourished about the second century
before Christ. He was an inhabitant of Sindh. Vagbhata
wrote Ashtanga Hridaya. This is a mere compilation from
Charaka and Sushruta.
Dhanwantari, the surgeon of heaven descended
upon earth in the person of Dividasa, king of Banaras for
teaching surgery. Sushruta learnt surgery from
Dhanwantari. Sushruta treats of anatomy, surgical
diseases, surgical instruments, operations.
The general diseases such as fever, diarrhoea, chest
diseases etc. are treated in the book called
u
Uttara-tantra”.
Madhava or Madhavacharya, who wrote several
works embracing almost all branches of Hindu learning
was bom in Kishkindha now called Golkonda in South
India.
Bhava Mishra, author of Bhava Prakasha lived in

1550 A.D. He was considered to be the best scholar of his
time in Madra Desha.
Madhava Kara wrote the book Nidana. This is a
concise treatise on the causes, symptoms, and prognosis
of diseases. It is a text book on pathology.
Chakrapani Datta wrote Chakradatta Sangraha. It
deals with the treatment of diseases.
Bhava Misra was an inhabitant of Banaras, where
he is said to have had no less than four hundred pupils.
Bhava Misra wrote a book called Bhavaprakasha. It is a
comprehensive treatise compiled from the works of
preceding authors. There is additional information on
the properties of drugs, accounts of new drugs and of
some new diseases like syphilis.
Then followed Sharangadhara, son of Damodara,
who wrote a treatise bearing his name. The work is
divided into twenty-five chapters, and is a very popular
work.
There are several works in Sanskrit devoted
especially to the description of the synonyms and
properties of drugs and articles of diet. The oldest
treatment on this subject is the book called
Raja-nighantu.
Bhela, Jatukarna, Parasara, Kharapani and Harita
wrote medical books.
Agnivesha’s “Nidanajnana”, a treatise on diagnosis,
is still admired.
Harita Samhita is a standard book. This was
dictated by Atreya in reply to Harita’s questions.
The Glory of Ayurveda

The Ayurvedic system has been demonstrated in
recent years to be as effective against malaria as
Allopathic treatment. In Rheumatism Ayurvedic
medicines are able to produce a greater alleviating and

curative effect than other systems.
The best febrifuges have been learnt by British
physicians from the Hindus. When patients deafened
and swollen by abuse of Quinine were slowly dying of
fever under the treatment of enlightened physicians, the
bark of the Margosa (Neem tree) and Chiretta herb have
cured them completely. These now occupy an
honourable place among European drugs.
To the ascetic Gymnosophists of ancient India, no
secret power of either plant or mineral was unknown.
They possessed the greatest secrets in medicinal
knowledge and unsurpassed skill in its practice.
No country in the world can boast of more medicinal
plants than India, Burma, Siam and Sri Lanka. India’s
wealth of medicinal plants is unsurpassed. The literature
of indigenous medicine ascribes medicinal properties to
more than 2000 plants. Medicinal herbs are mentioned
in the Rig-Veda. Ayurveda treats of herbal remedies in
detail on which the ancient medical science leirgely
rested.
There is an entire Upanishad on the internal parts of
the human body with an enumeration of the nerves,
veins, arteries, a description of the heart, spleen and liver
and various disquisitions on the formation and growth of
the foetus.
The Rig-Veda (I, 116, 15-16) speaks of an artificial
limb of iron as having been given to a woman whose foot
had been cut off so that she might walk. The giving of
artificial eyes is also mentioned.
Jivaka, the personal physician of Buddha, is said to
have practised cranial surgery with success. The Hindus
were the first to do skin-grafting and plastic surgeiy,
cataract operation, amputation, the caesarian operation,
etc.
Bhoja Prabandha describes a cranial operation
performed in 927 A.D. on King Bhoja of Dhar. Two
surgeons made the king insensible by a drug called

Sammohini, trephined the skull, removed a growth from
the brain, closed the opening and stitched the wound
and restored the patient to consciousness by another
drug.
Both Charaka and Sushruta mention the ancient
use of anesthetics.
Charaka dealt with diet, antidotes for poisons,
syringes, emetic, purgatives and drugs for the cure of
diseases. Sushruta was the greatest surgeon of his time.
He practised Aseptic surgery.
Vedic literature abounds in references to surgical
instruments, such as scalpels, lancets, forceps,
catheters, saws, etc.
The old Sanskrit and Pali texts give details of various
diseases and their remedies—dysentery, jaundice,
diabetes, tuberculosis, heart-diseases, etc. They declare
that surgery had reached a great degree of skill; and that
difficult skull, brain and abdominal operations were
successfully performed.
The Homoeopathist’s Law of similars and contraries
can be traced to the ancient Indian classics of Charaka
and Sushruta through Egypt, Persia, Arabia, Greece,
into medieval Europe and down to modem times.
Here is a beautiful ideal of Charaka: “Not for self, not
for the fulfilment of any earthly desire of gain, but solely
for the good of suffering humanity should you treat your
patients and so excel all. Those who sell the treatment of
disease as merchandise gather the dust and neglect the
gold.”
Ayurveda—The Fifth Veda

Ayurveda or the Science of life is an Upanga of
Atharva-Veda. It consists of 100,000 verses in 1000
chapters. It was composed by Brahma, the Lord, before
he created all beings. Ayurveda is really one aspect of the

Veda as a whole.
Ayurveda is the Veda or knowledge of Ayus or life. It
has been classified as the Fifth Veda.
Ayurveda is a distinct Veda. It is even superior to the
other Vedas because it gives life which is the basis of all
enjoyments, study, meditation and Yoga Sadhana.
The three main branches of Ayurveda deal with the
causes, symptoms and treatment of diseases.
Charaka, Sushruta, Vagbhata, Madhava and
Sharangadhara were the great Rishis or Fathers of
Ayurvedic medicines. They were Yogis. They had great
power of observation, generalisation and analysis. Their
students made wonderful researches. India’s fertility for
medicinal herbs and plants contributed a great deal to
the prosecution of their study of medicine.
Ayurveda serves as the best guide for the healthy
and for the sick.
Ayurvedic medicines are more effective and less
costly.
Ayurveda treats of eight subjects: Surgery (Salya),
treatment of diseases of the head (Shalaka), treatment of
ordinary diseases (Kaya-chikitsa), the processes of
counteracting the influences of evil spirits
(Bhuta-vaidya), treatment of child-diseases
(Kaumara-bhritya), antidotes to poisons (Agada tantra),
science of rejuvenating body (Rasayana) and the science
of acquiring virile strength (Vajikarana).
The principles of Ayurvedic treatment are in the
main the same as that of allopathic treatment. They
consist of removing the injurious agent, soothing injured
body and mind and eradicating the cause. The difference
lies in the methods of detail adopted by the different
systems. In Ayurveda great importance is given upon the
study of the various stages of vitiation of the three
Doshas or humours of the body.
vtOtr I
“Dosha Dhatu Mala Moolam hi Sareeram.” The
essential constituents of the human body consist of
Doshas, Dhatus and Maias. Deha Dhatus mean the
supporters of the human body. The three Doshas, the
seven Dhatus, the three Maias—these thirteen
constitute the human body according to Ayurveda.
Disease, according to Ayurveda, is generally defined
as derangement of the three Doshas. Health is an
equilibrium of the three Doshas.
Importance of Ayurveda
Ayurveda is the science of life. It shows the way to
remove diseases, to keep up sound health and attain
longevity.
This wonderful science cannot be rooted out of
India. It is deeply rooted in the hearts of the children of
India, the offsprings of Charaka, Sushruta, Madhava,
Vagbhata, Sharangadhara and Dhanwantari. Even if all
the books on Ayurveda are lost today, it will surely
survive.
The efficacy of Ayurvedic medicines prepared strictly
in accordance with the methods presented by the
Ayurvedic text is very great and their curative powers
cannot be in the least doubted or disputed.
Ayurveda was in vogue in India since very early
times. The Ayurvedic and Siddha systems have played a
very important and vital part in the sphere of public
health. Their popularity is due to their availability,
cheapness and efficacy, but their thorough knowledge
was confined to a few specialists only. There was paucity
of standardisation of the drugs and therefore the
Ayurvedic system did not keep pace with the Allopathic
system.
An Ayurvedic physician is very accurate and
scientific in determining the causes, symptoms and
treatment of diseases. He accurately diagnoses the

diseases by feeling the pulse or looking at the eyes and
face. He brings about harmony of the three
Doshas—^Vata (wind). Pitta (bile) and Kapha (phlegm) by
administering the suitable Rasas in correct proportions
and combinations.
Ayurveda is based on ten fundamental
considerations—1. Dusyam, 2. Desam, 3. Balam, 4.
Kalam, 5. Analam, 6. Prakriti, 7. Vayaha, 8. Satvam, 9.
Satmyam, 10. Aharam.
Ayurveda can cure certain diseases for which the
Allopathic Pharmacopoeia has no remedy. There are
great many indigenous drugs of extreme utility but little
known to the students of Allopathy. The Allopaths are
just emerging from the slough of empiricism. Many of the
empirical methods of treatment adopted by many
Ayurvedic physicians are of the greatest value. Whatever
the ancient Ayurvedic physicians of yore knew are
nowadays being brought to light as new discovery by the
Allopaths. If people follow the treatment according to the
methods of Charaka, there will be few chronic invalids in
the world.
The Ayurveda or the Science of Life

The Ayurveda is by itself an almost perfect science
treating of Surgery, Medicine, Therapeutics, etc., in as
efficient a light as possible. Those antiquated sages and
Rishis had been men of miraculous powers. The
root-medicines, the medicated leaves with which they
cured the disease were all powerful and unique. They
were, as it were, God-sent medicines. Dr. Wise remarks,
“Asia can munificently give, but it does not need to
borrow.” This Ayurvedic system of medicine was
promulgated early in the Vedic age. The Hindu Medical
system called Ayurveda or the Science of Life is regarded
by the Hindus as the fifth Veda. A portion of the
Atharvana Veda was devoted to medicine. It is stated that
this knowledge of medicine was reveeded by Brahma who

instructed for the first time the patriarch Daksha.
Punarvasu, the son of Atri, Bharadwaja, Indra and the
two Aswins practised this system of medicine. A time
came for the Rishis and sages to take their long leave and
their disciples practised Ajmrveda, who in their turn
went the way of all flesh and blood and their followers
practised it. In course of events, Ayurveda became a
monopoly and exclusive right of certain families only and
it has become more or less an occult science. There were
no well trained masters to give clear instructions, no
schools and colleges to receive education and practical
training. Selfishness played a most conspicuous part.
Self-denial and self-sacrifice were quite novel things.
Controversies and contests arose in the arena of
Ayurvedic field. An Ayurvedic father was jealous to make
even his son well-versed in Ayurvedic Science.
Exclusivism, and not the spirit of inclusivism,
aristocracy and not liberalism and plebianism were the
most pondering elements. The books written by the
Rishis and sages were in the hands of certain
unsympathetic audacious men who cared not the well
being of the suffering humanity at large. The books were
in their hands, the sole means to acquire wealth. So, in
the field of Ayurveda, there were no well-trained
sympathetic captains to guide. The Science, the
exclusive Science, which the exclusive men hid for
themselves and thus prevented its sunshine to glow over
far off climes, and which would have become an eternal
blessing, sank into partial oblivion.
It is our sincere and heart-felt longing to see this
venerable and ancient system of medicine, the system of
our ancestors, sages and Rishis come to the front and
occupy the same prominent position, it held in days of
yore. It is highly gratifying to note that some generous
hearted and liberal minded noble men of the Aryan laud
are straining their every nerve in the resuscitation of our
ancient system of medicine, which, but for their
munificence would have been swept away altogether

from practice at the present day.
Ayurveda Is Scientific
Western scholars who have studied the Ayurveda
are of the opinion that the Hindus developed their
Medical science without any extraneous aid. That the
Arabs at one time celebrated for their cultivation of
Medical Science, had borrowed Medicine from the
Hindus, is of course admitted. But whether the Greeks
were ever indebted for their medical lore to the people of
India, is not so clear. There are scholars whose
enthusiasm of Greece is so great that they do not hesitate
to advance the extraordinary proposition that except the
blind forces of Nature nothing moves in the world that is
not Greek in origin. We have nothing to do with scholars
that have in even their historical speculations taken
leave of sobriety. The accepted opinion is that, as in the
case of their Astronomy and philosophy, the Greeks
derived considerable help as regards their Medicine also,
from their knowledge of India.
The Hindu Medical System called Ayurveda or the
Science of Life is exceedingly voluminous. It is commonly
supposed that a portion of the Atharvana Veda was
devoted to Health and Medicine. The Vedas are eternal
and the Science of Life therefore, as included in it is also
eternal. The other opinion is that the Science of Life was
evolved by Brahma, the Grandsire of all the worlds. The
Vedas are unquestionably the most ancient books in the
world in spite of all the care taken to preserve them in
their entirety, there can be no question that in course of
many long centuries they have suffered mutilation. The
destroying influence of Time is irresistible. No trace
accordingly, can be found of the Ayurveda as it formed a
part of the Atharvana. The earliest treatises extant on the
Science of Life are those of Agnivesa, Bhela, Jatukarana,
Parasara, Harita and Kharapani. They were the six
disciples of Punarvasu, the son of Atri, who got the
science from his preceptor, Bharadwaja, who had again

got it from Indra, according to the ancient belief. The
chief of the celestials, it is said, had got it, through the
Aswins from the Grandsire. Among the works of the six
disciples of Punarvasu, that of Agnivesa comes to be
better known. It was, some centuries after, revised and
arranged by Charaka. Of Cheiraka the Xarch of the
Arabian writers, nothing is known beyond the fact than
he was a Rishi who belonged to Panchanada or the
country of the Five Waters (Punjab). As a treatise on
Hygiene and the treatment of diseases, Charaka’s great
work is certainly a very valuable contribution to the
Hindu medical literature. The other great medical work
of ancient India is Sushruta. It deals largely with
Surgery.
The Rishis forbade the sale of knowledge. There
were, therefore, no public schools or colleges in which
students could acquire knowledge of any branch of
learning. Hindu physicians, as soon as any of them
succeeded in acquiring celebrity, attracted pupils from
the surrounding country. They had not only to teach but
also to feed the pupils thus attracted towards them.
Besides lecturing on the subject, they had to take more
advanced ones among their pupils with them in their
daily round of practice. For use in the lecture-hall,
almost every physician of fame had to compile an
abridgment condensing not only the contents of the more
famous works known at the time but often
supplementing them with the results of his own
experience. Some of those abridgments in process of
time, became standard works, and were commented
upon by succeeding physicians of note. In this way, a
very large and voluminous body of medical literature has
grown up in India. If collected with care that literature is
capable of fairly filling a large library.
The charge has frequently been preferred against
Hindu Medicine that instead of being scientific, it is
purely empirical. No charge could be more absurd.
The charge proceeds from erroneous conviction that

as a system of Therapeutics, Hindu medicine is inferior
to the Western system of diagnosis and treatment.
Depending largely as Hindu medicine does on herbs
and plants, the medical treatises of India contain the
most elaborate instructions regarding the methods or
manner of gathering these. Annual plants are to be
collected before the ripening of their seeds, biennials in
the spring, and perennials in autumn; twigs are to be of
present year’s growth; roots are to be taken up in winter;
leaves in the hot season; and the barks and pith in the
rainy season. Minute descriptions occur regarding the
manner also of preparing medicines. Not less than six
and twenty forms of medicines are mentioned, such as
powders, extracts, boluses, decoctions, and infusions in
water and milk and ghee, sjrrups, expressions,
distillation, fermentation, medicated oils, etc. The very
fuel that is to be used in view of particular preparations,
has been described.
It goes without saying that as Botany was never
cultivated by the Hindu physicians on a scientific basis,
the difficulty experienced in the identification of herbs
and plants is often very great. Fortunately, the
profession of medicine in India, like most other
professions, has been hereditary. This has ensured the
descent of knowledge from generation to generation. The
son, discerning an aptitude for the profession of the sire,
acts as his sire’s assistant from his earliest years. This
circumstance enables him to acquire a full knowledge
not only of the medicinal herbs and plants mentioned in
the Hindu medical treatises, but also of the processes of
preparing every medicine with care. By the time,
therefore, he begins to practise as a physician, after, of
course, having completely mastered the principles of
Science by a thorough study of the standard works, his
proficiency as an apothecary becomes unquestionable.
The instruction laid down in medical treatises for the
preparation of medicines are not, in every case.
complete. Even when complete, mere theoretical

knowledge can never go far. No man can become a good
cook by only reading even the most excellent treatises on
cookery. Without practice, such knowledge cannot be
much useful. The hereditary character of the medical
profession, therefore, in India, and the circumstance of
the younger members of the family being the helpmates
of the practicing physician in the subsidiary branches of
his science and art, always ensure a high degree of skill,
both in treatment and the apothecary’s art in every
physician.
Renaissance of Ayurveda
Ayurveda is an exact science. It is the Indian medical
science practised by ancient Rishis and seers of India. It
is a portion of the Vedas. It is a very effective system of
treatment of diseases. It had long period of development
in its various branches including surgery. It was very
much advanced in ancient India.
Ayurveda has a significant name. It is the knowledge
of the science which ensures health and longevity. It is in
no way inferior to other systems. The Ayurvedic doctors
had very great influence in the field of medicine.
Charaka, Sushruta, Vagbhata, Madhava Nidhan are the
well-known scientific books on Indian Medicine.
The Allopathic doctors are perhaps intolerant
towards Ayurveda. They have not understood and
recognised the value and importance of the Indian
System of Medicine. If they combine Allopathy and
Ayurveda, they will be more useful to the suffering
humanity and will do wonders in the field of Medicine.
The Ayurvedic system, on the other hand, laid the
foundation to Allopathy. It has been proved beyond a
shadow of doubt that the system of Ayurveda travelled
from India to Egypt, Arabia, Rome and other places.
This glorious system of medicine fell into disuse

owing to lack of State support and facilities for proper
study, training and research.
Rasayana treatment which confers Kaya Kalpa
comes under Ayurveda.
Nadi-pariksha or examination of the condition of the
patient through feeling the pulse is a noteworthy feature
in this system of treatment. No other system in the world
has this feature. An Ayurvedic doctor or Vaidya feels the
pulse of the patient and diagnoses the disease at once.
He gives a vivid description of the state of the patient.
Allopathy speaks of volume, tension, etc., of the pulse.
The allopathic doctor says only “The pulse is wiry, small,
feeble, etc.,” but the Ayurvedic doctor dives deep and
speeiks volumes on the subject.
Herbs and Bhasmas (metallic oxides) play a
prominent part in this system. Herbs and oxides possess
infinite potencies or Saktis. A small herb dissolves stones
in the bladder, kidneys and gall-bladder in a minute or
the twinkling of an eye.
The various potent Ayurvedic preparations are
Asavas (infusions), Arishtas (decoctions), Tailas (various
medicated oils), double Kashayams or Kvathas, Chuma
(powder), Lepa (ointment), Gutika or Gulikai (pills),
Ghritams (medicated ghees), Bhasmas or metallic
oxides, Sindoor (oxides). Rasa, Rasayanas, Lehyam
(confections), Dravakam.
The preventive aspects of the Ayurveda have been
incorporated in the religious and social observances of
the Hindus. If they are prescribed in a modem way,
rationally, in terms of modem science, they will appeal
nicely to the people. They will take them with a pleasant
frame of mind as prescriptions for the maintenance of
good health and proper hygienic conditions.
Ayurvedic system is still alive even after centuries of
vicissitudes and non-recognition by the State. This
points out definitely that the system has a vigour, vitality
and power. It has a natural deep root in India. It can

never die or become extinct.
India or Bharatavarsha is rich in medical plants and
herbs. In the Gandhamadana hills of the Himalayas and
in the vicinity of Nahang near Simla, rare medical herbs
are found in abundance. All these herbs can be utilised
to great advantage.
There should be Ayurvedic Universities in different
parts of India. Training should be imparted to the
students on modem lines. Ayurveda and Allopathy
should be harmoniously combined. Then the doctors will
do more good in the suffering humanity.
There should be more rural dispensaries. People in
the villages should be benefited. The cheap and equally
efficacious indigenous medicines should be used.
Intense research in the Ayurveda is a need of the
hour. Treasures lie hidden in Indian herbs and medicinal
plants. They must be brought to light. Then the whole
world will be immensely benefited.
India is free now. It is Svatantra Bharat. The
Government and the people should endeavour to
resuscitate this indigenous system.
The present Ayurvedic institutions should be put on
a very sound basis. Many more institutions should be
started in various parts of India, Europe and America.
It is gratifying to note that the Indian Government
has already taken up the work of promoting Ayurveda. It
is hoped that the Government will leave no stone
unturned in unearthing the treasures which are hidden
in this glorious system of medicine and in establishing
Ayurvedic laboratories. Research Institutes in various
centres and Ayurvedic Dispensaries in every village.
Many Ayurvedic Pharmacies in India are already
doing great research work in the promotion of Ayurveda.
If the public take interest and if the Government gives
proper aid and help now, Ayurveda will once again come
into prominence and prove to be of incalculable benefit to

India and the world at large.
All-India Ayurvedic University

Ayurveda is closely associated with the ancient
Aryan or Bharateeya culture.
Treasures lie hidden in Indian or Bharateeya herbs
and medicinal plants. Research can do a lot by
unearthing those treasures, not only for the sake of
India, but for the sake of the whole universe at large.
Ayurveda has immense potentialities. Even today it
is used by 80 per cent of the population in India.
Ayurvedic drugs are cheap, easy to obtain and
administer and are more effective, too.
Look at the marvels of Ayurveda!
Bhasmas even in the smallest quantity work
wonders and cure incurable diseases.
Kaya Kalpa is another marvel of Ayurvedic science.
Nadi Vijnana is a third wonder.
Diagnosis of diseases through facial and eye
expressions, odours, sounds, etc., is astounding.
Finding of incurability or otherwise of diseases through
Til oil examination is also wonderful.
Doctrines of Tridoshas, Mahabhutas, Rasa, Vipaka,
Veerya, Prabhava, etc., are thought provoking.
The Ayurvedic system is still alive after centuries of
vicissitudes. Even now there are institutions, doing
wonderful work; this clearly indicates that it has a
vitality and natural root in India. All that is required is
proper encouragement.
What is necessary for the growth of Ayurveda at the
present moment is standardisation of quality, methods
of administration, ways of manufacturing and the degree
of potency.
The establishment of an All-India Ayurvedic

University is an important constructive work in India. It
should be taken up by the State at once.
The Ayurvedic Pandits, all workers in the science,
sympathisers and lovers of Ayurveda must co-operate,
collaborate, co-ordinate to organise themselves and help
in the establishment of this University.
This will bring about uniformity in Ayurvedic
education and practice. It will purely produce capable
and efQcient Ayurvedic graduates in vast numbers and
bring forth specialists and research scholars in different
branches of this wonderful and remarkable science in a
very short time.
Now India is free. It should have immediately an
All-India Ayurvedic University for the growth and uplift
of the wonderful medical science of Rishis—the Ayurveda
or the Science of Life.
The best place for starting the All-India Ayurvedic
University is Delhi. Herbs can be easily secured from
Himalayas. Delhi is the capital of India, too. The
University will adorn the capital.
Wake up now at least. Open your eyes. The wealth of
India is being drained by the import of sulphonamides.
Iodides, tinctures, etc. Tap the inexhaustible herbal
wealth of the Himedayas. Make your own Asavas,
Arishtas, Avalehas and Ghritas. Enrich India and bring
good health to the people. This is your very onerous duty.
Kindly fulfil it now. Please discharge your duties well,
and obtain the grace of the Lord. Here is a great field for
your selfless service, purification of heart and salvation.
Glory to Ayurveda, the fifth Veda! Glory to Ayurvedic
Rishis, Charaka, Sushruta, Vagbhata and Madhava!
Glory to righteous and self-sacrificing Ayurvedic
physicians! Glory, Glory! All glory to Dhanvantari
Bhagavan, the Lord, the original father and supporter of
the Ayurvedic medicine!
Chapter //
AYURVEDIC ETHICS
According to Charaka the fruits of extremely wicked

deeds cannot be checked by the normal efforts of good
conduct. The fruits of all ordinary actions can be checked
by good conduct, the administration of proper medicines
and the like.
You may have fallen ill according to the effects of
your ordinary Karma; but if you take due care, you may
avoid such effects and may still be in good health.
Charaka does not speak of the immutability of ripe
Karmas. He says that the effects of all Karmas excepting
those which are extremely strong, can be modified or
combated by good conduct, efforts and the observance of
the ordinary daily duties of life.
He says that a man must carefully judge and
anticipate the utility of his actions before he begins to do
it. He must judge whether the action will be good for him
or not. If the effects are beneficial for him, he ought to do
it. If they are harmful, he should not do it.
Our ultimate standard of good actions lies in seeking
our own good. To achieve this, the mind and the senses
should be disciplined properly and kept under proper
control.
He further adds that the proper means of keeping
the mind in the virtuous path consists in avoiding too
much thinking, in not thinking of revolting objects and
keeping the mind ever busy or active.
“Atma Hita” or “Self-good” which is the end of all our
actions is that which bestows us pleasure, comfort,
peace of mind and longevity. Right conduct leads to the
health and well being of body and mind, and secures
sense control or conquest over the turbulent Indriyas.
(33)
Rebirth is entirely admitted by Charaka. He says

that the fruits of our actions determine our birth, our
experiences and many intellectual gifts but they do not
determine the nature of our will or affect its strength of
application in particular directions.
According to Charaka the nature of transmigration
is controlled by the virtuous or vicious deeds of a man.
The productivity of nature, its purity or pollution etc., are
also determined by good and evil actions.
Charaka refers to the collective evil effects of the evil
actions of people living in a particular locality which
leads to the outbreak of epidemics.
As a result of the evil actions of the people of a
locality, the gods abandon that place. There is no proper
rain. The air, water and the country as a whole become
polluted. Epidemics break out.
He says that when a country is ruined by civil war,
this also is due to the sins of the people who are inflated
with too much greed, anger, pride and ignorance.
Charaka says that the truth of rebirth can be
demonstrated by all possible proofs. Apart from the
•testimony of the Vedas and of the sages, even perception
also proves the truth of rebirth. It is seen that children
are often very different from their parents and even from
the same parents the children bom are often very
different in colour, voice, frame of body, mental
disposition, intelligence and luck. The natural influences
to be based on these data directly experienced is that no
one can avoid the effects of the actions he has performed
and that therefore what was performed in a past birth is
indestructible and always follows a man in his present
birth as his Karmas, the fruits of which manifest in his
present life. There cannot be shoots without seeds. So
also fruits can only be reaped when the actions have
been performed and not if they are not performed.
From the present fruits of pleasurable or painful
experiences their past seeds as past Karma, are inferred.
AYURVEDIC ETHICS 35
From the present deeds as seeds, their future effects as

pleasurable or painful experiences in another birth are
also inferred.
Infants know how to cry, suck, smile or fear without
any previous instruction or experience. There are some
who remember their past lives. A child does not owe its
intelligence to the father or to the mother. Intellectual
gifts belong to the soul of the child. There is, therefore, no
reason to suppose that the son of an intellectually
deficient person will on that account, be necessarily dull.
Chapter III
DOCTRINE OF VATA-PITTA-KAPHAS
In short, the three Doshas or bodily humours of the

body are Vata (wind), Ktta (bile) and Sleshma or Kapha
(phlegm). They exist in a definite proportion. If there is
any variation in the proportion, health declines and even
life is jeopardized. If the fixed proportion is maintained,
they build up the different tissues of the body and tone
the system. Though Vata, Pitta and Kapha pervade
throughout the body and are in a state of diffusion, yet
there are special centres for them.
Seat for Vata is below heart and navel or umbilicus.
The centre for bile is located between heart and navel.
Seat for phlegm is situated in the chest above heart and
navel. Agni is intensified or loses its intensity if the
definite proportion is upset.
The body is sustained by the three constituents or
Dhatus, viz., Vayu (wind). Pitta (bile) and Sleshma or
Kapha (mucus). The body decays through their decay.
Vata, Pitta and Kapha form the Tridoshas. The
theoiy of Tridoshas forms the pivot on which the whole
system of Ayurveda revolves. It is the fundamental basis
of all Ayurvedic physiology, pathology and methods of
treatment. Therefore study of Tridoshas is important,
vital and interesting.
These three humours are very likely to be deranged
easily by unsuitable food, climate or other environments,
thereby causing ill-health or disease. Therefore they are
(36)
DOCTRINE OF VATA-PITTA-KAPHAS 37
often called the Tridoshas. When they serve as

nutriments or supporters of the body they are called
Tridhatus. When they are responsible for causing
disease, they are called Tridoshas.
Bile and phlegm are primaiy principles as well as
fluids which are representative of these principles.
Tridoshas are also called Tridhatus. They are called
Tridhatus when they are in a state of equilibrium and
when they support the body by supplying the necessary
nutrition and energy. When their equilibrium is upset
they cause disease. In the state of non-equilibrium or
disharmony they are called the Tridoshas. The Tridhatus
are daily supplied by the food.
The most important dictum of Ayurveda is “Dosha
Dhatu Mala Moolam hi Sareeram,” i.e., the essential
constituents of the human body consist of Doshas,
Dhatus, and Maias. “Deha Dhatu” means supporters of
the body. Out of the three groups Dhatus mean tissues.
The third group means excretion such as sweat, urine,
excreta, etc.
Tridoshas are made up of the five ingredients, the
five Mahabhutas. They have different colours. They are
secretions of the body. They occur in gross forms in the
abdomen and in the subtle form throughout the body.
They have different colours.
They circulate throughout the body after absorption,
and nourish the seven tissues. They act on food. During
digestion the three Doshas are poured into the intestines
as secretions.
Correct diet, exercise. Asanas, Pranayama, bodily
activities keep the Doshas healthy and in proper
proportion.
There are 80 ounces of Kapha, 70 ounces of Pitta in
the body of an adult.
During the rainy season there is collection of Pitta.
In the autumn there is disturbance of Pitta. In the
harvesting season there is lowering of Pitta and collection

of Kapha. In the summer there is collection of Vata.
Vata, Pitta and Kapha are independent agents. They
work in unison with a man’s Karma and also in unison
with a man’s mind.
Health and Diseases

Doshas are the forces which regulate and control the
Dhatus and Maias.
When the Tridoshas are in a state of equilibrium,
harmony or equipoise, you enjoy health. When the
equilibrium is disturbed, you get diseases. Diseases are
generated through the disturbance of one Dosha or two
or three.
Faulty, unwholesome food produces disharmony or
loss of equilibrium in the Doshas.
Increase of vitiated Doshas is the beginning of
disease. It brings on Prakopa of Doshas.
In the next stage, Doshas are circulated. They get
located in certain parts of the body. Organic changes
take place in the tissues. Swelling occurs due to local
infiltration. Swelling turns into abscess.
Regulated, balanced and wholesome food, exercise
and physical activities bring back the Doshas into a state
of equilibrium or harmony. Fasting also helps in bringing
back the lost equilibrium. Enema gives relief to Vata
symptoms. Purgatives relieve affections of Pitta. Emetics
throw out Kapha and bring relief.
Different conditions need different treatment as
Pancha Karma, Basti, restorative medicines, etc.
So long as the waste products are not in deficiency
or excess, they help the functioning of the system. They
are regarded as Dhatus or supporters of the body. When
there is excess or deficiency of one or more of them, they
oppose in various ways the general process of the
working of the system. Then they are considered as

Doshas or polluting agents.
When Vata, Pitta and Kapha are in their natural
state of equilibrium, they contribute to the efficiency of
all the sense-organs, the strength, colour and health of
the body and endow a man with long life. But when they
are disturbed, they produce contrary results and
eventually break the whole balance of the system and
destroy it.
Characteristics
The characteristics of Vata are Rooksha (dryness),

Laghu (lightness), Seetha (coolness), Khara (roughness),
Sookshma (subtlety) and Chala (mobility). Rajas
predominates in Vata. The taste is astringent and the
colour is light red.
Pitta is hot (Ushna), light (Laghu), quickly
penetrating (Saram), liquid (Dravam), slightly viscid
(Sneha), active (Teekshna), slightly foul smelling
(Visrum). Its colour is yellow. Sattva predominates in
Pitta.
Kapha is viscid (Snigdha), cold (Seetha), heavy
(Guru), slow (Manda), soft (Slakshna), slimy (Mritsnah)
and motionless (Sthira). The taste is sweet. It is saltish in
an immature state. Colour is white. Tamas
predominates.
Seat
The seat of Kledaka is mouth and stomach. The seat

of Avalambaka is thorax. The seat of Bodhaka is mouth.
The seat of Tarpaka is head. The seat of Sleshaka is
mouth.
The seat of Paachaka is between stomach and small
intestines (Amasaya) and Pakvaasaya. The seat of
Ranjaka is heart. The seat of Aalochaka is inside the
pupil of the eye—retina. The seat of Bhraajaka is skin.
The seat of Prana is head, neck and chest. The seat

of Udana is chest, neck and upper abdomen. The seat of
Samana is umbilical region. The seat of Vyana is heart
and whole body. The seat of Apana is pelvis and below.
The chest is the seat for Kapha, the upper part of the
abdomen is the seat for Pitta, the lower abdomen is the
seat of Vata.
Functions
The whole human activities are controlled by these

principles or important forces. The physical and mental
functions are performed by Vata. Pitta does all metabolic
activities. Kapha maintains equilibrium in the human
system.
Movement and feeling are the chief functions of
Vayu or Vata. The functions of the nervous system are
the functions of Vata. Vata is the force which gives all
kinds of movements or the dynamic activity and
sensation to each and every part of the body inside and
outside.
Vata is a Dravya matter of which the force is a
quality.
Vata causes muscular activity. It regulates the
functions of the mind and the will, feeling and
understanding. It contributes ejective forces, It
invigorates and vitalises all the senses. It causes
cohesion of the different systems. It builds up cells to fill
up a breach. It sustains the body. It contributes energy
(Utsaha). It causes inspiration and expiration. It causes
bodily and mental movement.
Vata is the source of all inspiration, energy,
voluntary movement, speech, circulation of blood and
internal purification of the system.
Pitta is the source of all internal heat including
digestion, hunger, thirst, intelligence, imagination,
understanding, memory, glow in the complexion.
function of sight, etc. It contributes courage, softness of

the body.
Kapha is responsible for the smoothness of body,
general strength, potency, forbearance, steadiness, etc.
Vata
Vata is the most important of the three Doshas as it

performs the most useful functions. It is the first of the
three primal constituents of the living body. It upholds
the constituents of the body, such as blood, flesh,
marrow, fat, etc. Mind is checked from all undesirable
objects. All the parts of the body are pierced by Vata. The
foetus in the womb is affected by Vata.
Vata is that secretion of the alimentary canal which
converts food into assimilable materials.
Pitta
Pitta is that secretion which turns all fatty matter

into fatty acids.
The chief function of Pitta is production of heat. Pitta
is that force which as Jatharagni or the digestive fire,
breaks down the particles of foodstuffs in the form of
Rasadhatu. The metabolic activities are carried on by
Pitta. The five kinds of Pitta are Panchakam,
Ranchakam, Soohakam, Alochakam and Prajakam.
Kapha
Kapha or Sleshma is that force which unites,

supports and lubricates all the parts of the body,
especially the moving parts of the body. The chief
function of Kapha is lubrication (Sechanam). The Kapha
represents the body-water and watery materials of the
body. The stamina of the body depends upon the Kapha.
Kapha converts the starch into sugar. Saliva is
Kapha.
The five kinds of Kapha are: (1) Avalambaka Kapha

found in the chest, which controls the deficiencies
relating to the Kapha in general in the body; (2) Kledaka
Kapha is found in the Amasayam (stomach), which
emulsifies the food; (3) Tarpaka Kapha which invigorates
the heart; (4) Sleshaka Kapha which keeps intact the
joints and other similar structures; and (5) Bodhaka
Kapha which renders the tongue to perceive taste.
Vasti, Vireka and Vamana are the brief methods of
treatment for Vata, Pitta and Kapha respectively.
Symptoms When There Is Predominance
When Vata is predominant, body is light; there are

pain in the joints, flatulence, constipation, weakness,
emaciation, tremor, giddiness, exhaustion, darkness of
complexion, sleeplessness.
When there is a burning sensation in the body and
the eyes, the stool, urine and skin become yellowish,
when there are intense hunger, thirst and sleeplessness.
Pitta predominates.
When one feels heaviness of body or head, when
there are excretion of mucus, loss of appetite, pallor of
body, cough, excess of sleep, heaviness in breathing,
lack of memory, low temperature, weakness of joints.
Kapha predominates.
Sapta Dhatus
Sapta Dhatus are the seven basic elements of the
human body, viz.. Rasa (chyle), Rakta (blood), Mamsa
(flesh), Medas (fat), Asthi (bone), Majja (marrow) and
Shukla (sperm).
Rasa
Rasa is the juice that is derived from the digested

food. It is chyle. It nourishes the whole body, maintains
and supports it.
Rasa is transformed into Rakta or blood at the end of

five days. It requires a month in order to become sperm
or semen or in the case of women, ovum. It becomes
pungent or sour and produces many diseases owing to
weakness of digestion.
Blood (Rakta) originates from Rasa or chyle, when it
reaches the liver and spleen. It becomes red by the
heating effect of Pitta. Its colour is compared with that of
ruby.
Blood circulation was known to Indians already
before Harvey (1619 A.D.).
Blood is rendered impure by the Doshas. It becomes
thick or thin, frothy, black, blue, yellow, green, bad
smelling. Swelling of the body, abscess, inflammation in
the mouth, nose, eyes, erysipelas, haematuria, skin
diseases, nettle rash, indigestion, anaemia are caused by
impure blood.
Mamsa
Mamsa is flesh. It is produced from blood. Mamsa is

blood digested by the natural fire which is condensed by
the wind.
Medas
Medas is fat. Fat is flesh digested by the natural fire.

It has its chief place in the abdomen or belly.
Asthi (Bone)
Bone is fat digested by the natural fire and dried by

the wind. It is the support or skeleton of the body.
Majja (Marrow)
It is a tough juice of bones digested by the natural

fire.
Shukla (Semen)
This is the vital, generative fluid that originates from

the marrow. It is stored in the seminal bags. It is also
present all over the body.
Deteriorating changes take place in the body on
account of decrease and increase of the basic elements or
Dhatus of the body. Thirst, heart diseases, tremor occur
on account of decrease of Rasa. Nausea, salivation take
place on account of increase of Rasa.
There are pain in the penis and the testicles,
impotency or slowness in the emission of semen on
account of decrease of Shukla. Sperm stone and
excessive discharge of semen take place on account of
over-abundance of Shukla.
The quintessence of all the semen elements is called
Ojas, vitality or Bala. It pervades the whole body. It is
only, white, cold and dense. It has motion. It is very fine
and subtle. It is delicate. It is a tonic. It nourishes the
tissues. It is the vital energy. There is no life without it. It
has a volume. It has its place in the heart as a centre.
Ojas is heat. Ojas is energy. Sex-harmony
constitutes Ojas. Health is maintained by the
equilibrium of Ojas.
Just as the ghee is to the milk, so is the Ojas to the
tissues. It is circulated to all parts of the body by vessels
to supply nutrition and energy to the tissues.
It gets deteriorated by grief, exhaustion, bleeding,
wasting diseases, anger, fear, hunger, etc. Great
derangement of Ojas leads to death.
The practice of Sarvangasana, Sirshasana restores
the equilibrium of Ojas and perfect health.
Health and Diseases
Disease is the disturbance of the equilibrium of the

Dhatus, Rasas and Karmas. The Dhatus are the
constituents, i.e., the elements that uphold the body.
The body is a Samudaya or collection of the modification

of five Bhutas or elements: Prithvi, Apas, Tejas, Vayu and
Akasa. The body works properly only when these
elements are in proper proportion (Samayogavahin). The
modifications of the five elements which cooperate
together to uphold the body are called Dhatus. When one
or more of the Dhatus become less in quantity or become
more to the extent of making the cooperation between
them impossible, there is Dhatu Vaishamya or the
disturbance of the equilibrium of the Dhatus. Thus a sick
man is in a state of Dhatu Vaishamya. On the contrary, a
healthy man is in a state of Dhatu Samya. There are
external symptoms of Dhatu Vaishamya. They are called
Vikaras. It is by noticing these Vikaras that treatment is
started.
Just as Dhatus are elements that uphold the body,
there are Rasa and Rakta. The Rasa is usually translated
as ‘chyle,’ i.e., the white milky fluid formed by the action
of pancreatic juice and bile on chyme. Chyme is the food
converted into acid pulp by gastric secretion. This juice
coming from the stomach is a thin, clear acid almost
colourless. It converts the food (that gets into the
stomach) into a pulp. Then two juices come from the
Pancreas and liver respectively known as pancreatic
juice and bUe. Thus these three juices act upon the food
and reduce it into a white milky fluid, known as the
chyle. This is spoken of as the Rasa. It is produced as a
result of the digestive process. But besides this Rasa
which is produced from time to time, when food enters
the stomach, there is the permanent Rasa in the body. It
is called Dhatu-rupa-rasa. It is a body constituent.
One part of the chyle (the Rasa that is produced in
the stomach) increases the permanently existing Rasa
(the Dhatu-rupa-rasa) to a certain extent. Another part
of the chyle (Rasa) gets the same colour and smell of
blood and increases the blood (Rakta). Still another part
goes to the flesh and increases it, and yet another
increases the fat.
When the chyle has entered into the

Dhatu-rupa-rasa, the whole circulation begins, and
because the chyle enters into every constituent of the
body, to add to its strength, it is clear that it greatly
determines the nature of the constituents of the body.
The chyle is primarily food, modified by juices. If the food
is such as to produce harmful results, there will be harm
done to the body. If, on the other hand, the food is such
as to produce beneficied results, good will be done to the
body. That is the reason why scriptures lay emphasis
upon what is called Sattvic food.
The qualities of the body are of two kinds: those
which make the system foul, the Mala, and those which
purify the body and sustain it. They are the Prasada.
It is Vayu, Pitta and Kapha that are primarily
responsible for all kinds of morbidities of the body. For
that reason they are Ccilled Doshas. But these three
(Vayu, Pitta and Kapha) are also body constituents, i.e.,
Dhatus so long as they do not exceed their proper
measure. They are called Mala-dhatus. Now
Mala-dhatus and Prasada-dhatus must cooperate with
one another in sustaining the body. The Mala-dhatus
must function properly for sending out the waste
products of the body. The Prasada-dhatus must function
for building up the tissues etc., of the body. Thus Vayu,
Pitta and Kapha are very valuable. It is Vayu that
contributes energy (Utsaha), inhalation and exhalation
(Uchvasa and Nishvasa), bodily and mental movements
(Cheshta) and ejective forces (Vega- pravartana). Pitta
helps the body by bringing about digestion, giving the
necessary amount of heat, helping the function of sight,
developing imagination (Medha), power of understanding
(Dhee), courage (Sourya) and giving softness to the body.
Kapha gives steadiness and smoothness and is helpful
for uniting the joints etc. Balhana, the commentator on
Sushruta, one of the classical authorities on Ayurveda,
says that Vayu is to be identified with Rajoguna, Pitta
with Sattva Guna and Kapha with Tamoguna. Of all
these, it is the Pitta which corresponds to the Sattva

Guna that is most powerful. Susruta says that Pitta is
the fire in the body and that there is no other fire than
Pitta. It is situated between the stomach (Amasaya) and
the smaller intestines (Pakvasaya) and it cooks all food
and drink; it separates the chyle on the one hand, the
excreta and urine on the other. Though it is situated in
one place, it gets up proper activities in other parts of the
body. It does many functions and so has many names—it
cooks and so is Pachaka. It gives redness to the blood
and is, therefore, called Ranjaka. It serves intellectual
purposes in the heart and so is called Sadhaka; it helps
the eyes to see and so it is called Lxjchaka. It gives a
glossy appearances to the skin and so it is called
Bhrajaka. It is hot; it is a liquid having blue or yellow
colour. It possesses a bad smell, and in the unhealthy
state of body, it is sour.
Likewise Kapha is located in the stomach. It is
watery. It flows downwards and neutralises the bile,
heat, which otherwise will destroy the whole body with
its excessive heat. From the stomach it works in other
centres viz., the heart, the tongue, the throat, the head
and in all joints of the body.
Vayu is located in the region of the pelvis and the
rectum. It is described as (Ruksha) dry, (Seetha) cold,
(Laghu) light, (Sukshma) subtle, (Chala) moving, (Visada)
scattering everything else in different directions and
(Khara) rough. (This is the description of Charaka). Its
functions are (1) sustaining the machinery of the body,
(2) the functions of Prana, Apana, Udana and Samana,
(3) as the controller (Niyanta) of the mind from all
undesirables and as the director (Praneta) towards all
the desirables, (4) as the cause of the employment of the
sense-organs, (5) as the carrier of the stimulation of
sense-objects, (6) as the mover of speech, (7) as being the
cause of touch and sounds, (8) as being the root of joy
and mental energy.
It is Vayu in its undue proportions that brings about

all sorts of troubles, weakens the system, takes away the
colour of a person, makes him feel unhappy and sad,
weakens the sense-organs and is responsible for fear,
grief, delirium, etc.
The above account of the functions of Vayu and also
of the disorders which are associated with Vayu, enables
us to realise the importance of Pranayama. It is clear that
most of the human disorders which have a Vayu origin
can be removed by Pranayama. That is why Hatha Yoga
emphasises it.
Temperament is defined in the Quain’s dictionary of
medicine as “correlations of grouped differences existing
among men, in respect of physical structure and
conformation, with differences of functional activity, of
mental endowment and disposition and of affection by
external circumstances.” Temperaments are either
innate or physiological or unnatural influences and are
liable to partial or complete alteration by disease, age,
environments, hardship and other extraneous
circumstcinces. Temperament is essentially a quality
having a hereditary origin.
We distinguish four principal physiological forms of
temperament, viz., the sanguineous, lymphatic or
phlegmonous, biUous and nervous. The intermediate
forms such as the nervo-sanguineous, the
lymphatic-bilious etc., arise from a combination of the
individual peculiarities
peculiarities of constitution. Each
temperament signifies that the individual is susceptible
to certain peculiar diseases. Persons of bilious
temperament generally suffer from bilious and digestive
troubles. The sanguineous temperament predisposes to
severe fevers, bleeding (Haemorrhage) and acute
inflammation, while the lymphatic to dropsy and certain
other disturbances of a constitutional character.
Vata answers to air. Pitta (bile) to the element Agni,
Kapha to water. Of the three Vata, Pitta, Kapha, the
foetus in the womb is influenced by that which

predominates at the time of impregnation i.e., when the
spermatozoa of the sperm come in contact with the ova,
when the sperm mingles with the ovum. If the bile is
preponderating, the child acquires a bilious
temperament and so on.
The lymphatic temperament is characterised by a
slow and feeble pulse, dull intellect, apathy,
sluggishness of mind and body, frequent yawning,
costive state of the bowels, feeble appetite, low sexual
power, cold and flabby state of the body, diminution of
ovum and black complexion. Increase in air is indicated
by a reduction of temperature in the body and sour taste.
Persons having a rheumatic tendency are generally
under 40 years of age. Vata holds its regime in the
morning hours.
The pulse of a person in whom bile is predominant is
rapid and strong. He suffers from bilious complaints. He
has a fine physique and an enduring frame. His body is
hot. The hairs turn prematurely grey. Sexual desire is
great. Bitter taste and the rise of temperature of the body
denote an increase in bile. Bile exerts its influence in
midday hours. Patients suffering from bile are generally
over 30 years of age and under 60.
The patient suffering from phlegm has a feeble
pulse. His body always sweats. He is generally pious.
God-fearing and moral. He has a fair skin. Sweating of
the body and sweet taste indicate an increase in phlegm.
Phlegm holds its regime in the evening hours. Persons
between 60 and 90 are phlegmatic in temperament.
Chapter IV
DOCTRINE OF RASA, VEERYA, VIPAKA AND PRABHAVA
Rasa
The entire knowledge of the preparation and
application of drugs in the treatment of the sick, the
selection and proper use of the different dietetics, depend
entirely on the Rasa, Guna, Veerya, Vipaka and
Prabhava of the drugs and the dietetics.
The Ayurvedic physician should have a very good
knowledge of this doctrine and the preparation of
medicines and their uses. He who begins to practise
Ayurveda and to treat patients without this basic
knowledge is like a blind man. He does immense harm to
the patients and brings their ruin.
An able Ayurvedic physician estimates the correct
proportions of the combinations of the Doshas and
Tridhatus, plans the combinations of Rasas and
administers to the patients the suitable Rasas and
brings about the harmony or equilibrium of the Doshas.
He finds out the correct causes and the correct
symptoms of diseases and very successfully and
wonderfully treats his patients.
Many diseases are caused by eating together things
which are opposed to each other in Rasa, Vipaka, or
Veerya.
The theory of Rasas or tastes plays a vital part in
Ayurveda in the selection of medicines and diet and in
diagnosing diseases and arranging their cures.
There are six tastes (Shad-rasas) in all the eatable
substances. The six Rasas are (1) Madhura (sweet), (2)
Amla (sour), (3) Lavana (salt), (4) Tikta (bitter), (5) Katu
(pungent) and (6) Kashaya (astringent).
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DOCTRINE OF RASA, VEERYA, VIPAKA AND PRABHAVA 51
If the objects which contain these Rasas are properly

used, they nourish the body well and keep it in good
health. If they are improperly used, they vitiate the
Doshas or humours and cause various diseases.
The source of all these Rasas is water. All Rasas
exist in an unmanifested state in water. Pleasantness
(Svadu) or unpleasantness (Asvadu) of taste depends on
liking or disliking. All the five elements are present in all
Rasas, but in some Rasa some of the elements
predominate and in accordance with these there are
differences among the various Rasas. With the
predominance of Soma there is sweet taste; with the
predominance of earth and fire an acid taste; with water
and fire a saline taste; with air and fire, hot and pungent;
with air and Akasa, bitter; with air and earth, astringent.
One Rasa is predominantly developed in one Ritu or
season. Madhura Rasa generally develops to its best in
Hemanta Ritu, Amla Rasa in Varsha Ritu, Lavana Rasa
in Sarad Ritu, Tikta Rasa in Sisira Ritu, Katu Rasa in
Greeshma Ritu and Kashaya Rasa in Vasanta Ritu.
The sweet Rasa increases blood, flesh, fat, marrow,
semen, life, does good to the senses, produces strength
and colour of the body; does good to the skin and throat,
checks Pitta and Vata, and destroys poison, morbidity of
air, and produces moistening cold and heaviness etc. It
stimulates the mind.
Sweet Rasa gives longevity. It pleases and clarifies
the five senses and the mind. It relieves thirst. It is
soothing to the skin. It promotes the growth of hair. It
improves voice. It is exhilarating. It is cooling, lubricating
and rejuvenating.
Excess of sweetness produces stoutness, excess of
sleep, cough, diabetes, laziness, hard breathing,
enlargement of the glands.
The acid (Amla) invigorates and energises digestion,
promotes appetite, develops the body and removes Vata.
It is light, warm, moist, oily, etc.
Excess of Amlarasa increases the Pitta, vitiates

blood, causes burning sensation of throat, chest and
heart.
The saline taste is digestive. It promotes appetite. It
removes Vata, secretes Kapha. It is moist, warm, etc. It is
oily. It is veiy acute and penetrating. It causes softness to
the limbs.
Excess of Lavana Rasa vitiates Pitta, causes thirst
and burning sensation. It increases the action of
poisons. It diminishes vitality and causes looseness of
teeth. It causes grey hairs, alopecia or baldness,
bleeding, eruptions on the skin, shrivelling of the skin.
Substances which have bitter taste like Chirata,
Guduchi or Neem have the property of reducing fever
(Jwara Hara). This is direct clinical experience of
Ayurvedic doctors.
Katu Rasa (pungent taste) makes the appetite keen.
It kills worms. It purifies the mouth and stimulates the
senses. It counteracts the oiliness of the Kapha.
Excess of Katu Rasa destroys the virile fluid, causes
burning in the throat and body, thirst and weakness,
vertigo and Vata diseases.
Bitter taste (Tikta Rasa) reduces toxins and poisons,
checks fever, worms, allays itching of the skin. It is
digestive. It possesses valuable properties. It dries up
sweat, pus.
Excess of Tikta Rasa dries up Rasa, Rakta, flesh, fat,
marrow and semen. It causes fatigue and weakness. It
promotes Vata diseases.
Kashaya Rasa (astringent taste) dries up the mouth
and arrests secretions, allays vitiated Kapha, Rakta and
Pitta.
Excess of this Rasa dries up the mouth, reduces the
virile fluid and causes Vata diseases like one side
paralysis, distention of the abdomen and pain in the
heart.
Substances which have a sweet taste are more

nutritious than sour and saltish substances.
Substances with bitter, pungent and astringent
tastes are less nutritious. Substances which have
astringent taste are the least nutritious.
The taste (Rasa) of some substances changes
altogether after digestion. In such cases the taste which
changes after digestion (Paka) will be operative. The force
of taste produced by the final operation of the digestive
process is naturally strong.
Madhura, Amla and Lavana Rasas control Vata.
Kashaya, Tikta and Madhura check Pitta.
Katu, Tikta and Kashaya check Kapha.
If the six Rasas are used properly they nourish the
body and bestow good health; if they are used
improperly, they vitiate the Doshas and cause various
diseases.
Milk, ghee, wheat, Draksha, mango, dates, coconut
possess Madhura Rasa.
Lemon, sour curd, tamarind, Amalaka (Indian
gooseberry) are endowed with Amla Rasa.
Common salt, Saindhava Lavana possess Lavana
Rasa.
Chillies, asafoetida, dried ginger, long pepper,
Tulasi, garlic, possess Katu Rasa.
Chirata, Neem, Gudoochi, Haridra, Karilla possess
Tikta Rasa or pungent taste.
Myrobalam, catechu, arecanut are endowed with
Kashaya Rasa or astringent taste.
There are many drugs or Dravyas which contain
many Rasas in different proportions. Myrobalam and
Amalaka are endowed with all Rasas except Lavana. But
Kashaya Rasa in Myrobalam and Amla Rasa in Amalaki
are most prominent. In green gram Kashaya and
Madhura exist but the former is more prominent in it.
The effect of substances which contain several

Rasas on the system is a complex one.
Veerya
Veerya is Sakti or potency. It is the capacity of a
substance to render the system heat or cold. There are
two kinds of Veerya, viz., Ushna Veerya and Seeta
Veerya. This Veerya accounts for the effects of the drug
from the time of ingestion and as long as it lasts in the
body.
A substance contributes its properties to the body by
Rasa to some extent, by Veerya to some extent, by Vipaka
to some extent and by Prabhava to some extent.
The potency (Veerya) of things is of eight kinds viz.,
hot (Ushna), cold (Seeta), moist (Snigdha), dry (Ruksha),
moving (Visada), slippery (Picchila), soft (Mridu) and
sharp (Tikshna).
Sometimes potency overcomes Rasa by its power
and makes its own tendencies felt. For example
sugarcane must remove Vata owing to its sweetness; but
it really increases it on account of its being Seeta Veerya ,
(of cold potency).
Dravya (substance). Rasa (taste), Veeryg. (potency)
and Vipaka are all important, because a medicine
produces effects in all these four ways according to its
own nature.
Vipaka
When you eat a substance or when you didnk
something, it comes in contact with the Jatharagni or
digestive fire (Pachaka Pitta); Paka or digestion takes
place. During digestion the food or substance undergoes
many changes. The Rasas are changed. This changing of
the Rasa of the substance into a certain similar or
dissimilar Rasas is called Vipaka.
There are three Vipakas for all Dravyas or

substances viz., Madhura Vipaka, Amla Vipaka and Katu
Vipaka. Madhura Vipaka increases Kapha, Amla Vipaka
increases Pitta and Katu Vipaka increases Vata.
Rasa is directly known by the tongue but Vipaka is
inferred from its effects.
Vipaka is more powerful than Rasa. Veerya is more
powerful than Vipaka. Prabhava is more powerful than
Veerya. Prabhava is more powerful than Vipaka.
Prabhava is the most powerful of all.
All these produce their effects in their own time.
They are not inimical towards each other.
The Rasa, Veerya, Vipaka and Prabhava of all
substances have been codified in Ayurveda.
Prabhava
A Dravya operates by itself in an unthinkable way
(Achintya), which is called Dravya-Prabhava or a specific
Sakti. Prabhava means the mysterious operation of a
medicine acting in an unaccountable way. Allopaths call
this alterative
Chapter V
HYGIENIC PRINCIPLES IN AYURVEDA
The Six Seasons

India has the advantage of enjoying the six seasons,
each with a regular duration of two months. They are
Sisira Ritu, the dry season (roughly January and
February), Vasanta Ritu, spring (March and April),
Greeshma Ritu, the hot season (May and June), Varsha
Ritu, the rainy season (July and August), Sarad Ritu, the
sultry season (September and October) and Hemanta
Ritu, the winter season (November and December).
A knowledge of the climates is indispensable for the
Ayurvedic physician.
In Sisira the morning meal should never be
neglected. Pungent, acid and salt things should be
particularly taken. Wheat, rice, jaggery, new grain,
sesamum and massage are very agreeable. The body
should be smeared with oil. The clothing should be
warm. Physical exercise before bath is particularly
recommended in this season.
Vasanta promotes phlegmatic diseases. Emetics are
beneficial in this season. Bodily exercise is also
beneficial. Avoid sleep in the day time. Dry, pungent,
light, heating substances can be taken with much
advantage. Avoid heavy, sour, oily and sweet food, sleep
in the day time. Take barley, wheat. This season is
generally unhealthy. Tepid baths are beneficial. Wheat
and rice should be a year old.
In Greeshma, sweet, oily, cooling, light and liquid
things are beneficial. Sugar, curds, soup and milk may
be freely taken. Avoid pungent, salt and acid things.
Moonlight is healthy. A nap in the noon is beneficial.
Massage is condemned.
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HYGIENIC PRINCIPLES IN AYURVEDA 57
In Varsha sweet, sour and saline things, wheat, rice,

Masha should be taken. Curds should not be taken
without being mixed with black pepper. Massage is
beneficial. Varsha gives rise to wind complaints. Give up
sleeping by day, cohabitation. Have massage.
In summer and in rainy season man is very weak.
In Sarad ghee, milk, wheat, barley, kidney bean,
rice, white, sugarcane, sweet, astringent and bitter
things may be taken. Curds, sour, pungent, hot and acid
substances are injurious. This is the most unhealthy
season in India. Sarad gives rise to bilious disorders.
Avoid bitter drinks, ghee, purgatives, fats and oils.
In Hemanta the rules of conduct to be observed are
similar to those prescribed for Sisira. Fat, milk
preparations, sweets, oil, new rice and hot water should
be taken.
Divisions of Land
The division of land is threefold according to climatic
conditions namely Anupa, Jangala and Sadharana or
Mishra.
Anupa is a moist and marshy country with
numerous rivers, lakes and mountains, thick forest, mild
emd cooling winds. There are various fruits and
vegetables. There are paddy, sugarcane, plantain tree.
There are swans, cranes, geese, hares, pigs,
buffaloes, deer and other wild animal. In such a country
phlegmatic diseases (Kapha) are very common. The
people have a soft, tender and fleshy body.
Jangala is a dry and even country. There is little
rainfall. There are thorny trees and bushes. The
water-supply is from wells. Water is scarce. Shami,
Kareera, Arka, Peela and Jujube trees are abundant. The
fruits are very sweet. Beasts like donkeys, bears and
spotted deer are found in great number. There are hot
and bad winds. There are detached and scanty hills.
There is little grass. It is rich in com and the like. The

inhabitants have a strong but thin body. They suffer
from diseases of bile and Vata.
Mishra is a country which has all the advantages of
Anupa and Jangala without their disadvantage. It is
neither too moist nor too hot. Such a country is naturally
the best, because it promotes health and long life.
In this country cold, heat and wind are
proportionate. The three basic principles (Tridoshas) are
held in equilibrium. Elephantiasis of the swampy land is
not present here.
A man suffering from a phlegmatic disorder may
with advantage go to a Jangala country. One suffering
from biliary complaints will be benefited by resorting to
an Anupa country.
Use of Oil
Use Brahmi-Amla oil. This will prevent the falling of
grey hair and produce good sleep. Take cold bath.
Oil the ears with sesamum oil. This will prevent
deafness, difficulty in hearing and will remove
ear-diseases, stiffness of throat etc.
Rub the feet with oil. This will remove roughness,
dryness, heat, fatigue, numbness of feet, fissures of the
feet, sciatic pain, etc. This will produce good sleep.
Massage the body with gingily oil or Narayana
Tailam. This will remove Kapha and fat and make the
limbs strong.
Food
Take two meals a day, in the morning between 9 and
12 O’clock and in the evening between 7 and 10.
Take a little rock salt and fresh ginger before taking
food. This will clear the throat and sharpen the appetite.
Food taken in silver plate promotes functions of the

liver. Food served in brass utensils cures phlegmatic
disorders and expels worms. The use of glass vessels
cures chlorosis, jaundice.
When you take food a tumbler of water should be
placed on the right side.
Charaka says that one should not sit for taking food
facing the north. But Manu says that one desiring
longevity should face the east when he takes his food;
one desirous of fame must face the south; of wealth
towards the west; and one desirous of true knowledge
should sit looking towards the north.
If one passes wind when he takes his food he must
leave off eating. He must not take any food during the
day.
Remember Agastya, Agni, Mangala, Surya and
Aswini Kumaras when you take your food. This will give
you the power of helping the digestive organs. This will
give you good digestion.
Remember Hanuman, son of Anjana when you take
your meals. This will avert the influence of evil eyes.
Sweet things should be taken first, salt and acid
substances next; and pungent, bitter and astringent
things at the end.
Pomegranates, sugarcane and similar things should
be eaten first and never at the end of dinner.
Take hard substances in the beginning, soft things
in the middle and the liquids towards the end of the
meal.
Finish your midday meal with a tumbler of Takra or
buttermilk.
Do not run soon after taking a meal.
Walking after dinner promotes life. It gives good
health.
After food, lie down on the left side for a short time.
This helps digestion. Surya Nadi works when you lie on
the left side.
Immediately after taking food, it is highly injurious
to bask in the sun, swim, ride or run, sing, sit by the
fireside, fight, practise physical exercise or Asana,
Pranayama or study.
Night meals should always be light.
Do not take curd at night. Curd should never be
taken without the addition of some salt.
Food, cohabitation, sleep, studying and walking in
the street should not be indulged in at sunset.
Food, evacuation of the bowels, cohabitation, sleep,
taking medicine, interview with great persons should be
done when the breath is passing through the right
nostril.
Sleep
Do not sleep with the head towards the north.
Sleeping with one’s head towards the south prolongs life.
You will pass a dreamy night by keeping your head
towards the west.
You will get wealth by keeping your head towards
the east.
Recite the names of the five happy sleepers namely
Agastya, Astika, Kapila, Madhava and Muchukunda,
when you retire to bed. You will get sound sleep.
Sexual Health
Sexual intercourse is prohibited for the first four
days after the appearance of the menses, as well as on
the Sth, 14th, and 15th days of fortnights (light and
dark), on the anniversary days of dead parents,
Sankranti, in the daytime, at midnight and during an
eclipse. Morning cohabitation is injurious. Sushruta is of
opinion that the carnal desires may be gratified at the

interval of a fortnight.
He who has eaten a heavy meal, who is hungry,
thirsty, who is pressed with the calls of nature, should
not indulge in sexual intercourse.
Have sexual intercourse when the breath is flowing
through your right nostril. After intercourse wash the
hands, feet and other parts, and drink milk.
Exercise after sexual intercourse is injurious.
Sexual intercourse in the daytime shortens life.
General Rules of Hygiene

The hair in the nose should not be pulled out. It will
impair the eyesight.
Get up before sunrise. Answer the calls of nature
first. Cleanse with water and earth. Cleanse the teeth
twice daily. Do not use toothbrush. Do not hurt the
gums. Scrape the tongue with a tongue scraper. Rinse
the mouth with cold water and wash the face.
Practise Asanas, Pranayama, Vyayama. This will
reduce fat, give strength and give good digestion.
Do not suppress natural tendencies like stool, urine,
sneezing, sleep, phlegm. Do not sleep in the daytime.
Bathing after a meal is injurious.
Hot water should be added to cold water. Cold water
should never be added to hot water for bathing purpose.
Never bathe in a nude state either at home or in
public.
Drink cold water ?veiy morning at sunrise. You will
be free from the effects of old age and such diseases as
piles, headache, shooting pain, bilious diseases,
inflammations, constipation. You will live for a hundred
years.
Drink a small quantity of water through the nose.
Your eyesight will improve. Your hair will not turn grey.
Recite the names of Aswatthama, Bali, Vyasa,

Hanuman, Vibhishana, Kripa, Parasurama and
Markandeya, who are Chiranjeevis. You will attain long
life.
Gently stroke the eyes with the wet hands. This will
improve your vision.
During the British Rule in India, we were hypnotised
by the glamour of the western civilisation. We have
imbibed a few of their good but many of their bad habits.
Some habits, perfectly suitable for a cold country like
England, become meaningless or even harmful when
adopted thoughtlessly in a tropical country like ours.
With the regaining of the political independence, we
should also shake off the mental slavishness and turn
once more with pride to our ancient customs, based on
an accurate amd intimate knowledge of the country and
the people for whom they were framed.
In this article I shall take up only such customs that
have a direct bearing on the health of an individual.
Ancient India realised that soil is more important than
seed and hence laid a good deal of stress on positive
health. Ayurveda, in an elementary form was one of the
compulsory subjects taught in the schools. Therefore
these rules of hygiene were known to everyone and the
more important ones actually attained the status of
religious customs and were regularly and universally
practised. Sushruta, Charaka and Vagbhata, some of the
most famous Ayurvedacharyas have laid down, in no
uncertain terms, rules to regulate every aspect of one’s
daily routine, taking into account the seasonal variations
and individual idiosyncrasies. But here are only a few
rules applicable to everyone.
“Even at the risk of giving up everything else, you
should protect your body: for if your body does not exist
everything that exists is non-existent to you.
«
For the protection of health and life, wake up at
‘Brahmamuhurta’ i.e., at about 48 minutes before
sunrise.”
From this, we may infer that people started their
work at sunrise or immediately after, and one is asked to
rise up early so as to go through the necessary ablutions
carefully and leisurely. They, no doubt, retired for rest
during the hot midday. We would do well to go back to
this routine in all schools and as many offices as
possible.
u
Morning and evening, the teeth must be cleaned
without hurting the gum with an astringent, pungent or
a bitter twig which is chewed at one end into a tuft.”
No wonder, the Indians were once famed for their
excellent teeth. But now the toothbrushes have helped to
bring pyorrhoea and caries to almost to eveiy house in
India. Good deal of attention has to be paid to keep a
toothbrush free of germs and probably not 10% of the
users do this. Toothpastes may be good substitutes for
the natural medicinal juices present in the twigs but a
toothbrush, however well-fashioned can never clean
each individual tooth and interspace as thoroughly and
gently as a toothstick can. If fresh twigs are not available,
dry ones may be used after soaking it in water for at least
12 hours. Ayurveda also provides excellent powders for
polishing teeth.
“The tongue should be scraped with a silver or a gold
scraper or a fine soft twig split longitudinally and about
10 inches long.”
“The man who cleanses his mouth with (seasame or
til) will be free of tooth ache. He will relish even very sour
things, can bite any food be it ever so hard. His throat will
never be parched nor is there any fear of the Ups getting
chapped. His teeth will not be affected by caries and the
gums will be strong.” This is something altogether new to
most of us and the application of oil to mouth sounds
rather unpleasant but the benefit it promises is so good

that the whole treatment seems well worth a trial.
“The mouth should be cleaned by gargling with cold
water four, eight, twelve, or sixteen times after urination,
defecation, eating and brushing the teeth respectively.
It is because they recognised the value of gargling as
a preventive against infections that this custom was
observed with scrupulous regularity. But alas, the
present day table manners and the present day bustle of
life, have almost banished this good habit.
“You should apply the cool and pleasant ‘Surma’
(coUyrium) to both eyes daily. Once in five days or at least
in eight days ‘Rasanjan’ must be applied in order to
induce free watering of the eyes. It must however be
applied only at night as the eyes must not be exposed to
n
the rays of the sun immediately afterwards.
The Surma is still in vogue among both sexes of the
older generations and among the rural people of India.
Their eyes have a beautiful lustre and their eyesight too
is better than that of non-users.
Physical Culture
u
Strength is the foundation of health: hence promote
it by all the means at your command.”
“Just as a lion is not approached by minor animals,
so also a gymnast is not approached by disease.”
“Enemies are afraid of approaching one who
practises physical culture regularly. Old age does not
encroach on such a man easily.”
“If a man performs physical exercises regularly even
unwholesome, overcooked or undercooked food gets
digested.”
What a correct estimate of the value of physical
culture! And yet it was not practised indiscriminately as
is done now in the schools in the form of drill at all times
of the day. They knew that—
“Age, strength, constitution, county, time, season,

diet must determine the amount of physical culture or
else the result will be disease.”
There can be no better system of physical culture
than the Asanas and Pranayama once practised
universally in India.
After the exercise the whole body must be massaged
firmly and yet smoothly.
Abhyangam i.e., a bath preceded by a massage with
oil was a daily ritual:—
“It checks old age, removes fatigue and body-aches.
The sight improves and the body gains weight. Sound
sleep is induced and the complexion improves. The body
gains in strength and in short the life is prolonged.”
“You must apply oil more profusely to the head, ears
and feet. And yet the modem people not only shun oil,
but even remove the nature protective oils by soaps. In
olden days, they used gentle cleaners such as fine
powders of pulses, special earths, or the leaves or fruit
which contain a frothy alkaloid when a stronger cleaner
was required. All this is because we aped the Westerner
whose moist climate did not require the use of oils.
Besides improving the complexion and circulation of the
blood in the skin the daily massage has a definite
beneficial effect on the body metabolism. It is certain that
this simple process of putting a few drops of oil in the ear
regularly, will reduce the number of cases of ear aches,
as it helps the elimination of wax and at the same time
prevents infections. Here is a common Tamil proverb:
“Pay your oilman and save your doctor’s bills.”
Bath
“A bath in a river is the best, a bath in a lake is
middling, a bath in a well (a small pond) is ordinary while
a bath in a limited amount of water as by pouring water
with a lota useless.”
An immersion of the whole body in cold water for any

length of time is no doubt invaluable in a tropical country
like ours. Hence for the sake of those who were unable to
bathe in rivers regularly, certain sacred days were fixed
when it was obligatory for everyone to bathe in rivers and
sea. Bathing tanks and ponds were a prominent feature
of many a private dwelling.
“Very dirty is the body with its nine outlets which
throw out waste products throughout night and day; it
must be cleansed by a morning bath daily.”
This mle was so rigorously enforced that even a
child would never dream of having its first meal of the
day without having a bath. The manual labourers were
however allowed to have their bath at the end of the day,
when their day’s toils were over.
“Bathing the head with hot water is not good for the
eyes. Cold water on the head is good for eyes.” Let our
people take note of this.
Food
The use of suitable food is the only means of
promotion of health; use of unsuitable food causes
disease.
Everyone of the articles of diet is described carefully
in Ayurvedic books and classified under one or other of
the following headings, according to its effect on the body
tissues as augmenter of Vata, Pitta or Kapha or
according to its effect on one’s character as Sattvic,
Rajasic or Tamasic.
It is interesting to note that they knew the special
value of meat as a tissue-builder and energy-sustainer
and that the flesh of chicken and some other birds was
prescribed for increasing fertility. This explains why only
Kshatriyas and Shudras, the two castes where a
man-power is all important were allowed to be
non-vegetarians. Here is the model diet prescribed for all.
“Grain that ripens in 60 days, red rice, green gram,

rock salt, Amla (emblic myrobalan), barley, pure rain
water, milk, ghee, meat of animals that live in forests,
honey and green vegetables.”
Milk, Amalaka and ghee were given a very high place
in diet. The first two were classed among Jivaneeyas or
life-giving substances. In modem language we
acknowledge them as being rich in vitamins.
Interesting to note too is the fact that milk known to
be the best of foods was eschewed like poison in acute
fevers, though permissible in chronic fevers.
“Time, season, mode of preparation, country, in
relation to where it is grown and where it is used,
constitution, state of health at the moment, must
determine the suitability or not of an article of diet.”
Full details are given regarding diet to be taken in
case of the six Ritus or seasons of India.
“Never take food within one Yaama (3 hours) of the
last meal. This produces indigestion. Do not allow an
interval of more than two Yaamas.”
“Eat suitable food, eat moderately, and eat at proper
time. Always control your Indriyas.”
The depth of the knowledge of diets both in health
and in disease possessed by the older generations even to
this day is truly astounding. Equally deplorable is the
ignorance of the modem people. The remedy lies not in
broadcasting dietetics worked by Westerners for their
country but in reviving Ayurveda, the medical science of
our country. This article touches the barest outlines and
is intended just to whet the curiosity of the modem
doctors and stimulate thought. Even a cursory study of
the ancient science will dispel their prejudice and shall
give useful information.
The public health officers, the custodians of nation’s
health, would do well to bear in mind that old customs
must be proved to be harmful before they are given up for
new ones. In fact research may be instituted into Hygiene
according to Ayurveda and in consultation with the

famous Ayurvedacharyas it may be possible to publish
text books, suitable for use in schools.
Chapter VI
AYURVEDA ON DIET
Ancient Indian Dietetics

I would not be convinced at first. Yes, it sounded
incredible when the Ayurvedic Pandit claimed that the
principle of Balanced Diet was known to Ayurveda. He
confronted me with a question from Charaka Samhita,
the great work of Ayurveda, written in 100 A.D.
This is the verse:
Shastiken sali mudgamcha, syndhavamalakey yavan
Antariksham payassarpirjangalam, madu chabhyaset.
“Include these in your daily diet,” says Achaiya
Charaka, the great Ayurvedist who compiled the work.
These are: (1) grain, (2) green gram, (3) salt, (4) the Amla
fruit, (5) barley, (6) rain water, (7) milk, (8) butter and (9)
honey. Let us study the list in the light of modem
research.
Balanced and mixed diet, says modem science,
consists in balanced proportions of energy-giving and
heat-producing carbohydrates and fats, body-building
proteins, health- promoting vitamins, salt and water.
Now grain, barley and honey supply carbohydrates;
butter and milk are rich in fats; protein exists in
abundance in milk; Amla and milk have plenty of
vitamins; salt and water complete the list.
What is claimed as important modem discovery was
known to ancient India at least two thousand years ago.
Charaka mentions predecessors, specially Atreya and
Agnivesa. In fact, he only re-edited the work of Agnivesa.
One authority has it that the latter lived in 600 B.C.
Charaka was at the court of the Kushan emperor
Kanishka in 100 A.D. at Peshawar. Hippocrates, father of
Western medicine (460-375 B.C.), is said to have
(69)
borrowed much from Indian Materia Medica. The

advanced nature of Indian medicine centuries before
Christ is undisputed. In fact, Ayurveda knew many facts
of modem medicine and dietetics.
The comprehensive food-list includes various kinds
of vegetables, grain, pulses, milk and honey. Their effects
on the body are also mentioned in detail. Milk eind its
products are given special attention. Milk preserves
youth and protects the body from many a disease. Its
vitalising qualities are highly praised. Milk of the goat,
horse, camel, mule, donkey and even the elephant is
described.
Of fruits, Amla gets the top rank. It is said to contain
all tastes except salt. If taken properly, it will give
everlasting youth. Besides recommending for the daily
menu, it is included in many Ayurvedic medicinal
preparations. The Nutrition Research Laboratories at
Coonoor discovered that Amla is the world’s richest fruit
in Vitamin C.
Charaka exhibits a surprising degree of liberalism. It
does not insist on nourishing our tissues with similar
animal tissues. Alternate foodstuffs with similar
qualities should be taken. The sperm deficiency in the
human system can, for instance, be made up by taking
milk and ghee.
How unlike the Westernised Indian Physician of
today who insists on even grey-haired vegetarians
consuming egg and meat juice! Ayurveda is not rigid at
all.
Charaka says: “Let your diet be anything, but this is
the acid test. It should protect health and prevent onset
of disease.”
Advice of utmost liberalism regarding the
individual’s likes and dislikes for whatever he consumes
is given at length. It is plainly said food should be to the
individual’s taste and colour sense and increase his
appetite at the very sight of it. Also, “We have studied but
AYURVEDA ON DIET 71
one country. Foods differ from land to land. All of them

should be tasted, and if found beneficial, included in the
diet.” At another place, it is said: “There is no limit to this
vast field—Ayurveda. It grows with time.”
The need for inclusion of new discoveries, further
study and research is thus clearly envisaged. There are
orthodox families in this country which eschew the
tomato and the cabbage on the ground that they are
foreign in origin.
Ayurveda recommends special diet for each season
and to suit the physical taste of the individual. Winter
demands rich and nourishing dishes. Milk, cane juice,
honey and new grain are recommended. In contrast,
summer requires a light diet, preferably in liquid form,
cooling and soothing. Old grain, malt, pulse soup and
vegetables are the best. Curds and buttermilk are
preferable to milk. Drink is taboo. The rainy season
demands caution. The weather is cloudy, the heat comes
out of the earth due to the rains and the water in the
rivers and the lakes is impure. Honey is good. Great care
should be taken regarding the bowels and the diet
regulated.
About individuals, special attention is paid to the
expectant mother, the mother and the child. The
pregnant woman’s diet has to be carefully attended to.
Mother’s milk is the best for the child. In its absence,
milk of another woman is the best alternative. Rules are
laid down for choosing such women.
A science which could enunciate such sound
principles of diet, comparing very favourably with
modem dietetic principles, even thousands of years ago,
deserves attention and patronage in free India. It is a
tragedy that these great truths exist in a confused and
ill-understood form only in the rural areas. Yet, a good
slice of the orthodox population still practises the laws of
India’s ancient dietetics to a very appreciable extent.
Further research is bound to throw more light on the
authenticity of several of the claims in this branch of

Ayurveda.
Diet
One should take food when he is hungry. He should
not be guided by the stroke of the clock for taking his
food. Generally the rule is that one should take food in
the morning and in the evening. He should not take
anything in between the two meals. Just as Agnihotra is
performed morning and evening, so also food should be
taken in the morning and in the evening. Hunger is
Jatharagni. Food is the Ahuti for the Jatharagni.
Sweet things should be taken first; then saltish and
sour things. In the end one should take bitter things.
Sweet things are destructive of wind, and so they are to
be taken first. Ssdtish and sour things increase the
digestive power and so should be taken in the middle.
Bitter taste reduces phlegm and so it should be taken
last. Ghee should be taken first. This reduces wind. The
last item of food should be light.
Water should not be taken profusely before food. It
makes the digestive fire weak. Water taken during meals
makes the digestive fire bright and water taken at the
close of the food makes one fat.
Half the stomach should be filled with food, one
quarter with water and the last quarter should be left free
for air. A hungry man should not drink water and a
thirsty man should not eat food. A thirsty man if he eats
food will develop Gulmarog and a hungry man taking
water will develop Jalodar. Taking large quantity of water
during food is harmful. One should take a small quantity
of water during meals. His digestion will be affected if he
drinks large quantity of water during food. A glutton is
short-lived. He loses his health, strength and vitality.
People dislike him. It is a sin to take food bellyful when
there is no hunger.
AYURVEDA ON DIET 73
A sage takes 8 gras of diet, a Vanaprastha takes 16

gras and a householder takes 32 gras. For a
Brahmachari the quantity is undetermined. That means
he has to take just what is indispensable. A gras is equal
to the size of an egg of a hen.
It is beneficial to take a small quantity of curd with
salt.
Food should be taken in a calm and quiet place, free
from anxiety and sorrow, observing silence. This has very
great effect on the health of the person. Food taken when
one is weighed down by great care, in hurry, in a
sorrowful mood affects the health and he contracts some
disease or other in the long run.
At the end of the meals one should sip a little water
(Achaman) and then get up. He should clean his mouth
well with water and remove all particles of food sticking
to the mouth and teeth. Wash both the hands with cold
water. Rub the hands together a few times and apply
them on the eyes. You will be cured of Timira of the eyes if
you do so.
Diet (Pathya)
Food exercises a tremendous influence on the mind
and temperament of the individual.
Ayurveda attaches very great importance to Pathya
(diet) in the treatment of diseases. At the end of every
disease elaborate directions for the observance of Pathya
are given. Without Pathya diseases cannot be cured even
with thousands of medicines.
You will not succumb to any disease if you strictly
observe the laws of diet (Pathya) and the laws of nature.
Diet vairies with the place, climate, the soil, the
environment and Prakriti of man.
The interval between two meals is four hours. Do not
remain without food for more than eight hours, because
the tissues will waste. Do not take food at a time when

the previous meal has not yet been digested.
A man of Pitta Prakriti should take bitter things
such as Patola, Karabella, etc.
Takra (buttermilk) is useful in Grahani and Arsha.
Goat’s milk is beneficial in Raja Yakshma (T.B.). Cow’s
Ghee is useful in Epilepsy, Jimmi Khand in Arsha.
Honey keeps down Kapha and Pitta. Ghee pacifies
Vata and Pitta. Goat’s milk prevents gradual wastage
and emaciation of body. Sugarcandy is a good diuretic.
Milk and fish are incompatibles. Milk has
Seetaveerya (cold). Fish has Ushna-veerya (hot).
Meat should not be taken with honey, milk,
sesamum, molasses, Maasha (Black gram). If the rule is
violated one will get deafness, dumbness, blindness.
Do not take milk after taking radish, garlic, Tulasi.
Never take hot honey. Never take honey with hot milk.
Never take equal quantity of honey and ghee. Do not take
ghee kept in bronze vessels. Do not take alcohol with
Khichadi or Paayasa.
Tamarind, chillies, pumpkin, sour things, oils,
jaggery are all anti-pathya. Lauki (bottle gourd), Parval,
beans (Chemi in Hindi, Avarakai in Tamil), snakegourd,
moong-ki-dal (green gram), brinjal, cow’s ghee are all
Pathya.
Diet in Diseases
Albuminuria
In albuminuria or Bright’s disease (disease of the

kidneys) give mung dal water, barley water, green
vegetables, salads, cauliflower, turnip, whey, sago, rice,
bread of wheat, bajra, joar.
Do not give salt, meat, proteins, sugar, sweets, spicy
articles, pickles, potatoes, peas, cheese, alcohol.
AYURVEDA ON DIET 75
Anaemia
In anaemia give tomatoes, mung dal, wheat, bajra,

joar, barley, vegetables, mangoes, grapes, amalaka,
banana, milk, whey, cream, butter.
Constipation
In constipation give barley, wheat, cabbage, salads,

plenty of vegetables, spinach, apples, figs, prunes, dates,
oranges, grapes, bananas, milk. Give up tea, pastry,
cheese.
Diabetes
In diabetes take cream, butter, milk, cheese, nuts of

all kinds, lemons and oranges in moderation; take mung,
green vegetables, cabbages, cauliflower, tomatoes, bread
made of Bengal gram and wheat or barley (misre rottie),
cucumber.
Do not take sugar and starch in any form, rice, sago,
vermicelli, arrowroot, com flower, barley, potatoes, peas,
pastry and puddings of all kinds.
Diarrhoea
In diarrhoea take barley water, whey, rice water,

mung water, buttermilk, rice and buttermilk.
Do not take pulses, green vegetables, potatoes and
fmits, all solid foods, sweetmeats.
Dyspepsia
In dyspepsia take mung, barley bread, rice, sago,

potatoes, green vegetables and fruits in small quantities,
milk, butter, ghee in moderation, oranges, prunes, whey,
barley water, buttermilk.
Do not take pastry, sweetmeats, thick pulses,
icecream, all starchy and sugary foods, unripe fruits,
uncooked vegetables, acid fruits, etc.
Fevers
Give orange juice, mung water, conjee in fevers. Milk

should not be given for 7 days. Do not give ghee, pulses,
sweets, heavy foods, solids.
Gout
Take all fresh vegetables, rice, sago, fresh ripe fruits,

wheat, bajra, joar, potatoes, salads, milk, milk puddings,
lime juice freely diluted. In small quantities take
tomatoes, beans, peas and other pulses, butter, ghee,
cheese.
Do not take rich foods, animal foods, pastries,
jellies, confection, all acid fruits, aU liquors.
Obesity
Take wheat, bajra, joar, mung water, butter in

moderation, milk, grapes, oranges, green vegetables
such as cabbages, spinach (palak), tomatoes.
Do not take ghee, pastry, sweets, too much rice, too
much sugar, thick pulses.
Phthisis
Take mung, wheat, rice, chana, cream, milk, all

fruits, all vegetables.
Rheumatism
During the stage of fever and joint inflammation

take fluids only such as diluted milk, mung water, fruit
jellies.
When the febrile stage is over, take milk, mung
water and vegetables.
Fifteen days after the temperature has returned to
normal, take bread, rice, green vegetables, milk, mung
water.
AYURVEDA ON DIET 77
Do not take pastry, sweets, pumpkin, black gram,

alcohol.
T3rphoid Fever
During the febrile stage, fluids only—glucose water,

barley water or rice water, pure water—should be given.
Do not give solid food for some days even when the
temperature has become normal.
The Digestive Fire

Let us see what the Ayurvedic science has to say
regarding digestion.
The food is digested by the internal fire which
assumes four forms:
I. The regular working digestive fire where Vata,
Pitta and Kapha exist in a definite proportion to maintain
a state of equilibrium and which is not influenced by any
of the humours.
II. The irregular working digestive fire is caused by
vitiation of the Vata. If the proportion in the Vata is
upset, vitiation of Vata results.
III. The intense working digestive fire is caused by
vitiation of Pitta.
IV. The dull working digestive fire is due to vitiation
of Kapha.
The regular working digestive fire digests the food
properly at the proper time. Here, wind, bile and phlegm
maintain a state of equilibrium.
The irregular working digestive fire only occasionally
digests the food satisfactorily at the proper time but at
other times it causes distention of the abdomen, gripping
pains in the bowels, Atisaram, a sensation of heaviness
in the stomach, gurgling sounds in the bowels and
ultimately digests the food.
The intense working digestive fire digests quickly

any amount of food, even if it is taken at very short
intervals. After digestion is completed, it causes dryness,
heat, redness, pain, swelling and alteration of the
functions in the throat, palate and lips.
The dull working digestive fire causes heaviness of
the belly and head, bronchitis, asthma, salivary
discharge, vomiting, a feeling of weariness of the limbs
and digests even a small quantity of food slowly after a
very long time.
The period of life, complexion, strength, health,
exertion, growth, lustre, Ojas, energy, animal and other
kinds of heat, and the life breaths have all been the result
of the digestive fire within the human frame or
constitution. When this fire becomes extinguished, the
person dies. When it bums within the body, one lives
long without diseases of any kind. When it becomes
vitiated one becomes afflicted with disease. For these
reasons the Agni is the root. Pitta is the only fire present
in the system, as all acts from the digestion of food to the
disintegration of tissues are performed with the help of
Pitta.
Chapter VII
AYLRVEDIC PSYCHOLOGY
Ayurvedic psychology is vast and profound.

Ayurveda follows the Yogic psychology.
Ayurveda separates Manas (mind) from the ordinaiy
senses, as it has many functions which are not
possessed by any of the other senses.
According to Charaka, the Self is active. The mind
moves by its activity. The senses move by the operation of
mind. The Self is conscious (Chetana). But this
consciousness does not belong to the Self in itself. It is
attained only by its connection with the senses through
mind or Manas.
According to Charaka, there is another
transcendental Self (Paramatma) apart from this Self.
This is different from the Self which participates in the
union of the body and the senses.
The subtler or transcendental Self is unchangeable
(Nirvikara). The unchangeableness of the Self consists in
its being able to unite with itself its past and future
states. If the Self were not permanent, it could not unite
with itself all its past experience.
The pleasure and pain, joy and sorrow, the
sufferings and enjoyment that affect you should not be
attributed to the Self but to mind or Manas.
Knowledge implies a process and a change. This Self
manifests consciousness only in those parts where it
becomes associated with the mind and the senses.
Charaka says that the mind, the Self and the body
are linked together like a tripod, on which life rests. If any
one of the components is missing, the unity is broken.
Just as the tree is involved in the seed, so also this
entire universe is involved in the Mulaprakriti. Prakriti is
(79)
homogeneous. It is made up of three Gunas—Sattva,

Rajas and Tamas. When the three Gunas are in a state of
equilibrium or equipoise, there is no manifestation of
Prakriti. A disturbance in the equilibrium takes place in
the Prakriti and this world is projected. The three Gunas
manifest.
Sattva is white. White colour is symbolic of peace,
Santi. Sattva is light, peace or harmony.
Rajas is red. Red colour is symbolic of excitement.
Rajas is passion, struggle, motion.
Tamas is black. Black colour is symbolic of Moha
(ignorance, infatuation, delusion). Tamas is inertia,
darkness, sloth.
Mind is the direct cause of pleasure and pain.
It is the superintendent of all the ten senses
(Adhishthayaka).
The mind comes in contact with its objects and
experiences pleasure and pain.
It thinks of the objects of thought and moves the
sense-organs. The senses, guided by the mind, grasp
their respective objects and produce their knowledge.
When the Self or Atman is associated with the mind,
it has the following qualities: desire, hatred, effort,
pleasure, pain. Prana (the upward current of breath),
Apana (the downward force acting in the direction of the
rectum), the opening and closing of the eyelids,
imagination, thought, decision of intellect, energy,
sense-cognitions.
Kindness, mercy, truthfulness, virtue, fedth. Self-
knowledge, retentive power (Medha), intelligence, self
control (Dhriti), sense of duty are all Sattvic qualities of
the mind.
Pride, untruthfulness, cruelty, conceit, passion,
anger, impatience, restlessness, suffering, boastfixlness,
are the Rajasic qualities of the mind.
AYURVEDIC PSYCHOLOGY 81
Dullness, idleness, sleepiness, sloth, inertia,

darkness, viciousness, lack of retentive power are all
Tamasic qualities of the mind.
Prayatna is that particular quality by the rise of
which in the soul the mind is moved to activity.
The one mind appears as diverse owing to various
objects of thought. It may sometimes have religious
thoughts and appear religious. At other times it
entertains lustful thoughts and appears lustful.
The mind grasps colour, smell, sound, taste and
touch.
It imagines in diverse ways. “This will do good to me'n
or “This will do me harm.”
In the same man the mind sometimes appears as
angry, virtuous, ignorant, lustful. But in reeility the mind
is one and the same for each person. All these differences
do not appear at the same time with the same person as
might have been the case if there were many minds for
one and the same person.
The mind is atomic, for otherwise many different
functions could not be performed by one and the same
mind at the same time.
A man is called Sattvic, Rajasic or Tamasic
according as predominance of one or other of these
Gunas is observed in that man.
The connection of the body, the senses, the mind
and the Self is called life (Jivita).
The five sense-cognitions are caused through the
contiguity of the senses, the sense objects, mind and the
soul.
Though all the senses are made up of the five
elements, yet those senses which contain any element in
a preponderating degree were regarded as made up of
that element. The sense which has a particular element
in a preponderating degree is considered as having by
virtue of that a special capacity for grasping that

particular element.
A Sound Mind Ensures Sound Health

The mind has very intimate connection with the
body. When the body suffers, the mind also suffers.
When the mind suffers, there is reaction in the body as
well. Therefore one who knows the secret of keeping the
mind in a healthy state can keep his body also in a sound
condition.
A doubting man always suffers from some disease or
other. He suspects everybody. His own mind is the cause
for his suffering. He has no self-confidence. He thinks
always that others are trying to harm him. He feels that
others are viewing him with suspicion and that they
think very low of him. This is his own creation. The more
he thinks thus, the more is he worried.
Faith in the doctor from whom he takes medicine is
very essential for cure. A man who has no confidence in
the other goes on changing the doctor and medicine
every day. This is the reason why a patient gets no relief
even after protracted treatment with different doctors.
They say: “I have tried all medicines and all doctors. But
there is no relief at all.”
It is very difficult for a rich man to have faith in any
one doctor. He is proud of his wealth. He expects a cure
for his ailment in a few hours or a few days. He is very
impatient. He takes medicine from two or three doctors
at a time. This is the height of his folly. A poor man has
faith and he is able to get a cure even from an ordinary
doctor without much qualifications.
Faith is very essential in curing mental diseases. In
the case of a physical ailment sometimes the patient is
able to get a cure even without much faith. The cause of
the disease is evident and the cure is easy. In cases
where diseases of the mind are concerned, faith is very
essential. Then the cure is very easy. The patient
confesses fully and expresses himself fully. He becomes

light at heart. Confession is half cure.
There are two kinds of patients suffering from
mental diseases. One is he in whom desires are not
fulfilled. One suppresses this by his ego. Such a patient
suffers from hysteria in the long run. Sometimes he
expresses himself fully under the influence of the
disease. In the ordinary course he is unable to express
his ideas on account of shyness. For example one has
intense desire to earn money and become rich. He has no
means of doing it for he has no suitable qualification. In
the state of hysteria he says, “I shall get a lakh of rupees
tomorrow. The State Bank is sending me a cheque
through a friend of mine. I shall get the first prize in the
cross-word puzzle competition,” and so on.
The second type of man has connection with his
character. Take for example a certain individual
committed adultery with another’s wife, or say he
committed theft. The guilty conscience pricks him
always. He feels that everyone is speaking about his theft
or adultery privately. His own mind, his guilty
conscience is harassing him now. Such a man develops
in course of time ulcer in his stomach, palpitation of
heart, consumption, leucoderma and such other
diseases.
Fear in seclusion, shame to face others are all due to
wrongs suppressed. But the moment he admits them in
public or before the Lord, he is free from all worries. He
has a light heart. He feels relief.
A grown-up man does not confess his mistakes,
because the ego is strong in him and he suppresses the
guilt. He feels he is a very big man and he should not
confess his crime before his juniors. Such a man has no
faith even in God.
Out of fear of punishment some take to devotional
practices. They think that by such practices they can
escape the Yamaraj’s rod of punishment. Such people
are always afraid. They do not derive the full benefit of

devotion. The moment some calamity overcomes them,
they give up all devotional practices.
A great psychologist of the West has said, “I have not
seen in my forty years’ experience as a psychologist, even
one man who has faith in God and who had suffered from
mental ailments. I have also not seen anyone free from
his mental disease without having faith in God. Thus it is
clear that those who have faith in the Lord do not suffer
from any mental ailment.”
Mental ailment has veiy close connection with want
of faith in God. One who works always for the good of
others never suffers from mental diseases.
Feel, “The Lord is all-merciful. He attends to the
good of all. He makes all happy. All are His children.”
With this faith, work for the good of all. You will not suffer
from any mental ailment at any time. You will become
more and more healthy both mentally and physically.
Disease is the name for the feeble state of the mind.
There is very close connection with one’s internal as well
as external world. When you are having something bad at
heart, the Lord who is the Antaiyamin gives you
punishment from within and as a result of that your
mind always remains diseased. Therefore ever exert to
remain mentally pure. Do nothing which will affect your
mental peace.
One who has faith in rebirth and the law of cause
and effect, is seen to be more religious and God-fearing
than one who has no such faith. The latter has no fear of
anything. He does not believe in rebirth. He thinks he
can do any evil and yet go unharmed. He becomes an
atheist as he has no fear of punishment by any superior
authority. He thinks that he can escape punishment if he
is not detected by those responsible for the peace of the
land, i.e., the police or other Government officials. One
who has fear of God will never indulge in adultery,
black-marketing, etc.
Man gets the worst of mental diseases when he acts

against the dictates of his own conscience, and against
the dictates of Dharma and religion.
Have faith in your own Self. Have faith in God. Do
the right thing. Always fear sin. Help others. Work for the
good of others. You will be free from all diseases. You will
be ever healthy and happy. This is the key to success,
health and happiness!
Worry, anger, hatred and fear generate many
diseases. Worry and fear intensify every disease. Worry,
anxiety and fear turn a little ordinary fever into typhoid,
a little diarrhoea into cholera, a little cough into phthisis
or pneumonia, a slight increase of urine into diabetes, a
little blood-pressure into very high blood-pressure.
If the patient has no peace of mind, all kinds of
medical treatment will fail. Peace of mind alone will cure
every disease without any drug-treatment.
Practise Japa, meditation. Pray. Fast. Study
religious books. Have Satsanga. Discipline the mind. You
can have peace of mind.
Right mental culture is the right and sure remedy for
any disease.
Chapter VIII
NADI VIJNANA
(Science of Pulse)
Introduction
The Indian Science of Pulse is a very important and

vital branch of the Indian system of Medicine or
Ayurveda.
An accurate knowledge of the science of pulse will
certainly have much of the unnecessary waste of time
and money. He who has knowledge of this sublime
science of pulse will be able to foretell the appearance of a
disease with its progress long before it has taken a strong
hold in the constitution of the patient.
The ancient Ayurvedic Physicians of India had
attained great mastery and excellence in the science of
feeling the pulse. They depended on the pulse for
diagnosing a disease. They had no apparatuses and
appliances for the examination of blood, urine, stool and
sputum. They had no microscope or sphygmometer. And
yet they were highly successful without the aid of
appliances in finding out the exact nature of the
diseases. What a great marvel! What a great wonder! How
intelligent they were!
What Is Pulse
The heart-muscle contracts. A wave of increased
pressure is transmitted by Vayu along the arteries. This
wave is called Pulse. The pulse indicates the normal and
abnormal conditions of the body.
(86)
NADI VIJNANA 87
Where to Feel Pulse

Generally the pulse is felt in the radial Eirtery,
because it rests on the bone radius and it is easily
accessible too.
The pulse is felt in the tibial and temporal arteries
also. It can be felt in the arteries in the neck, nose, eye,
ear, tongue and penis as the Prana Vayu is predominant
in them.
The radial pulse is felt at the wrist on the radial
artery by three fingers along two inches. The three digits
commence from the root of the thumb. The first, second
and third digits represent Vata, Pitta and Kapha
respectively. They are examined by the index, middle and
ring fingers respectively.
The pulse is prominent on the left side in women and
on the right side in men on account of the alternate
disposition of the transverse Kurma Nadi at the navel.
Science of Pulse
There are 72,000 arteries in the body. They all form
their centres in the navel or umbilicus.
Fourteen arteries are important. They are Ida,
Pingala, Sushumna, Saraswati,
Saraswati, Varuni, Pusa,
Hastijihva, Yasasvini, Visvodari, Kuhu, Sankhini,
Payaswini, Alambusa and Gandhari. Of these fourteen
the first three are most important.
Pulse reveals the Doshas arising from the
combination of the two Doshas or three Doshas.
Himstra, Snayu, Vasa Nadi, Dhamani, Dhara,
Tantuki, Jivitgna and Sira are the designations of the
pulse.
By feeling the pulse the three kinds of Doshas are
ascertained by the three kinds of movement of the pulse,
viz., slow, middle and swift.
The pulse indicates whether the disease is due to

Vata or Pitta or Kapha or due to the influence of two
Doshas combined or three Doshas combined or whether
the disease is curable or incurable.
Nature of Pulse
Pulse in a healthy person is slow and strong. The
movement of the pulse is like that of an earthworm.
The pulse beats mildly in the morning, quickly at
noon and moderately at night.
Benefits of Feeling Pulse

The examination of the pulse will reveal the
knowledge of the impending disease, the three Doshas
individually and in combination and the curability and
the incurability of diseases.
Just as face is index of the mind, just as eye is the
index of the state of heart, so also pulse is an index of
condition of the heart, blood-circulation and the entire
system of a man. The examination of the pulse gives
convincing facts.
Just as the strings of violin or Veena or Sitar express
the musical notes, the pulse expresses the symptoms of
the diseases.
It is very difficult to attain the knowledge of the
pulse. Much experience, much clinical observation and
study are necessary. A keen intelligence is also
necessary.
How to Examine the Pulse

You will have to learn the pulse under the guidance
of an experienced and able Ayurvedic physician. The
grace of God and one’s own virtue are also necessary.
Knowledge of the pulse is attained through long practice.
NADI VIJNANA 89
The student should at first feel the pulse of healthy

persons.
The pulse of a sick person takes different attitudes
in connection with the patient’s age, time and the
peculiar character of the disease.
Examine the pulse in the morning after sunrise in
the radial artery above the thumb on an empty stomach.
The patient should sit comfortably. Feel the pulse with
your three fingers—index, middle and ring fingers.
The examiner of the pulse also should sit
comfortably. He should have a calm mind. He should
have perfect concentration. He should be free from anger
and lust.
You cannot feel the pulse clearly and distinctly after
sexual intercourse, when one has just taken his meal or
bath, when he is hungry, thirsty or heated owing to
exposure to sun, when he is fatigued due to exercise,
when he has checked his calls of nature, when the mind
is disturbed by emotion. The pulse is not normal and
hence unfit for examination in such cases.
Place the hand to be examined in a curved state.
Examine the pulse with your left hand. Feel the pulse
three times by holding and letting loose the hand.
Indication of Pulse
The pulse at the wrist indicates digestion, onset of
fever and derangement of the Vata, Htta and Kapha.
The pulse in the neck indicates fear, anger, sexual
union, thirst, fatigue, bereavement, the nature of
accidental fear.
The pulse in the nose indicates sexual desire, the life
and death of the patient, diseases of the throat, head,
ear, face and mouth, passion, headache.
Pulse Rate
The pulse-rate of a new born infant is 130 per
minute. In an adult it is 72 per minute; in an old man of
80 it is 60. In young women the pulse-rate is faster than
in men by 5 beats per minute.
The pulse-rate is increased in emotional excitement,
long walk, during menstruation, and absence of
menstruation.
The pulse is slow in convalescents, depressed
conditions, grief, fear, starvation, excessive copulation,
dyspepsia, emaciation, wasting diseases like
consumption, diarrhoea, diabetes, anaemia, general
debility.
Exercise, emotion, etc., modify the pulse-rate
temporarily. If rest is given, normal condition will
manifest again. This is not pathological.
The pulse which is too rapid, too slow, too crooked,
too feeble is of pathological importance.
Pulse in Disease
The science of pulse is inseparably associated with
the Tridosha theory of Ayurveda. A perfect knowledge of
the Tridosha theory, the knowledge of Vata (air). Pitta
(heat) and Kapha (phlegm), the three vital principles in
the composition of the human body is, therefore,
absolutely essential for a proper understanding of
sphygmology or the nature of the pulse in Ayurveda.
The single Nadi is divided into three parts and
possesses the characteristics of Vata, Pitta and Kapha.
The Vayu Nadi lies beneath the first finger, the Pitta Nadi
beneath the second and the Kapha Nadi beneath the
third.
Brahma, Siva and Vishnu—these are the respective
presiding deities of Vayu Nadi, Pitta Nadi and Kapha
Nadi.
NADI VIJNANA 91
The predominance of Vata is felt in the rainy season

and winter; the predominance of Pitta is felt in the
autumn and summer; the predominance of Kapha is felt
in the spring.
The predominance of Kapha is felt after taking food,
that of Pitta during digestion and that of Vata after the
food is digested.
The predominance of Kapha is felt in the first part of
the day and the night, that of Pitta in the second part and
that of the Vata in the third part.
Colours of Vata Nadi, Pitta Nadi and Kapha Nadi are
respectively blue, pale and white.
The touch of Pitta Nadi is warm, that of Kapha Nadi
is cold, and that of Vata Nadi is neither warm nor cold.
The movement of the pulse under the fore-finger is
that of Vata, under the middle-finger is that of Pitta and
under the ring-finger is that of Kapha.
Vata Nadi is crooked. Pitta Nadi is flickering and
Kapha Nadi is steady.
In fever the pulse is quick and flickering. It is called
Chanchala pulse. The pulse in chronic fever and
diarrhoea is called Durbala (weak). The pulse in a more
deteriorated state of body is called Ksheera. The pulse in
very long-standing diseases is called Deerghagaamini.
The state in an oncoming fever and Vata pulse is called
Tejapunja.
Movement of the Nadi

The movement of Vata Nadi is like that of serpents
and leeches.
The movement of Pitta Nadi is like that of Kulinga,
crows and frogs.
The movement of Kapha Nadi is like that of pigeons,
peacocks, swans and cocks.
The movement of the pulse becomes crooked in the

case of excess of Vata; rapid in the case of excess of Pitta;
heavy in the case of excess of Kapha; and mixed in the
case of mixed Doshas.
The movement of the pulse becomes crooked like
that of snake, leech and scorpion in the case of excess of
Vata. The movement is like that of the crow, the Lava and
the frog in the case of excess of Pitta. The movement of
the pulse is like that of gander, the peacock, the pigeon,
the dove and the cock in the case of excess of Kapha.
In the case of excess of both Vata and Pitta the
movement of the pulse is like that of the snake and that
of the frog at frequent intervals.
The movement of the pulse is like that of the
movement of the snake and the gander in the case of
excess of Vata and Kapha.
The movement of the pulse is like that of the
movement of the frog and the peacock in the case of
excess of Pitta and Kapha.
The pulse due to the excess of the three Doshas
moves just like the snake, the Lava and the gander.
Low Pulse
In serious Sannipata the pulse sometimes beats
slowly, sometimes loosely, sometimes beats and
sometimes does not, sometimes becomes throaty. A
pulse of this type cannot be restored to its normal
condition.
When the pulse is cold but the body is warm, again
when the pulse is warm but the body cold, and when the
pulse has various movements, the patient must die.
Sometimes the pulse stops on account of swoon,
fear, sorrow, the carrying of heavy loads, a fall from a
high place, purgation, and loss of semen due to excessive
copulation. This does not indicate death, because the
pulse beats again after some time.
NADI VIJNANA 93
If anyone fasts, if a healthy man has sexual

intercourse, his pulse becomes weak and rapid.
In pregnancy the pulse becomes weak and moves
slowly.
Pulse and Diet

The pulse of a man who has taken sweet things
moves like a peacock or frog, that of the man who has
taken bitter things moves like an earth-worm, that of the
man who has taken sour things becomes hot and jumps
like a frog, that of the man who has taken pungent things
moves like a Vringa bird, that of the man who has taken
astringent things becomes hard and dejected, that of the
man who has taken saline things becomes straight and
rapid.
The taking of white pumpkin (Kushmanda or Petha)
and Munakka makes the pulse heavy; milk makes it cool
and steady; meat makes it slow and rigid; greens and
plantains make it full; jaggery and oils make it slow and
strong; roots make it slow; dried things make it slow and
heavy; bitter things make it dull; saline things make it
straight and light; hot things make it hard and dry; sour
things make it cool; solid things make it tender; liquid
things make it hard.
Pulse in Allopathy
Allopathy also recognises the theory of pulse and its
efficacy in determining the nature of the disease and its
cure. Allopathy, too, has realised its usefulness and
nowadays examination of the pulse is given the proper
place in the treatment of diseases.
Definition
At each heart-beat four to six ounces of blood are
sent into the aorta. A fluid wave distends the arteries as
it passes and is transmitted along the arteries all over the
body. This fluid wave is called pulse. The physician has

in the wave a valuable means of studying both the state
of the artery as regards elasticity and the heart action.
Pulse is the expansion and contraction of the artery
caused by the blood which is being pumped into it by the
heart.
Pulse-Rate
The pulse-rate is usually about 72 per minute but it
may vary in health from 50 to 100. It is quicker in
children and slower in old age than in middle life.
In a newborn infant the pulse-rate is 140 per
minute, and, twelve months old 120, and in a child about
100. In old age, the pulse becomes slower than 60.
In childhood and youth, the wall of the artery is very
thin. In old age and in some degenerative process, the
vessel wall becomes so thick that it may be felt like a
piece of whip cord rolling beneath the finger. This gives
the valuable information to the physician as to the
existence of Bright’s diseases, the liability to apoplexy,
etc.
The size of the column felt also gives information.
After great muscular exertion or when the heart is
beating strongly, the vessels of the limbs are full and the
pulse is large. In the case of internal inflammation the
vessels of the limbs are empty. The pulse is thin and
wiry.
Pulse and Diseases

Different types of heart diseases have special
features of the pulse. In auricular fibrillation the general
character is irregularity.
In cases where the aortic valve is incompetent, the
pulse has the peculiarity of rising very quickly and
collapsing suddenly (water-hammer pulse).
NADI VIJNANA 95
In fevers a dicrotic pulse indicates considerable

nervous prostration in which the heart continues to beat
violently, while the small blood vessels have lost their
tone. Dicrotic pulse is one in which two impulses are felt
by the finger at each heart-beat.
Examination of Pulse
The examination of the pulse gives you direct
information regarding the condition of the walls of the
arteries and the amount and variation of pressure of the
contained blood. By careful and intelligent observation
you can obtain veiy valuable information regarding the
state of the heart and circulation, as well as the general
state of the patient.
The patient should not make any effort or strain
before the examination of the pulse.
Feel the rate of the pulse, its rhythm of pulse
(irregularity, inequality), size of the artery (calibre),
condition of the vessel wall, volume, amount of
movement during a pulse-wave, the blood pressure in
the artery during the systolic beat, the blood-pressure
between the beats (tension), the form of the individual
pulse wave (rise, maintenance and fall of pressure).
The successive beats of the pulse may recur at equal
or unequal intervals giving a regular or irregular rhythm.
There may be an occasional intermission in the pulse.
The intermission may recur, as in pulses bigeminus after
two beats. The individual beats may be irregular in their
time-relation to each other. They may be unequal in
volume too.
A small instrument known as “sphygmograph” has
been devised to register the waves.
Abnormal Pulses
A rapid pulse is one over 100. A running pulse is
very quick. The beats are difficult to distinguish. They
appear to run into each other. The pulse cannot be

counted (as in Tachycardia).
A slow pulse is one below 60 (as in Bradycardia).
Napoleon had Bradycardia.
A low volume, low tension, thready pulse denotes a
low blood-pressure. It may be due to loss of blood as in
bleeding.
In failure of heart the pulse is small and easily
compressible.
Abounding pulse is of full volume; difficult to
compress. It is seen in cases of high blood-pressure and
apoplexy.
A high tension pulse occurs in some cases of high
blood-pressure, when the arteries have undergone
calcareous degeneration, as in arterio-sclerosis.
An irregular pulse is one in which the intervals
between the pulse beats vary in length. Sometimes the
beats seem to run together quickly; at other times the
intervals are long and the pulse appears slow.
An intermittent pulse is one in which some of the
beats are missed.
A dicrotic pulse is one in which two expansions of
the artery can be felt instead of one. The second is like an
echo of the first true wave of expansion. Every heart beat
is counted twice. The true pulse wave is easily
recognisable. The second wave is of smaller volume than
the first.
Corrigan’s pulse is one which characterises
incompetence of the aortic valve. The pulse is felt but it
immediately recedes as the blood regurgitates into the
left ventricle. It is also described as a collapsing pulse
and a water-hammer pulse.
Chapter IX
INDIAN SURGERY
That our ancients had a thorough knowledge of the

body and its functions, called Sareera Sastra, is revealed
by the various references in the Vedas. There is a detailed
account in the Atharvana Veda of Asthipanjara
(osteology). Chapter 7 of Charaka and chapters 4 to 6, 7
and 9 of Sushruta deal in detail with Sareera-sthana and
Sareera-astharanam (Anatomy and Physiology). In the
Vedic age the physician is distinguished from the
surgeon. The latter belongs to the Dhanvantari school.
Surgeons again were of two classes. Shalya Tantrajnas
(major surgeons) and—Salakya Tantrajnas (minor
surgeons) and they deal respectively with surgery above
the neck, and surgery in other parts of the body, cavity,
etc. What Dhanvantari taught was brought to perfection
by Sushruta. Reference to operation dn the abdomen to
set right deceased intestines are not wanting. An army of
skilled doctors and surgeons with necessary appliances
were at hand in the Mahabharata Yuddha. Mahavarga
tells us that Jeevaka, the personal physician of Buddha
practised cranio surgery with success. Bhojaprabandha
tells us of a cranio operation on Bhoja under
anaesthetics. Rigveda mentions Yajna Sirassandhana
(attaching a severed head to the trunk by surgery): and
replacement of vispola’s by an iron one (by means of
amputation and artificial limb); and the substitution of
an eye-ball with that of an animal. As late as 9th century
A.D. Westerners learnt intricate surgery from the
Ayurvedic surgeons.
There are several chapters in Sushruta which will be
revelation to those who little realised the surgical side of
Ayurveda.
Sushruta has been translated into Latin by Hustler.
There is a German version of it by Mueller. These clearly
(97)
indicate that Ayurveda commanded a very high respect

in the West.
pythagorus, the Greek physician was indebted to
Sushruta for his knowledge of surgery.
Shalya or surgery is one of the eight sections of
Ayurveda. It occupies the first place in the work of
Sushruta:
Charaka, Atreya, Harita, Agnivesha were more
physicians than surgeons. Dhanvantari, Sushruta,
Aupadihenava, Aurabhra, Pushkalavata were rather
surgeons than physicians.
Indian surgeons of yore used one hundred and
twenty- five surgical instruments for ophthalmic,
obstetric and other operations.
They were doing Rhinoplasty. They were experts in
forming new ears and noses. In cases of broken legs the
surgeons used to substitute ‘iron legs’, Ayasa-Jangha
(Vide Rig-Veda 1-116, 153) and to furnish artificial eyes
in places of those plucked out (Rig-Veda 1-115-16).
Arrows lodged in the bodies of the warriors were
dexterously extracted, and their wounds promptly
dressed by the army surgeons.
The Ashwins have given new teeth to Poosha, new
eyes to Bhagdeva. The Indian surgeons did skin grafting
and cataract operations also. They were also experts in
performing amputations and abdominal section. They
could set fractures and dislocations in men and beasts,
reduce hernia and extract foreign-bodies.
Inoculation for small-pox was also done by them.
They used to practise the dissection of the human
body and taught it to their disciples. They knew human
anatomy and physiology.
Sushruta gives very minute directions to be
observed in the performance of surgical operations. He
clearly describes the method of opening abscesses,
INDIAN SURGERY 99
treating inflammations, tumour, fistulae, and of applying

blisters, cautery, etc.
He classifies surgical operations into Aharya
(extracting solid bodies), Bhedya (excising), Chhedya
(incising), Eshya (probing), Lekhya Vedhya (puncturing)
and Visravaniya (evacuating fluids).
There are 105 Yantras (appliances) and 20 Shastras
(instruments).
The Yantras are divided into 6 kinds: Svastikas
(pincers or forceps) 24 forms, Sandashas (tongs of two
kinds), Talas of two kinds; Nadis (tubulas) instruments
like catheters of 20 varieties; Shalakas (bougies) of 30
sorts; Upayeintras (dressings Sutures, 26 in number).
Hand also is the most indispensable implement.
The Shastras are Ardhadhara, Atimukha, Ara,
Badisha, Dantasanku, Eshni, Karapatra, Kartirika,
Kritharika, Kushpatra, Mandalagra, Mudrika,
Nakhasashtra, Sharari- mukha, Suchi, Trikurchaka,
Utpalapatraka, Vriddhipatra, Vrihimukha and
Vetaspatra.
The names of the Yantras are Anguli Yantra, Bhasti
Yantra (syringe), Jalodara Yantra, Kakamukha Yantra,
Garbha Sankhi Yantra, Simhamukha Yantra,
Vyaghramukha Yantra, Shanku Yantra, Tala Yantra,
etc.
The surgical operations are performed on auspicious
days. The patient sits with his face to the east. The
surgeon offers a prayer to the Lxjrd for the speedy
recovery of the patient as soon as the operation is over.
In serious surgical operations patients were made
insensible by administration of anaesthetics.
Indian surgeons used caustic cautery.
The students practised incision on fruits. They
practised vivisection on the vessels of dead animals. They
did catheterisation.
Turning to midwifery every stage of the felns, from

the fonnozan and ovary gland is described in detail in
Bholasamhita with an extraordinary treatise on
possibility of changing the sex of the child in the womb,
etc.
The precautions for the delivery, the expedients and
surgical skill in cases of hard labour, still birth, and
cranio operation are all well described. Bhagavatam
recites the instances of Vasishtha cutting the womb of a
pregnant woman with Kusa Sastra to save the child and
mother from a collapse. Chanakya’s Artha Sastra deals
with post-mortem. The circulatory system and function
of the heart are there in Charaka (i.e., even before Sth
century B.C.). The Chola kings opened many maternity
centres.
Yajurveda deals with the four cavities of the heart;
and Dr. Constan’s ancient medical science refers to
Jeevaka’s diagnosis of the internal organs, and bone
fractures with the aid of herbs in place of the modem
X-ray. Garbhopanishad deals with respiration. The
practice of surgery and incisions with the aid of a
Pushpapala, etc., objects in the first instance was in
vogue.
As for surgical instruments the exhibits in the
museums in Naples and Athens are there in proof of their
existence in Ayurveda.
“They (the ancient surgeons) performed abdominal
section, practised cranial surgery successfully, and no
region of the body was thought sacred to the knife. Field
surgery was thoroughly understood... They were
acquainted with the circulation of the blood, the
distinction between the artery and vein, the use of
anaesthetics, the means of arresting haemorrhage and
the proper treatment of surgical wounds.”
Dissection by medical students was insisted upon
and practiced during this time. Nagarjuna, Buddhist
priest belonging to a much later date is not only known to
INDIAN SURGERY 101
have ‘improved upon and supplemented’ Sushruta’s

great work on surgery, but he is also reputed to have
been a great surgeon of his time.
The founding of hospitals all over the country was a
unique feature of the Buddhist period and these
institutions were also known to have provided for
surgical treatments. Vagbhata, who is considered to
have been a Buddhist, included surgery and surgical
instruments in his famous work—^Ashtanga Hridaya.
Chapter X
NIDANA
(Diagnosis)
The literature of Indian Medicine is vast and

copious. This science is admitted by all to be of great
antiquity. It contains a mine of information. It discloses
the gems of many marvellous discoveries in the realm of
medicine.
In Ayurveda, diagnosis and treatment are based
upon the Tridhatu (Tridosha) theoiy. The Tridosha
theory is closely related to that of the Panchabhutas
which are the causes for the universe.
Nidana is diagnosis. Chikitsa is treatment. Madhava
has investigated at length the causes and symptoms of
the largest number of diseases in all their varieties.
Sushruta has devoted sixteen chapters treating the
classification, causation and symptoms of diseases such
as piles, erysipelas, abdominal tumours, abortion,
urinary calculi, fistula, carbuncles, tumours, fractures,
diseases of the mouth, male generative organ, etc.
Sarangadhara enumerates 80 principal diseases
caused by wind, 40 by derangements by bile, 20 by
abnormalities of phlegm and 10 by faulty conditions of
blood.
Sushruta traces all diseases to one or other of the
following seven causes: 1. Corrupt semen or ovum of the
father and mother, respectively, causing leprosy, etc.; 2.
Indulgence in forbidden food by the mother during
pregnancy, or the non-fulfilment of any of her desires
during that condition causing blindness, etc., to the
child; 3. The derangement of humours in the body
causing fever, etc.; 4. Accidents by fall, snake-bite, etc.,
5. Variations in the climate, causing cold, etc.; 6.
(102)
NIDANA 103
Superhuman agencies and 7. Natural such as hunger,

etc.
Harita reduces the number to three and says that
diseases are caused by Karma or by the derangement of
the humours, or by both.
Karma is the unavoidable consequence of good or
evil acts done in this or in a past existence. Misery and
happiness in this life are the inevitable results of our
conduct in a past life, and our actions here will
determine our happiness or misery in the life to come.
When any creature dies, he is bom again in some higher
or lower state of existence, according to his merit or
demerit. So there are certain diseases which are
supposed to be the fruits of evil deeds done in a former
state of existence. Harita declares that a murderer of a
Brahmin will suffer from anaemia, a cow-killer from
leprosy, a regicide from consumption, and a murderer in
general from diarrhoea. One committing adultery with
his master’s wife will suffer from gonorrhoea, and the
violator of his preceptor’s couch from retention of urine.
A back-biter will suffer from asthma, a misleader from
giddiness, a cheat from epilepsy, one who occasions or
procures abortion from liver complaint, a drunkard from
skin diseases, an incendiary from erysipelas, and one
prying into another’s secrets will lose the sight of one eye.
Diseases caused by Karma may be cured by propitiatory
rites, expiating ceremonies, and tranquillising efforts. If
the rites do not cure the diseases, the patients have the
assurance that they will at least check the further
progress of the maladies in the life to come.
The art of diagnosis is the most difficult task. It is
most important too. According to Ayurveda various
factors such as the face of the patient, his temperament,
his eye, tongue, skin, pulse, voice, urine and faeces, etc.,
should be considered.
In diagnosing a disease, the Hindu physicians have
been guided by physical signs afforded by inspection.
palpation, percussion, auscultation, defaction and

degustation.
Palpation, percussion and auscultation are not
altogether modem. They are referred to in the works of
Charaka. Atreya, in his interesting dialogue with his
favourite disciple Harita, speaks with even more
precision on the subject.
The examination of the pulse is considered the most
important of all. It furnishes the best criterion of the
phenomena and progress of disease and it is the one
usually depended upon by the Ayurvedic physicians.
In order to know the precise character of the pulse,
the radial artery at the wrist is usually chosen. In case of
a male patient, his right pulse is generally felt and in the
case of a female, the left. In feeling the pulse the
physician is to note its compressibility, frequency,
regularity, size and the different impressions it produces
on the fingers. If it feels like the creeping of a serpent or a
leech, wind is supposed to be predominant. If it be
jumping like a frog, or similar to the flight of a crow or
sparrow, it indicates the predominance of bile. When it
strikes the finger slowly and resembles the strutting of
peacock, it shows that the phlegm is in excess. The pulse
that suggests the running of a partridge is called
delirium pulse. An irregular pulse indicates delirium
tremens, and a pulse which is almost imperceptible,
depressed, irregular and extremely languid, is a
precursor of death. Pulsations in one suffering from fever
or amorous passions are quick, and in a healthy man
they are of a medium and perfectly regular. The
capriciousness of the pulse produces other modifications
very curiously described. It is interesting to note the
similarity between this description of the pulse as found
in the ancient Sanskrit treatises, and the doctrine of the
pulse taught by the famous physician Galen, “who is the
greatest and the best authority in Europe on the subject.
For all subsequent writers have simply transferred his
teaching on this subject boldly to their own works.
NIDANA 105
Galen speaks of the pulsus myurus (sharp-tailed pulse,

so called as it sinks progressively and becomes smaller
and smaller, like a mouse’s tail); pulse dorecatisans
(goat-leap pulse, as it seems to leap like a goat); pulsus
fluctuscus (undulating), etc. This would suggest that
Galen derived his knowledge on the subject from the
works of Indian writers.
The methods prescribed for the examination of a
patient in Ayurveda are: 1. Darshana (seeing), 2.
Sparshana (touch) and 3. Prashna (questioning).
Sushruta stresses upon the thorough examination
with the aid of the physician’s five organs and
questioning i.e., seeing, hearing, touching, tasting,
smelling and detailed interrogations.
The Pancha Nidana in its broad sense implies
fivefold mecins of diagnosis. They are (1) Nidana, (2)
Purva Rupa, (3) Rupa, (4) Upashaya and (5) Sampraapti.
Etiology (cause) is Nidana. Purva Rupa is
premonitory symptoms such as headache, pain,
indisposition which manifest before the derangement of
the system. Rupa is disease in its fuU stage
(symptomatology). Upashaya is therapeutic test. It is
deducing the nature of the disease from therapeutical
measures. Pathological change is Sampraapti. The
disease is studied logically. Pathology is Sampraapti.
Nidana
The investigation of the root-cause of diseases
(whether it is bad food, bad water, indulgence, excesses,
etc.) is Nidana. This will give you the clue to diagnosis
and prognosis. One Nidana may possibly be to the root of
more than one disease. Nidana alone cannot help you to
diagnose diseases.
Nidana is divided into four kinds, viz., (1)
Sannikrishta Nidana (immediate cause), (2) Viprakrishta
(the remote cause), (3) Vyabhichari and (4) Pradhana.
Vyabhichari may or may not cause a disease according to
the circumstances but Pradhana will certainly cause the

disease. Vague symptoms become very prominent while
the disease actually manifests in full force. This stage
enables the physician to nip the malady in its bud or
shorten its course or mitigate its virulence. Purva Rupa
consists of the premonitory symptoms or the
prodromata.
The vague symptoms consist of dull aching pain,
general malaises, heaviness in the head, loss of appetite,
lassitude, etc. These are seen in the incubation period of
various diseases and in diseases which have a slow and
gradual onset.
Purva Rupa gives the physician some clue to
prognosis. It helps him to correlate particular
derangement of the Doshas with particular group of
prodromata.
Rupas
(Symptomatology)
This includes the signs and symptoms of the

disease. It provides the means for clinical diagnosis. The
physician will be able to find out whether he has to deal
with morbidity of one Dosha, two Doshas or all the three
Doshas. He will also be able to find out whether the
disease is an effection of Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa, Asthi or
any other Dhatus.
Upashaya
(Therapeutic test)
This is diagnosis by experimental treatment. A

doubt arises whether a particular disease is due to the
derangement of Vata or not. The physician prescribes a
diet, exercise or any other remedial measure known to
cure this suspected derangement. If the disease is
ameliorated, then the hypothetical proposition is
NIDANA 107
confirmed. If not, it is rejected. If the fever yields to

Antimony it is Kala Azar; if it does not it is not so.
Upashaya is a trial treatment in any confounding
disease. It is a guess work. This treatment is conveyed
through (1) medicines (Bheshaja), (2) food (Anna) and (3)
Vihaara (air, sleep, cold, sun, etc., general care).
Sampraapti
(Pathology)
Sampraapti is that which reveals the internal action

of the Doshas when they are in the act of producing a
disease.
Diseases caused by intrinsic causes show the effects
at once. Doshas get vitiated and produce the diseases.
These are judged under the following heads (1)
stagnation of the Doshas (Sanchayam), (2) exciting of the
stagnated Doshas (Prakopa), (3) migration of the excited
Doshas to the seat of disease (Prasaram), (4) location of
these Doshas there (Punarupam), (5) specific feature of
the affection is noted (Vyakti) and (6) the final stage of the
disease, either causing death or becoming chronic or
Bhedam.
The Ashtasthana Pariksha comes under the
examination of the Rupam combined with Sampraapti,
Nadi (pulse), Mootra (urine), Sabda (voice), Sparsha
(touch), Roopa (face and body), and Netra (eyes) are the
eight Sthanams to be examined.
The Til oil test will help the physician in deciding the
curability or the incurability of the disease. The figures
that are formed when a drop of oil is placed in the urine
and the direction in which the drop of oil extends first are
the guiding factors for this test.
The diseases can be very minutely examined and
diagnosed with the help of all these methods individually
and collectively.
There are some important symptoms specially

termed as Upadrava and Arishta to ascertain the
curability, incurability and the dangerous nature of a
disease. With the help of these the Ayurvedic physician
draws definite and positive conclusions.
Chapter XI
AYURVEDIC CHIKITSA
(Treatment)
The treatment of diseases caused by humours or

Doshas forms part of Chikitsa or the therapeutic branch
of Hindu Medical Science.
The principles of Ayurvedic treatment consist in
removing the injurious agent, soothing the injured body
and mind and eradicating the cause.
Treatment is twofold; (1) Dravyakritam, (2) Adravya-
kritam. The former is done with the aid of materials, i.e.,
drugs, food, etc. Adravyakritam is that which is done
without the aid of these. Vihaara, Upavasa (fasting) are
the agents here. Naturopathy comes under this.
In Ayurveda great importance is given upon the
study of the various stages of vitiation of Doshas.
Daiva Vyapaasraya, Yukti Vyapaasraya, Sattwa
Vyapaasraya are the three divisions of treatment. Daiva
Vyapaasraya is the method of treating diseases through
worship of gods, through offerings to God, chanting
hymns and Mantras. This relates to the spiritual branch
of science.
Yukti Vyapaasraya
This depends upon reasoning out the causes of
diseases and on devising suitable ways and means for its
cure. It deals with appropriate administration of food and
medicines and other combinations.
The various treatments administered for the various
diseases result in either improving the flesh and bone or
decreasing the fat and the undigested and unuseful
substances. They come under Brimhanam or
Langhanam.
(109)
no PRACTICE OF AYURVEDA
Langhanam is divided into (1) Shodhanam and

(2) Shamanam. They are divided into five and seven
varieties respectively.
Shodhanam is the process of elimination of foreign
matters and accumulations which are dangerous to the
body through the mouth, anus, nose, etc.
Shamanam (soothing process) is to absorb and bring
the disturbances into a calm condition without their
expulsion.
Sattwa Vyapaasraya means control of mind. It is the
psychological branch of treatment.
Pancha Karmas
In Shodhanam the five Karmas are (1) Vamanam,

(2) Virechanam, (3) Vasti, (4) Anuvaasana and (5) Nasya.
Shamanam
The seven factors of Shamanam are (1) Deepanam,

(2) Paachanam, (3) Kshut, (4) Trishna, (5) Vyaayaama,
(6) Aatapa (sun bath) and (7) Maaruta (air bath).
Shodhanam is intended where the disease is
superfluous and the patient is able to withstand the
strain of the same.
Before proceeding to Shodhanam, Sneha
(lubrication and massage) and Sweda (sweating) should
be practised. These regulate the circulation of blood and
produce a healthy recuperation of the tissues of the
body. The Maias (impurities) come into a position easy to
be eliminated.
Vamanam (vomiting) must be practised in the
aggravated state of Kapha, Virechanam (purgation) in
that of Pitta and Vasti (enema) in that of Vata.
Vomiting, purging, enema, Nasya (nasal purge),
Siro-virechana blood-letting (Rakta Mokshana) are the
Pancha Karmas or operations.
AYURVEDIC CHIKITSA 111
Nasya is the method of administering medicated

oils, powders, etc., through the nose. This is very
beneficial in diseases of the ear, nose, eyes, brain, etc. In
Tetanus, Nasya Karma is highly recommended.
The Six Upakarmas
They are 1. Brimhanam (promoting growth),

2. Langhanam (fasting, effecting reduction),
3. Snehanam (lubrication) 4. Rookshanam (removing fat
or drying), 5. Swedanam (promoting sweating) and
6. Sthambhanam (promoting contraction of all
channels).
Shamana Karmas
They are soothing processes. They are eight in

number: 1. Restraining thirst (Trishna Nigraha),
2. Exposure to air (Maruta or air bath), 3. Exposure to
sun (Aatapa or sun-bath), 4. Administering carminatives
(Deepana), 5. Administering digestives (Paachana),
6. Starvation (Upavasa), 7. Physical exercise
(Vyaayaama) and 8. Unmardanam (hard massage).
Gargling (Gandusha), fumigation and smoking
(Dhumrapana), collyrium (Anjana), caustics (Kshara),
scorching (Agni Karma) are aids to these methods.
Treatment by Drugs
Brahmi is the best drug in epilepsy (Apasmara),
goat’s milk is highly beneficial in consumption, fresh
ginger is very useful in slow digestion, Goksheera is very
useful in Mootra Krischhra (painful urination). Shilajit is
the best medicine in diseases of the bladder, iron oxide is
best in anaemia (Pandu), Triphala is the best drug in
diseases of the eye, buttermilk is the best medicine in
chronic diarrhoea (Grahani), Pippali is the best drug in
diseases of the spleen, Guggulu is the best drug in
rheumatism and lumbago, Vidanga is the best drug for
worms.
Poisons and Their Antidotes

The treatment of poisons and their antidotes come
under the head of Kalpa.
Datura, arsenic, etc., are Sthavara poisons. They are
cured by emetics, purgatives, errhines, collyria and
antiphilogistic treatment.
Jangama poisons include venoms of insects,
scorpions, spiders, lizards, serpents, etc.
Ayurveda did not ignore that blood also is a chief
agent in causing diseases. In such cases special care to
treat the condition of blood is chiefly recommended.
Chapter XII
INDIAN MATERIA MEDICA
The ancient Hindus made tremendous progress in

the science of Materia Medica. The Materia Medica of
India is very voluminous.
India is a vast and fertile country. It contains
abundant herbs or medicinal plants. The ancient
Ayurvedic physicians examined and studied all the herbs
that came under their observation and classified them
into groups or Ganas. Charaka gives 50 groups of ten
herbs each. Sushruta has arranged 760 herbs in 37 sets
according to some common properties. They have also
described the proper seasons for gathering the herbs, the
period of their growth, when they possess their
distinctive properties, the localities from where they
should be collected and the way of treating them,
extracting their active principles and preserving them.
Agnivesha, a disciple of Charaka enumerates 500
classes of medicinal agents. They are arranged according
to their virtues in curing diseases. The chief notable
feature in connection with the nomenclature of the
Indian plants is that their names are descriptive either of
their character or property.
Charaka Samhita and Sushruta’s Ayurveda are the
oldest and most reputed books on Hindu medicine.
Charaka is older than Sushruta.
Atreya, son of Atri Rishi, taught the holy Ayurveda to
six students, namely, Agnivesa, Bhela, Jatukarna,
Parasara, Harita and Kharapani. Agnivesa first wrote a
treatise on medicine. It was edited and corrected by
Charaka. Vagbhata wrote Ashtanga Hridaya. Sushruta
was written in Banaras.
(113)
Ashtanga Hridaya Samhita was compiled by Simha

Gupta Sena Vagbhata. It is a mere compilation from
Charaka and Sushruta methodically arranged.
The Materia Medica of the Hindus is a marvel to the
modern investigator. The properties of drugs belonging
to the animal, vegetable and mineral kingdoms and of
the articles of food essential to the maintenance of
health, strength and vitality are fully described here. The
theoiy which forms the basis of the investigation is that
every substance, whether animal, vegetable or minereil,
possesses five properties namely Rasa, Guna, Veerya,
Vipaka and Prabhava.
Charakacharya says, “the best medicine is one
which cures a disease and the best physician is one who
relieves the suffering of a patient. The best medicine for
people living in any particular countiy is the one that
grows in that country.”
Though Ayurvedic system of medicine is slow in
giving relief to the patients, it is ultimately sure in its
results. It never produces those after disturbances which
the administration of violent, foreign drugs effects in the
debilitated system of patients.
Bhava Misra, son of Lataka Misra, has written a
book on medicinal herbs.
Sushruta says that the physician should go to the
jungles and gather the herbs when they are in flowers.
They should avoid those injured by insects.
Dhanvantari Nighantu is much the same as followed
by Charaka. It is am old treatise. Some ascribe the
authorship to Dhanvantari, the father of Indian Medicine
Raja Madanapala wrote, «“Madana-Vinoda”. He
increased the list of Indian herbs such as pellitory,
geunbier, etc.
Narahari, a learned physician of Kashmere wrote an
excellent work called “Raja Nighantu”.
INDIAN MATERIA MEDICA 115
Shodhala who came after Narahari wrote a book on

Materia Medica. He was a Gujarati Brahmin. His work is
chiefly based on Dhanvantari Nighantu. He has added 80
drugs.
All parts of medicinal plants may be used. Root, as of
Chitraka; underground stem as of Surana; leaves as of
Vasaka; fruits as the three Myrobalams; flowers as of
Dhataki; extract, as catechu, opium; bark as of Kurchi,
Ashoka; wood as of sandal; gum as Myrrh, Asafoetida.
Sometimes the entire plant is used as Rantakari.
The Nighantu adopts the following classification:
I. Strongly scented substances, 2. Moderately scented
substances, 3. Weak scented substances, 4. Extracts,
5. Sweet plants, 6. Acid plants, 7. Bitter herbs, 8. Flower
plants, 9. Fruit bearing creepers, 10. Small shrubs,
II. Creepers, etc.
Material objects have six tastes, 20 sorts of qualities,
cind two forces. The six tastes are sweet, acid, salt, bitter,
pungent and astringent. The twenty qualities of objects
are: Heavy, light, soft, dull, oily, consistent, watery, hot,
fixed, sharp, tremulous, delicate, demulcent, smooth,
harsh, transparent, hard, pungent, coarse and cold. The
two forces are heating and cooling.
The virtues of the Indian medicinal plants were
known in other coimtries also. Hippocrates in his
Materia Medica recommends several Indian plants such
as Jatamansi, Kunduru, ginger, black pepper etc.
Dioskorides, a Greek physician investigated the
medicinal virtues of many Indian plants which were then
taken to the market of Europe and incorporated them in
his book on Materia Medica.
The Indian Medicinal Herbs

The central fact of Indian Culture is its conception of
the spiritual Ideal. Its core and essence is the
fundamental belief that the attainment of perfection is
the sole purpose of man’s life. Thus the worth and value
of all the other parts and aspects of our life is estimated

and equated in terms of their utility in serving this
central Ideal. The value of human birth and body was
accepted because man’s body was recognised as the
supreme instrument through which to strive for reaching
life’s great consummation. The ancient seers, the Rishis
of wisdom, therefore, spared no pains in carefully
evolving a great system of Medicine to help to keep this
precious instrument, i.e., the human body, in perfect
trim. The maintenance of the body in proper disease-free
condition and perfect health was a sacred duty of man,
for it constituted the primary means of all attainments
because, “Health is the supreme Good of attainment of
the Good Life, of all wealth, fulfilment of cherished
desires and ultimate Liberation”. The intuitive sages of
India were in full awareness of this important fact, for,
notwithstanding their lofty idealism, they had the
admirable faculty to be intensely practical and thorough.
The Indian seers in the past have devoted special
attention to the study of health, disease and
therapeutics. They have looked upon Ayurveda or the
Science of Life as another Veda.
Ayurveda believes in treatment by herbs, which form
its mainstay. The greater part of the treatment of
Ayurvedic practitioner is by medicinal herbs. How very
minute and how thoroughly scientific their study of the
herbs and their characteristics are amply evidenced by
the scholarly treatises of these ancient scientists in
which subjects they have given us the results of their
admirable researches.
Besides this evidence, the very fact of these herbal
medicines continuing to be widely used with remarkable
success, even up to this day, by quite modem Ayurvedic
medicinal practitioners all over India, is a patent proof
beyond any doubt about the high and enduring merits of
this system of therapeutics.
The high development and specialisation of herbal

medication in this country has been a direct outcome of
the fact that due to her vastness and fertility India bas
the unique advantage of possessing a wide range of
climatic, geographical and geological conditions wherein
came to flourish an infinite variety of numerous, rare and
precious herbs. The ancient seer-scientists were ardent
lovers of scope for close observation of the rich herbal
wealth of the vegetable kingdom. Theirs has been a
critical examination and study of almost all the
important medicinal herbs. Thus a good deal of
literature, deeply interesting and greatly informative,
came into being on this branch of knowledge. One of the
greatest authorities upon this subject is the illustrious
author Charaka whose invaluable work, the
“Charaka-Samhitd is still accepted as the standard
classical work on Medicine. It forms by far the most
exhaustive treatise, and in it Maharshi Charaka gives
nearly fifty different groups of medicinal herbs; naming
ten herbs under each group. These fifty groups or Ganas,
he considers as being quite sufficient for the purpose of
the average medical practitioner. Another great
authority, the able author Sushruta, who is ranked
equal with Charaka, has mentioned about 760 herbs
which he has divided into thirty-seven Ganas or groups
in accordance with certain common characteristics. His
masterly work was translated into Arabic as early as
twenty centuries ago somewhere about 800 A.D. Later,
translations into Latin and German also appeared.
Charaka’s works too were translated into Arabic and
references are made in several Latin works of eminent
Western physicians.
The grouping of these medicines by these writers
reveal an astonishing knowledge, of pathology and
disease therapeutics, of the savants of so ancient a
period. In the wide range of these grouping are included
Anaesthetic, Anecbolic, Anthelmintic, Anemetic,
Anodyne, Antibromic, Anti-colic, Anti-fat, Antasthmatic,
Anticholeric, Anti- scorbutic. Antihypnotic, Anuretic,

Antipyretic, Antipsoric, Anti-Phlegmagogue,
Antispasmodic, Astringent, Aphro- disiac. Antitoxic,
Cathartic, Calmative, Cholagoue, Carminative,
Constringent, Cosmetic, Demulcent, Diaphoretic,
Diuretic, Emetic, Drastic, Emmenagogue, Epispastic,
Expectorant, Epulotic,
Epulotic, Frigorific,
Frigorific, Fat-producer,
Flatus-Producer, Fat-former, Galactagogue,
Hypnotic, Hydragogue,
Haemostatic, Hypnotic, Hydragogue, Inerbrient,
Liquefacient, Lithonlytic, Laxative, Parturifacient,
Phlegmagogue, Purgative,Reju- venascent. Refrigerant,
Rubifacient, Restorative,
Restorative, Sialagogue, Sedative,
Semen-improver, Styptic, Tonic, Vermiparous,
Stomachic, Spermatopoietic, Voice-improver, etc. A
disciple of the great Charaka, Agnivesha by name
enumerates many more classes of medicines besides
those mentioned above. The “Bhava-Prakasha” of Bhava
Misra (another important writer on medicinal herbs)
further adds certain valuable medicines. New light is
thrown upon a number of these medicines in the
“Aatankatimirabhaskara” a comparatively recent work of
considerable size by some Ayurveda Acharya belonging
to the eighteenth century. An even most recent author
Pandit Godbole has published in the later half of last
century his “Nighanturatnakara” epitomising all the
previous works on Materia Medica with nearly fifty new
herbs added, as the result of fresh research.
The high potency and curative value of the Indian
medicinal herbs have, for long been well-recognised in
countries outside India. Even so, far back as previous to
the Christian Era, ancients like Hippocrates
recommended Indian herbs in their medical treatises.
The Greek physician Dioskorides, (100 A.D.) speaks well
of the numerous Indian plants, the medicinal virtues of
which he had thoroughly investigated before
incorporating them into his famous Materia Medica.
Later on, the physicians who came in the train of the
Mohammedan conquerors were quick to perceive the
great potency and worth of the Indian medicines, and

began to make use of them without hesitation.
Mohammed Akbar Arzani, the Court Physician of
Emperor Aurangazeb, and Nuruddin Mohammed
Abdulla Shirazee, the personal Hakeem to the great Shah
Jehan have both included numerous efficacious
medicines from the Ayurveda Materia Medica into their
famous works on medicine. And a glance at the
‘Allopathy’s Pharmacopoeia’ today will be enough proof
that the Indian herb has fully lived up to its reputation as
potent healers.
There is a special reason why medicinal herbs
constitute the most invaluable sovereign remedy for
every ailment. It is because they contain in them the
‘curative element’ in its most vital, potent, and withal,
easiest state. This is brought about by the following
factors: The herbs are God-sent apparatuses endowed
with the unique capacity of converting valuable
inorganic earth-salts, chemicals and minerals into
organic substances eminently suitable for complete
absorption into the human system. The cells in the
human body are vital tissues. Chemical drugs are inert
matter. They are never fully absorbed into the human
system and fail to go to the root of the trouble and effect a
radical cure. In herbs we have vital substances that
actually get absorbed into the very core of our tissues.
The essence of herb is the vital substance. These
remedies go to the very root of the disease and remove it
in toto as they are assimilated into the cell of the human
system. They are also, in a way, of a predigested form
because they come from the soil, specially energised by
potent rays of the sun and the gases of the atmosphere.
Thus, these herbal essences get purified and irradiated
during the hours of daylight and, in addition, store up
the healing potencies of the lunar rays. Further more the
herb forms the medicine par excellence: it is informed by
a life-principle drawn out of the power of the
Panchabhutas or the five fundamental elements, i.e.,
earth, water, fire, air and ether. The physical frame of

man is a combination of these five, and hence, the herbal
extract is the nearest approach to the most ideal
combination for administration. The secret of the
marvellous and almost miraculous curative potencies of
the herb, is the presence in them of a supra-terrestrial
force, i.e., the solar energy. The Sun is the source of
cosmic energy. It is the source of the mightiest healing
power known to mankind. Hindu seers have regarded the
Sun as Divine in nature. And the only substance known
in nature that possesses the capacity of stock-piling
solar energy in the form of a usable essence is the plant
chlorophyll. Precisely, therefore, herbs are said to
possess divine potency termed by Hindus as Divya
Shaikti.
The study of herbs is of absorbing interest. Their
administration is also simple compared to the elaborate
and complicated process of other pharmacopoeias. It is
now an established fact that the science of herbal cure is
not experimental. Its high merits and practical utility
have long been put to severe tests by the Rishis and
practitioners of the past whose researches and practical
therapeutical findings have been minutely recorded for
us in their illuminating treatises. Therein we find their
minute study of the herbs, their characteristics, habitat,
conditions for their healthy growth, their appearance,
the time of highest, potency, etc. The proper season for
gathering the herbs, the localities from which they
should be collected and the right method of processing
them, isolating the active principle and preserving it, are
all accurately and scientifically detailed.
One noteworthy point in the naming of these Indian
medicinal herbs is that in great many cases their very
names are descriptive of the specific character of
prominent appearance of the plant. This becomes an
effective means for the easy identification of the
particular herb. Thus, for instance, Acorus Calamus
has the name Ugra-gandha (strong-odour); for it is
characterised by a very pungent smell. The name

Vatsa-nabhi (calfs navel) describes the plant Aconitum
Ferox because its root resembles the umbilical cord of a
calf. Tribulus Terrestris is referred to by the significant
name Trikantaka (three-homed) as its fruit contains
three prickles. Ricinus Communis goes by the name
Chitrabija (spotted seed) due to its seed being speckled
by white or brown patches. Datura Alba is named
Ghanta- pushpa (bell-flower) due to the shape of its
flowers. The long and cylindrical podded Cassia Fistula
gets the name Deergha-phala (long fruit) and the plant
Sapindus Emargi- natus is called Bahuphena (very
foamy) because its berries produce a rich soapy lather
when rubbed and shaken with water.
A full study of all the herbal medicines is not a
possibility in the columns of a magazine. Even a detailed
consideration of the most important of the herbs does
not come within the province of an arlicle. Hence a few of
the very prominent and widely used herbs are discussed
here chiefly with a view that they may serve to give the
interested reader some idea of the precious gems that are
to be found in the mine of the Ayurvedic Materia Medica.
Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera)
It is one of the important tonic medicines in the

herbal Materia Medica. It is generally found all over
India. It is a straight growing shrubby plant between 2 to
4 feet tall. Both its leaves and flowers are somewhat
rounded in shape. The root is thin and tapers conically.
The root is sedative, tonic, alterative, aphrodisiac and
nutritive.
It is used in doses of about 30 grains in cases of
consumption, rickets, senile debility, rheumatism, and
all types of debility, neurasthenia and nervous
breakdown, brain-fag, loss of memory, loss of muscular
strength, and it strengthens semen and is therefore used
with success in spermatorrhoea and impotency. It
possesses Vasayana Guna, i.e., quality of infusing flesh
strength and energy, and is thus a valuable protective

tonic-food for the system when worn out by ravages of
constitutional diseases like Syphilis, Rheumatic fever
etc. As a nervine sedative, it is serviceable in Insomnia.
Ashwagandha is also a Galactagogue and is given to
nursing mothers to increase lactation. For weak children
the Ashwagandha root, reduced to a paste and given with
milk and clarified butter, forms an invaluable dietaiy
supplement. A fortnight’s course is sufficient to bring
about a tangible improvement.
The herb is administered in the form of powder,
extract, confection and also decoction.
Apamarga (Achyranthes Aspera)
It is a prickly chaff-flower—an annual herb. It is

laxative, diuretic and alterative. It also has emetic
property. It is pungent.
Due to its alterative properties, Apamarga is used as
a blood-purifier. Though emetic in large doses yet when
given in small doses, it is a useful expectorant. In
powder-form it is taken with honey in conditions of
asceites, dropsy, enlargement of glands and cutaneous
affections. Externally Apamarga is used as application tn
cases of dog-bite, snake-bite, etc.
Arka (Calotropis Gigantea)
A middle sized milky shrub. Emetic, purgative,

rubefacient, alterative, digestive and abortifacient.
A well-known medicinal plant famous all over India
as a herb of versatile therapeutical value. There are two
varieties, one with white flower and the other having a
somewhat reddish flower. The former variety is more
abundant in U.P., Sindh, Punjab and Bihar.
The leaves reduced to ash with P^rt of rock salt
when administered in whey in 10 to 15 grain doses,
forms a valuable remedy in all affectations of spleen, liver
and stomach. 5 to 20 grains of the powdered root-bark is
used in a variety of conditions like leprosy, constitutional

syphilis, ulcerations, skin-diseases, glandular swellings,
poisons, worms, anasarca, etc. Due to its remarkable
action in Syphilitic affectations Arka is referred to as
“Vegetable Mercury”. It is useful in pyrexia, which it
lowers by causing diaphoresis. The root, rubbed into
paste with rice gruel is used externally with effect as an
application in Elephantiasis and enlarged scrotum. The
millq^ sap of thin plant cures chronic obstinate eczema
and ring worm and ripens boils quickly. Even Plaque
Buboes are aborted by the repeated application of the
milk of Arka plant. In most of the cases the patient is
saved. The milk is a poison and, therefore, constitutes a
valuable counter-irritant and a good antidote to
poisonous bite of reptiles. It is used on the spot of the
bite.
Brahmi
Herpestis Monniera or Gratiola Monniera; also

known as ‘Jalneem’ and Mandukapami (another sister
herb: the Hydrocotyle Asiatica; also known as
Brakma-manduki)’.
Brahmi is a marshy labrous runner. Mandukaparni
is a prostrate perennial herb: grows by the banks of
rivers and streams amidst common grass and is usually
surrounded by the latter. In very many ways these two
herbs are closely similar in their medicinal properties so
that they have come to be regarded as almost
interchangeable herbs.
Brahmi is a wonderful herb. It is possessed of
peerless therapeutical values. Rarely is it possible to
come across a herb of such great worth. It is slightly
bitter, diuretic and nervine tonic. It is useful in
★ In Punjab and Uttara Pradesh the Creeper Hydrocotyl Asiatica is
regarded as Brahmi but the physicians of bengal take Cratiola
Monniera as Brahmi.
blood-pressure and skin diseases and also valuable as a

voice-improver.
It is a brain tonic par excellence. It cools the brain,
strengthens and sharpens the intellect; increases
memory power and infuses vigour and radiance. It
purifies the whole system. It is a first-rate herb to cleanse
the system by eliminating all sorts of poisons. It is,
therefore, very useful in leprosy, syphilitic and
scrofulous ulceration, obstinate eczema, cutaneous
affections and psoriasis. It is administered in powder as
well as liquid form. Ghee, medicated with it, is prescribed
for brain and voice, and externally the oil is much in
vogue.
Arjuna (Terminalia Arjuna)
A huge white-barked tree. A most valuable Cardiac

tonic and stimulant. It is a hemostate—very cooling. It is
invaluable in heart-diseases where stimulant action is
indicated. It also acts with wonderful effect in local
inflammation of the heart. It has a Glucoside that is
extremely useful in heart-disease. It slows the
palpitation of heart but strengthens the force of the beat.
Arjuna has all the valuable properties of Digitalis but has
one great advantage, namely, it is entirely
non-poisonous whereas Digitalis is a deadly poison.
Arjuna is used with great effect in Cardiac dropsy. Since
very ancient times it has been used in all heart-diseases.
It is very quick in its action and, withal, safe. In feeble
pulse and in palpitation, tablets of Arjuna, allowed to
dissolve gradually in the mouth, work miraculously. The
effect on the pulse is immediate and lasting too. It is also
useful as a diuretic. The whiter the colour of the bark the
greater is its efficacy.
Chirata (Swertia Chirata)
A perennial hilly herb. There are certain varieties of

the plains also as the Chirata of Tamil Nadu and
Maharashtra. But the northern variety of the hills in

Punjab is preferable, and the best is recognised to be the
Chirata grown in Nepal. It is a plant about 3 to 4 feet in
height. The leaves are of large size at the lower end of the
plant and get smaller in size at the top. The leaves are
characterised by five or six linear markings or veins upon
them.
Chirata is a bitter tonic, laxative, febrifuge and
anthelmintic. In India it has been for centuries used
widely with success as an effective substitute for Quinine
in Malaria. In such cases its tincture or the cold infusion
is used. If the decoction is boiled, its medicincd value is
somewhat lessened. Even then it is useful to some
extent. It is also a good tonic after fever. The herb is used
when there are flowers in the plant. Great benefit is
derived from administering Chirata in a variety of liver
complaints. It flushes the liver and reduces enlargement.
It contains Chiratin and Ophelic acids.
The special noteworthy feature about Chirata is its
non-toxic nature. It acts effectively against Malaria
avoiding at the same time the unpleasant reactions of
Quinine or Cinchonism.
Bala (Sida CordifoUa)
There are four varieties of this herb. Their properties

are all more or less similar. Besides Bala the other three
varieties are Ati-Bala, Maha-Bala and Naga-Bala.
Bala is a common weedy herb. Ati-Bala is a large
annual shrub. Maha-Bala is a pale flowering plant.
Naga-Bala is an erect spiny shrub. Its Latin name is Sida
Spinosa.
Properties: All are muscilaginous, diuretic, cooling,
astringent and nutritive. They impart radiance, beauty
and strength to the body. They strengthen the vital force
and remove seminal weakness.
Preparations of Bala are administered in the form of
medicated ghees, powders or confections. They are used
with effect in sexual and general debility, rheumatism,

fevers, bleeding, heart diseases, blood-pressure and
gout.
Kutaja (Holarrhena Antidysenterica)
Its bark and seeds are astringent, very useful in

dysentery, bleeding and in piles. It is a small tree very
graceful in appearance. It grows in the hilly tracts: in the
Himalayas, the Vindhyas and the Ghats of South India.
It seldom grows in the plains except in some rare places
in Bengal. It has a pale coloured slightly sweet-smelling
flowers about two to three inches in size, that generally
bloom during the rainy season. The fruit is straight
bean-stalk like, about a foot long and half an inch in
diameter spotted slightly with white. It contains barley
shaped seeds.
Kutaja is one of the most effective medicines in
dysentery. The efficacy of both the bark and the seeds
was well-known to the ancients. Modem research has
now proved amply that the bark is an effective
amoebicide. It contains conesine, an alkaloid which is
suitable for oral administration. It is a specific remedy for
amoebic dysentery. As powerful as Emetine yet Kutaja
does not produce any of the toxic effects produced by the
former. In chronic cases particularly the action of Kutaja
is nothing short of marvellous.
Punarnava (White variety: Trianthema Monogina;

Red variety: Boerhasvia difTusa).
Punarnava is a prostrate succulent herb. The red

variety is more commonly found than the white one. It
creeps along the ground and at times covers an area 4 to
5 feet square. It has tiny flowers growing in button like
bunch and juicy.
Allopaths have incorporated this herb in their
pharmacopoeia wherein it is known as Extractum
Punarnava Liquidum. The white Punarnava is
stomachic, expectorant and slightly laxative. It has

remarkable diuretic properties and is hence invariably
used in cases of ascites.
The red variety too is similar in action, and is also
used in hepatic and splenic enlargements, and also as a
renal antiseptic in gonorrhoea and dysuria. Punarnava
has the quality of reducing inflammation and is,
therefore, found to be very effective in internal abscess,
jaundice and piles. The white herb in tincture is useful in
insomnia.
Sariva (Hemidesmus Indicus)
This is the Indian or Country Sarsaparilla. It is a

demulcent, alterative, diaphoretic, diuretic, tonic and
blood-purifier.
Sariva is a low twining shrub. It grows abundantly in
Bengal. It is found in other hilly tracts of India. It is a
creeper. It contains a sweet aromatic essence known as
Counmarin. But the dried root is devoid of flavour or
aroma. It is well-known in India as Anantamool. It acts
as a good diuretic increasing the flow of urine copiously.
It is used with great effect in the secondary and tertiary
stages of Syphilis and ordinary skin diseases, too.
Prolonged use is indicated in the former case. It is
administered in the form of extract, syrup, tincture or as
infusion.
Ashoka (Saraca Indica)
A very valuable Uterine styptic (drug that checks

bleeding). Bark and flowers are used in uterine
affectations like Menorrhagia.
Ashoka is a large beautiful ever-green tree found all
over India but particularly abundant in Malabar, Bengal
and M.P. The leaves are like that of mango tree, but of a
deeper green colour and tender. Flowers are red. The
bark is of a muddy brownish appearance externally but
is of red colour upon the inner side. Its chief use is in
uterine troubles in which it is often used in the form of

decoction. It is a first-rate remedy and tonic in all sorts of
troubles of the womb. It regulates the periodical
menstrual flow. It is one of the best uterine tonic and its
use averts the possibility of abortion in weak females.
India has ever been evolving art after art, science
after science as her contribution to the common heritage
of all the nations of the world. Her greatest gift to the
world is the gift of the spiritual science of Self-perfection.
Next to it I would place this Science of Life, the Ayurveda
as a precious gift to be carefully developed and broadcast
to all nations. It is a national duty of every Indian.
Inorganic Materia Medica

(Mineral Medicines)
Mineral or inorganic medicines are generally

described under five heads, namely, Rasa or mercury,
Uparasa or metallic ores and earths, Dhatu or metals,
Lavana or salts and Ratna or precious stones.
The metals are divided into two classes—principal
and secondary. The principal metals or Dhatus are seven
namely, Svama (Gold), Rupya (silver), Tamra (copper),
Banga (tin), Seesaka (lead), Yashada (zinc) and Loha
(iron).
The secondary metals which contain any of the
principal metals or their compounds, are also seven,
namely, Tuttha (sulphate of copper), Sindura (red oxide
of lead), Shilajit (bitumen), Kamsya (brass), Reeti
(calcined zinc), Swamamakshika (yellow pyrites),
Tamramakshika (white pyrites).
Sulphur, talc or mica, calamine, alum, borax, chalk,
conch shells orpiment, lead stone, realger, sulphate of
iron, cinnabar, sulphate of lead, red sulphide of mercury,
bisulphide of arsenic, ter sulphide of arsenic, sulphide of
lead, lapis lazuli, carbonate of zinc, litharge come under
the category of Uparasas.
The precious stones (Ratnas) are also divided into

two classes, principal and secondary. Heera (diamond),
Manikya (ruby), Neela (sapphire), Garutmata (emerald),
Pushparaga (topaz), Gomeda (onyx), Vaidurya (lapis
lazuli or cat’s eye), Mauktika (pearl) and Pravaala (coral).
Pearl and coral belong to the animal kingdom.
The secondary stones are Suryakanta (sun-stone),
Chandrakanta (moon-stone), Sphatika (crystal),
Haritshyama (turquoise) and Kancha (glass).
The principed salts that are included in the Indian
Pharmacopoeia are Saindhava (rock salt), Sambhara
(Sambhara lake salt), Samudra (sun dried sea salt),
Navasara (ammonium chloride), Yavakshara (carbonate
of Soda), Suryakshara (nitrate of potash), Tankana
(borax).
The Ayurvedic physicians have for ages past used
Mandura (hydrated oxide of iron), Pashanabheda
(carbonate of iron and lime), Yashadapushpa (oxide of
zinc), Rasasindura (sulphide of mercury), Rasakonpura
(corrosive sublimate), Shankavisha (arsenious acid).
Metals and metallic compounds must be purified in
order to remove their impurities. They will produce
diseases if they are used in an unpurified state. The
metals are purified by repeatedly heating their plates and
plunging them in oil, whey, sour conjee, cow’s urine,
Kulatha decoction. They can be dipped in the juice of the
plantain tree also.
Metals and metallic compounds are reduced to
powder or Bhasma (oxide) by various processes. The
furnace for heating metals is usually a pit in the ground
called Gajaputa. It is made one and a quarter cubits in
depth, length and breadth. This is filled with dried balls
of cowdung. The metals or metallic compounds to be
burnt are enclosed in a covered crucible and placed in
the centre of pit within the balls of cowdung, which are
then set fire to and allowed to burn till consumed to
ashes.
Vegetable drugs become inert after a year; powders

keep up their power for two months, pUls and tinctures
for a year and oily preparations for sixteen months. But
Bhasmas are infinitely more effective than the vegetable
drugs. They are given in very small doses.
The literature on metallic remedies is very
voluminous in Ayurveda. The metallic oxides do more
harm than good if they are not carefully and properly
prepared.
Chapter XIII
HOME REMEDIES
Everyone should possess an elementary knowledge

of the “Household Remedies.’ Even an elementary
knowledge of the “Practical Household Remedies’ will go a
long way in alleviating-human sufferings and saving
valuable lives. All cannot afford to pay the doctor’s bill
and purchase costly patent medicines. The results
achieved by ““Chamberlains Cough Remedy” or ““Venos
Lightning Cough Cure” can be very easily obtained by a
decoction of the vegetable Ladies’ Finger at the cost of
one or two pies, or a lozenge made out of black pepper,
sugarcandy, liquorice and honey.
This book supplies a handy list of ““Practical
Household Remedies” and a list of very useful, practical,
potent prescriptions made up from them. There are very
good prescriptions for diarrhoea, dysentery, fevers,
malaria, indigestion, flatulence, constipation, debility,
influenza, bronchitis, cough, scurvy, rheumatism,
biliousness, liver, kidney, lung troubles, etc.
In places where there are no dispensaries ““Practical
Household Remedies” will come to your help, and guide
you like an able Family Physician.
Prakriti or Mother Nature has been very, veiy kind
and beneficent. She has placed valuable potent herbs
and plants at your backyard, immediate neighbourhood
and garden. Make use of these herbs and be healthy and
strong.
Equip your household, domestic, medicine-chest
with preparations like dysentery powder, diarrhoea
powder, cough lozenges, constipation powder, pills, etc.
Your whole family will be immensely benefited.
Rural dispensaries can give you a great deal of
medical relief at a very little cost, if ““Household
(131)
Remedies” or Bazaar medicines are intelligently,

judiciously and largely used.
In the Medical Schools and Colleges in India, Europe
and America, the students should get a knowledge of
Indian plants, herbs and drugs during their course of
study of Materia Medica. There is great potency or
potentiality in Indian herbs and plants. Many plants
have very great therapeutic value.
Free India should start now many Ayurvedic
laboratories in different parts of India to manufacture
various Ayurvedic preparations and send them to
different parts of the world and should have Ayurvedic
conquest. Ayurveda will surely have triumph over other
systems of medicine as the preparations are very potent,
cheap and produce lasting effect and permanent cure.
A doctor should have a very large Vedantic heart and
broad tolerance. He should see good in every system of
medicine. He should welcome the good from each system
and utilise it in the treatment of his patients. Every
individual has a peculiar temperament. Allopathic drug
that suits one temperament will not be suitable to
another person. Homoeopathy suits X, Allopathy suits Y
and Ayurveda suits Z. And as such a synthetic doctor
can do more good to the patients by taking recourse to
different systems. Every doctor should have a synthetic
knowledge of all systems. Every doctor should have a
perfect knowledge of the Indian plants and herbs and the
Household Remedies or Indiein Bazaar drugs.
In olden times Indian grandmothers had good
knowledge of Household Remedies. They were good
Family Physicians. Present-day Indian women also
should possess a knowledge of the herbs and plants.
Then they can attend well to the health of their families.
It is your duty and the duty of Government to see
how you enrich the forest, herbal wealth of India. If the
Government undertakes to turn the jungle herbs and
shrubs into remedies which are badly needed in our
HOME REMEDIES 133
towns and villages, you can put a check on the import of

foreign remedies and thereby save millions of rupees
every year, which can be utilised for solving more urgent
problems facing the country.
Glory to the Ayurvedic Rishis of India like Charaka,
Sushruta. Dhanvantari and others.
Chapter XIV w
COMMON HERBS
Their names in different languages
Tamil Sanskrit Hindi English

1. Chitramutti Bala Khareti Pavonia Zeylanica
■T3
2. Peramutti Mahabala Suganda Vala Pavonia Odorata
3. Karkadaga Singhi Karkatashringi Kakrasing The Galls 9
4. Karisilankanni Bhringaraj, Kesaranja Bungrah Eclipta Prostata o
M
5. Vallarai Brahmi Khulakudi Indian Pennyworth O
6. Sombu Sthula Jeerakam Motajeera Anise seeds
7. Sathakuppai Misi Suva The Dill G
8. Vasambu Vacha Bach Sweet-flag
9. Kudasapalai (Bark used) Kutaja Karva, Indarajow The Kurchi, Tellicheny bark W
o
10. Amman Pachcharisi Kshirini Dudhi Australian Asthma Weed >
11. Kandangkattiri Kanta Kaarikaa Kateli Wild egg plant
12. Mudakkatran Kamaspota Kanphata Balloon-Vine
13. Ponnangkanni Meenakshi Machhchhi Altemanthera Sessiles
14. Tumbai Dronapushpi Gumamadhupati Leucus Aspera
15. Manaththakkali Kakamachi Make Salanum Nigrum
Tamil Sanskrit
16. Chukku Nagaram
17. Atimaduram Yashti-Madhukam
18. Inji Ardrakam
19. Jadamanji Jatamansi
20. Jathikkai Jatiphalam
21. Chirakam Jirakam
22. Thalisapaththiri Talisapathram
23. Thippili Pippali
24. Nayuruvi Apamargah
25. Nervalam Jayapalah
26. Manjal Haridra
27. Vellaippundu Lasunam
28. Karimulli Brihati
29. Ati Vidayam Ativisha
30. Vendayam Methi
31. Kartazhai Kumari
32. Nilavembu Kirathathikta
33. Amukkarak Kizangu Aswagandha
34. Aduteendap palai Ajaasparshah
35. Amanakku Muththu Yeranda Beejam
36. Alivirai Chandrasura
Hindi English
Sonth Zingiber Officinalis (Dried Ginger)
Mulatthi Indian-Liquorice
Adrakh Green Ginger
Jatmasi Valerian Root
Jaiphal Nutmeg
Zira Cumin Seeds, Carawey
Talispatri Many spiked Flacortia
I
Pippali Long Pepper O
Chit-Chita Rough Chaff s
p)
Jamalgotta Purgative Croton X)
PJ
Haldi Turmeric 2
M
Lahsun Garlic D
Barahantta Indian Nightshade w
cn
Atis Indian Atees
Methi Fenugreek
Ghikauvar Aloes
Chirayata Chiretta
Aswagandha Winter Cherry
Gandan Indian Birthwort
Arandi Castor oil seeds
Chansar Lepidium Sativum o
tn
Tamil Sanskrit
37. Lavangapatri Lavangapatram
38. Etti Visha mushti
39. Elam Elah
40. Omam Yavani
41. Kadukkai Hareetaki
42. Kumkumappu Kunkuma
43. Kuppaimeni Arittamanjari
44. Kottumalli Kustumbari
45. Jathipatri Jathipatreun
46. Drakshai Draksha
47. Tottarchu ring! Namaskari
48. Pachchai payaru Mugdam
49. Agatti Agastya
50. Akrottu Akshota
51. Alari Karaveera
52. Alisivirai Atasi
53. Azhavnam Raktagarbha
54. Avarai Talapotakam
55. Kariabolam Ikshumalika
56. Karakkarunai Arsaghnakanda
Hindi English co
O'
Tejpat Chinnamum leaves
Kuchla Strychnine tree
Elachi Cardamom seeds
Ajvaian Bishops Weed
Pile Hara Ink Nut
Kesar Saffron
Kuppi Intian acalypha
Q
Dhaniya Coriander Seeds
o
Javatri Arillus n
Munakka Grapes o
Lajalu Sensitive Plant >
><
Moong Green Gram c
XI
Agti Agati Grandiflora <
p]
Akhrot Walnut D
>
Karher The Oleander
Alsi Linseed-seeds
Kurantak Henna Plant
Tarvar Tanners-cassia
Chhotakanvar Small aloe
Zaminkand Amorphophalus
Tamil Sanskrit
57. Sirupasalai Laghulonika
58. Puthina Pudina
59. Vettiver Usheera
60. Kundumani Gunja
61. Pirandai Asthisamhari
62. Perungayam Hingu
63. Valmilagu Lankesah
64. Vaivilangam Vidanga
65. Akkarakaram Aakaarakarabah
66. Atti Udumbarah
67. Abini Ahihenam
68. Arasu Aswatha
69. Chittarattai Rasna
70. Perichchu Khaijuram
71. Thirunitruppachchai Viswatulasi
72. Umattai Unmaththah
73. Erukku Arkah
74. Elumichchai Jambirah
75. Kadugu Rajika
76. Kalil Dugdhika
Hindi English
Chaulayi Portulacea Quadrifida
Pudina Marsh Mint
Balah Cuscus grass
Ratti Jequrity
Harahankar Vitis Qudrangularis
Hing Asafoetida
Kababchini Cubebs; Tail pepper
33
Baibadang Embelia Ribes O
s
Akhalkara Pellitory root p)
Gular Country Fig <0
w
Hafim Poppy s
PI
Pipal Peepul tree, Sacred Fig D
Khulanjan Galangal the lesser 3
Kajur Phoenix Ductylifera

Sabzah Sweet Basil
Dhatura Dhatura, Thom apple
Ak Mudar
Nimbu Acid Lime
Kalasarason Black Mustard
Dugdhavatee Milk Hedge plant
Tamil Sanskrit Hindi English w
00
77. Kariveppilai Surabhinimba Meeta Neem Cuny Leaf
78. Vembu Nimba Nim Margosa tree
79. Vellarikkai Urvarukam Kakri Common Cucumber
80. Vilvam Bilvah Bel Bael tree
81. Marudam pattai Arjuna Thwak Aijun Arjuna Myrobalan (bark)
82. Mathulai Dadima, Sukhaadana Anar Pomegranate T3
83. Maramarlial Daruharidra, Daarvi Jaharhaldi Treeturmeric
o
84. Nerinjil Gokshura Gokhru Small Caltraps
5
85. Kungiliam Guggulu Guggul Saul tree, resin of M
86. Neermulli Kokilakshab, Ikshuraka Talmakhana Hygrophila spinosa o
87. Katukurohini Katurohini Kutki Picrorhizakurroa §
88. Karungali Kadhira Katha Black Catechu
89. Chattichcharanai Punarnava Peescopra Trianthema decandra n
90. Intuppu Saindhava Lavanam Senda nimak Rock Salt D
>
91. Nannari Sariba Magrabu Nannar Indian Sarasaparilla
92. Thannirvittan kilangu Satavari Satawar Asparagus Racemosus
93. Moongiluppu Vamsalochana Thabashir Bamboo Manna
94. Niradimuthu Tuvarkah Jangli Badam Jangli Almond
95. Mullikkai Sringaatakah Singhada Water Chestnut
96. Parpaatakam Parpatakam Taph-jhad Mollugo Cerviana
Chapter XV
CHARAKA’S CLASSIFICATION OF DRLGS
Jeevaneeya are medicines which prolong life.

Jeevaka, Rishabhaka, Meda, Mahameda, Kaakoli,
Ksheerakaakoli, Mashapami, Mudgaparni, Jeevanti and
Yastimadhu belong to this group.
Brimhaneeya are medicines which promote
nutrition and increase corpulency. Ksheerini,
Raajakshavaka, Bala, Kaakoli, Ksheerakaakoli,
Vatyaayani, Bhadroudani, Bhaaradwaaji, Payasyaa,
Rishyagandhaa are some medicines under this category.
Lekhaneeya thin the tissues or reduce corpulency.
Musta, Kushta, Haridra, Vacha, Daaruharjidra,
Ativisha, Katuka- rohini, Bhadroudani, Bhaaradwaaji,
Payasyaa, Rishyagandhaa come under this group.
Bhedaneeya promote excretions. The following
come under this: Trivruth, Arka, Eranda, Agnimukhi,
Danti, Chitramula, Chiribilwa, Sankhini, Katukarohini,
Brahmadandi.
Sandhaneeya promote the union of fractured or
divided parts. Yashtimadhu, Guduchi, Prisnipami,
Ambashta, Samanga, Mocharasa, Daataki, Lodhra,
Priyangu, Katphala help union of fractured parts.
Deepaneeya increase the appetite and digestive
power. Pippali, Pippalimoola, Chavya, Chitraka, Sunthi,
Amla- vestasa, Maricha, Ajamoda, Bhallaathakaasthi,
Hingu help digestion.
Balya promote strength. They are tonics.
Indravaaruni, Vrishabha, Sataavari, Maashapami,
Vidaari, Aswagandha, Sthiraa, Rohini, Bala, Atibala are
all tonics.
(139)
Varnya improve complexion. Chandana, Tunga,

Tadmaka, Useera, Yashtimadhu, Manjista, Saariba,
Ksheera-Kaakoli, Sita, Lata belong to this group.
Kanthya improve the voice and cure hoarseness.
Saariba, Ikshumoola, Yashtimadhu, Pippali, Draaksha,
Vidaari, Kayaphala, Hamsapadi, Brihati, Khantakaarie
come under this category.
Hridaya promote cheerfulness, happy feeling and
joy. Amra, Aamrathaka, Lakucha, Karamarda,
Vrikshaamla, Amlavetasa, Kuvala, Badara, Baadima,
Maatulunga help cheerfulness.
Triptighna destroy satisfaction. They remove the
phlegm which causes a sense of satiety. The following are
Triptigna: Sunthi, Chitramoola, Chavya, Vidanga,
Murva, Guduchi, Vacha, Musta, Pippali, Patola.
Arsoghna destroy piles. Kutaja, Bilwa, Chitraka,
Sunthi, Ativisha, Harithaki,
HaritJiaki, Dhanvayaasaka,
Daaruharidra, Vacha, Chavya, are all useful in piles.
Kusthaghna cure all skin diseases. Kahaira,
Hareetaki, Aamalaki, Haridra, Bhallaataka, Saptapama,
Aaragwadha, Karaveera, Vidanga, Jathi, Pravaala are
useful in all skin-diseases.
Kandughnam destroy itching. Chandana,
Jataamaamsi, Aaragwadha, Naktamaala, Nimba,
Kutaja, Sarshapa, Yastimadhu, Daaruhardra, Musta
come under this category.
Krimighnam destroy parasites. Sigru, Maricha,
Gandira, Kebuka, Vidanga, Nirgundi, Kinihi, Gokshura,
Bhaaragi, Aakshupamika, all destroy germs.
Vishaghna act as antidotes to poisons. Haridra,
Manjishta, Raasna, Sukshmila, Syaama, Chandana,
Kataka, Sireesha, Sindhuvaara, Sleshmaataka all
destroy poison.
Stanyajanana improve the secretion of milk.
Virana, Saab, Shastika, Ikshumoola, Kusamoola,
CHARAKA’S CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS 141
Darbhamoola, Kaasamoola, Gundra Utkatamoola,

Katrianamoola—all help the secretion of milk.
Sthanyasodhana purify milk. They improve the
quality of milk. Paathaa, Sunthi, Devadaaru, Musta,
Murvaa, Guduchi, Kutajabeeja, Bhunimba,
Katukarohini, Saariba purify milk.
Sukrajanana increase the secretion of semen.
Jeevaka, Rishabhaka, Kaakoli, Ksheerakaakoli,
Mudgapami, Maasha- pami, Meda, Sataavari,
Jataamaamsi, Karkatakasringi come under this group.
Sukrasodhana purify the semen. Kustha,
Elavaaluka, Katphala, Samudraphena,
Kadambaniryaasa, Ikshukanda, Ikshuraka, Vasuka,
Useera are all purifiers of semen.
Snehopayoga promote lubrication. Draaksha,
Yastimadhu, Guduchi, Meda, Vidaari, Kaakoli,
Ksheerakaakoli, Jeevaka, Jeevanti, Saalapami come
under this group.
Svedopayoga promote sweat. Sigru, Erandamula,
Arka, Vrischira, Punarnava, Yava, Tila, Kuluttha,
Maasha, Badariphala promote sweat.
Vamanopagam promote vomiting. Madhu,
Yastimadhu, Kovidaara, Karubudaara, Neepa, Vidula,
Bimbi, Sanka- pushpi, Arka, Pratyakpushpi come under
this category.
Virechanopagam promote purgation. Draaksha,
Kaasmaree, Parushaka, Abhaya, Aamalaki, Vibhitaki,
Kuvala, Badara, Karkandhu and Pilu promote purgation.
Asthaapanopagam are medicines for use in
non-oily enemas. Trivruth, Bilwa, Pippali, Kushta,
Sarshapa, Vacha, Kutajabeeja, Satapushpa,
Yashtimadhu, Madanaphala are all non-oily enemas.
Anuvasanopayoga are medicines for oily enemas.
Raasna, Devadaaru, Bilwa, Madanaphala, Satapushpa,
Punarnava, Vrishcheera, Gokshura, Agnimantha,
Syonaka all come under this group.
Sirovirechanopayoga promote discharge from the

nose. Jyotishmati, Kshavaka, Maricha, Pippali, Vidanga,
Sigru, Sarshapa, Apaamaarga, Sweta, Mahaasweta, all
come under this group.
Chhardinigrahanam relieve vomiting. Jambu,
Aamra- pallava, Maadiphala, Badara, Daadima, Yava,
Yasthimadhu, Usmeera, Mrith, Laaja all relieve vomiting.
Trishnaanigrahanam relieve thirst. Sunthi,
Dhanvayaasa, Musta, Parpataka, Chanana, Bhunimba,
Guduchi, Useera, Mrith, Laaja all relieve thirst.
Hikkanigrahanam relieve hiccup. Sati,
Pushkaramoola, Badarabeeja, Kantakaari, Brihati,
Vriksharuha, Hareethaki, Pippali, Duraalabha,
Karkatakasringi are all useful in hiccup.
Purishe Sangrahaniyam render the faeces
consistent. Priyangu, Anantha, Aamraasthi, Katwanga,
Lodhra, Mocharasa, Samanga, Dhaataki, Baamgi,
Padmakesara come under this group.
Purisha Virajaneeyam alter the colour of the faeces.
Jambu, Sallkitwak, Kachchura, Yashtimadhu,
Mocharasa, Devadaru-niryasa, Bhrutamrit, Payasyaa,
Utpal, Tilakana all alter the colour of the faeces.
Mootra-sangrahaneeyam reduce secretion of urine.
Jambu, Aamra, Plaksha, Vata, Kapeetana, Udumbara,
Aswaththa, Bhallaathaka, Asmanthaka, Somavalka all
reduce the secretion of urine.
Mutra-virechaneeyam increase urine.
Vrikshaadani, Swadamstra, Vasuka, Suryaavrata,
Paashaeinabhedi, Darbha, Kusa, Kaasa, Musta,
Utkatamoola all these increase urine.
Kaphahara relieve cough. Draaksha, Hareethaki,
Aamalaki, Pippali, Duraalabha, Karkatasringi,
Kantakaari, Punamava, Taalaki, Vruschira all relieve
cough.
Svaasahara cure difficult breathing or Asthma. Sati,
Pushkaranamula, Amlavetasa, Ela, Hingu, Agaru,
CHARAKA’S CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS 143
Surasa, Taamalaki, Jeevanti, Chandan are useful in

Asthma.
Sothahara cure swelling. Paatala, Agnimandha,
Syonaka, Bilwa, Kaasmaree, Kantakaari, Brihati,
Saalapami, Prisniparni, Gokshura, (Dasamoola) cure
swelling.
Jwaraharam relieve fever. Saariba, Sarkara,
Paatha, Manjistha, Draaksha, Peelu, Parushaka,
Hareethaki, Aamalaki, Vibheetaki relieve fever.
Sramaharam relieve exhaustion. Draaksha,
Khaijura, Piyala, Badaara, Daadima, Phalgu,
Parushaka, Ikshu, Yava, Shastika relieve exhaustion.
Daahaprasamanam relieve burning sensation.
Laaja, Chandana, Kaasmaree, Madhuka, Sarkara,
Neelotpala, Usheera, Saariba, Guduchi, Hribera relieve
burning and reduce heat in the body.
Seethaprasamana relieve cold. Tagara, Agaru,
Dhaanyaka, Sringabera, Ajmoda, Vacha, Kantakaari,
Agnimandha, Syonaka, Pippali relieve cold.
Udardaprasamanam relieve rashes. Tinduka,
Piyaala, Badara, Khadira, Kadara, Saptapama,
Aswakama, Arjuna, Asana, Irimeda are useful tn rashes.
Angamardaprasamanam relieve bodily pains.
Vidarigandha, Prisniparni, Brihati, Kantakaari, Eranda,
Kaakoli, Chandana, Useera, Ela, Madhuka help relief
from bodily pains.
Sulaprasamanam relieve colic. Pippali,
Pippalimoola, Chavya, Chitraka, Sunthi, Maricha,
Ajamoda, Ajagandha, Jeeraka, Gandeera relieve colic.
Sonitathapanam restore blood. Madhu, Madhuka,
Kumkuma, Mocharasa, Loshta, Lodhra, Gairaka,
Prenkhana, Sarkara, Laaja restore blood.
Vedanaasthapana relieve suffering. Arjuna,
Katphala, Kadamba, Padma, Kumuda, Mocharasa,
Sirisha, Vanjula, Ela, Valuka, Asoka all relieve suffering.
Samjnaasthapana restore consciousness. Hingu,

Katphala, Irimeda, Vacha, Sati, Brahmi, Golomi,
Jataamaamsi, Guggulu, Katurohini restore
consciousness.
Prajaasthapana cure sterility. Indravaaruni,
Brahmi, Durvaa, Swetadurvaa, Paatali, Aamalaki,
Hareethaki, Katurohini, Bala, Prenkhana, are useful in
pregnancy.
Vayasthaapana prevent the effects of age. Guduchi,
Hareethaki, Aamalaki, Raasna, Sweta, Jeevanti,
Satavari, Brahmi, Sthira, Punarnava help rejuvenation.
Chapter XVI
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS-I
Angamardaprashamana (Antispasmodic) as
Vidarigandha (costus speciosus).
Anulomana (Cathartic) as Hareetaki (terminalia
chebula).
Arshoghna (Haemostatic) as Indrayava (wrightia
antidysentrica).
Artavotpadaka (Emmenagogue) as Jyotishmati
(cardiospermum helicacabum).
Ashmareeghna (Lithonyltic), as Gokshura (tribulus
terrestris).
Avrishya (Anaphrodisiac), as Bhoostrina
(andropogon scoenanthus).
B he dan a (purgative), as Katuki (pricorrhiza kurroa).
Chhardinigrahana (Anaematic), as Dadina (punica
granatum).
Chhedana (Laxative), as Marichi (piper nigrum).
Daahaprashamana (Antipyretic), as Usheera
(andropogon nardus).
Dambha (Escharotic), as Bhallataka (semi-carpus
anacardium).
Deepaneeya (Stomachic), as Pippalimoola (piper
longum).
Garbhasraavi (Echo lie), as Girinjana (daucus
carota).
Grahi (Carminative and Exsiccative), as Jeeraka
(cuminum cyminum).
Hikkanigraha (Antisingultus), as Shati (hedychium
spicatum).
Jvarahara (Antipyretic), as Peelu (salvadora indica).
(145)
Kaphahara (Antiphlegmagogue), as Bibheetaka

(terminalia bellerica).
Kaphakara (Phlegmagogue), as Ikshu (saccharum
officinarum).
Kandughna (Antipsoric), as Chandana (santalum
album).
Kandura (Rubefacient), as Kapikachhu (mucuna
pruriens).
Kanthya (Expectorant), as Brihati (solanum
indicum).
Karshyakara (Antifat), as Gavedhu (a kind of corn).
Krimighna (Anthelninatic), as Vidanga (embelia
ribes).
Krimikrit (Vermiparaous), as Matha (phaseolus
aconitifolius).
Kuthtaghna (Antiscorbutic), as Haridra (curcuma
zedoaria).
Lalaghna (Antisialoagogue), as Jatiphala (myristica
moschata).
Lalotpadaka (
(sialagogue), as Akalakarabha
(spilanthes oleracea).
Lekhana (Liquefacient), as Vacha (acorus calamus).
Madaka (Inebrient), as Dhattura (datura
stramonium).
Mootrasangrahana (Anuretic), as Pippalachchala
(cortex ficus religiosa).
Mootravirechaneeya (Diuretic), as Kasha (poa
cynosuradies).
Nidrahara (Antihypnotic), as Shigrubeeja (moringa
pteiygosperma).
Nidrakara (Hypnotic), as Kakajangha (capparis
sepiaria).
Niromakara (Depilatory), as Raia (shorea robusta).
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS—I 147
Pittahara (Anticholeric), as Kamala (nelumbium

speciosum).
Pittakara (cholagogue), as Tvak (cinnamomum
cassia).
Prajasthapana (Anebolic), as Vishnukranta
(evolvulus hirsustus).
Pramathi (Antiphysical), as Hinga (narthex
asafoetida).
Prasvaka (Parturifacient), as Beejapura (citrus
acida).
Prativasa (Antibromic), as Karpoora (camphora
officinarum).
Purishasangrahana (Astringent), as Priyangu
(panicum miliaceum).
Rasayana (Rejuvenesent), as Guggulu (amyris
pentaphylla).
Rechana (Hydragogue), as Trivrita (ipomaea
terpethum).
Rohana (Epulotic), as Tila (seasumum indicum).
Sammohana (Anaesthetic), as Madhya (vina
medicata).
Samshodhana (Emetic and Purgative), as Devadali
(luffa echinata).
Sankochana (Constringent), as Mayophala (quercus
infectoria).
Sanjeevasthapana (Restorative), Jatamansi
(nardostachys jatamansi).
Shamaneeya (Calmative), as Amrita (coculus
cordifolius).
Sheetaprashamana (Antalgide), as Agaru (aquilaria
agallochum).
Shirovirechana (Sternutatory), as Agastya (agati
grandiflora).
Shophakara (Epispatic), as Snoohee (euphorbia

tirucalli).
Shoolaprashamana (Anticolic) as Ajamoda
(ptychotis ajowan).
Shothahara (Discutient), as Arani (premna
serratisfolia).
Shramahara (Refrigerant), as Ikshu (saccharum
officinarum),
Shronitasthapana (Styptic), as Kesara (crocus
sativus).
Shukrajanana (Spermatopoietic), as Ksheerakakoli
(hedysarum gangeticum).
Shukrala (Tonic), as Rishabhaka (helekteres isora).
Shukrashodhana (Semen-improver), as Kushtha
(saussurea lappa).
Shvasahara (Antiasthmatic), as Ela (amomum
elettarum).
Snehopaga (Demulcent), as Vidari (batatas
paniculata).
Sransana (Drastic), as Rajataru (cassia fistula).
Sthanyajanana (Galactagogue), as Sthatapushpa
(pimpinella anisum).
Sthaulyakara (Fat-former), as Panasa (artocarpus
integrifolia).
Svarya (Voice-improver), as Madhuka (glycyrrhiza
globra).
Shvedopaga (Diaphoretic), as Punarnava
(boerhaavia difiua).
Trishna Nigrahana (Frigorific) as Ashwagandha
(physalis somnifera).
Vajeekara (Aphrodisiac), as Ashvagandha (physalis
somnifera).
Vamana (Emetic), as Madana (randia dumetrorum).
Varnya (Cosmetic), as Manjishtha (rubia cordifolia).
CLASSIFICATION OP DRUGS-1 149
Vatakara (Flatus-producer) as Valtaka (dolichos

sinensis).
Ve AnBfiA«»hap*na (Anodyne). as Shireesha
(mimosa seriassa).
Visha (Toxic) as Vatsanabha (aconitum napellus).
Vishaghna (Antitoxic), as Nirgundi (vitex negundo).
Vyayayi (Sedative), as Bhanga (car.nabis sativa).
Chapter XVII
CLASSIFICATION OF DRLGS-II
Anulomana are medicines which digest the

humours and set them free. They promote excretions
and help their discharge.
Abhishyandi are medicines which retain the
secretions and cause heaviness of the body through their
qualities of heaviness or emollient qualities, e.g., Dadhi
or curd.
Bhedana are medicines which set free scybala and
other contents of the intestines and discharge them from
the bowels, without producing watery motions are called
Bhedana, e.g., Katuki {PricorrhizaKurroa}.
Balya or tonics are medicines which increase
strength.
Brimhana are medicines which promote nutrition
and increase the bulk of the body.
Chhedana are medicines which remove forcibly and
eliminate from the body phlegm or other humours, e.g.,
black pepper, emetics, expectorants, errhines, caustics.
Deepana are medicines which promote appetite but
do not help in digesting undigested food.
Grahi or inspissants are medicines which dry the
fluids of the body through their digestive and healing
properties.
Lekhana or attenuants remove bad humours by
thinning them gradually and eliminating them from the
system e.g., warm water, barley, honey, etc.
Mutrala are medicines which promote the secretion
of urine.
Pachana are medicines which assist in digesting
undigested food but do not increase the appetite.
(150)
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS—II 151
Pramathi are medicines which facilitate the removal

of collecting secretions from their tubes or receptacles,
e.g., Vacha (acorus calamus).
Rechaka are medicines which cause the discharge of
the digested or undigested contents of the intestines in a
liquid form, e.g., Trivriti (Impomeoa Turpethum).
Rasayana or alterative tonics are medicines which
prevent or remove the effects of age, increase the vigour
and cure the diseases.
Samsamana are medicines which rectify the
deranged state of the humours and calm their excited
action, without promoting the excretions.
Samsodhana are medicines which remove
collections of bad humours and discharge them by the
excretions, e.g., emetics, purgatives, errhines and other
depuratories.
Sransara are medicines which hurry the chyle or
materials for digestion without allowing them to be
properly digested, e.g., the pulp of cassia fistula.
Svedana are medicines which promote the secretion
of perspiration.
Stanyajanana are medicines which promote the
secretion of milk.
Stambhana or constipators are medicines which
increase the air and retain the secretions through their
drying and astringent properties e.g., Indrayava seeds or
Holarrhena antidysenterica.
Vamana or emetics are medicines which cause
emesis of bile, mucus and other contents of the stomach.
Wajeekarana or aphrodisiacs are medicines which
increase the sexual power.
Chapter XVIII
INDEX TO THERAPEUTIC ACTION OF BAZAAR DRUGS
Alterative (Vyadhi-bheda-kari) is a drug that alters

the morbid or unhealthy processes in the body and
restores the normal functions of an organ in some
unknown way. It corrects or alters a poisoned condition
of blood-stream and restores healthy functioning.
Example: Akrot (walnut), adhatodha, white pumpkin,
apamarga, garlic. Ammonium Chloride, bach, chiretta,
chobchini, gulancha, mudar, sarsaparilla.
Anaphrodisiac is opposite of aphrodisiac. It
depresses the sexual organ. Example: Camphor, etc.
Anti-sialagogue. A drug or substance that reduces
the flow of saliva.
Antiseptic (Dhatu Ksheenarodhi) is a remedy that
prevents putrefaction and inhibits the growth of germs.
Example: Ajowan, Benzoin, tobacco, betel, Neem oil,
cloves, sugarcane, sandal, etc.
Antispasmodic (Angeikarshana Nasini). It is an agent
or remedy that allays or relieves convulsions or
spasmodic pains. Example: Cloves, Adhatodha, Ajowan,
cannabis, saffron, tobacco, mint, asafoetida, borax,
camphor. Datura, jetamansi.
AntiUthic is a medicine or substance that prevents
the formation of stones in the gall-bladder, kidneys,
urinary bladder, etc. Example: Coffee seeds, benzoin,
mountain Neem.
Anti-philogistic. A remedy that reduces
inflammation. Example: Opium.
Anti-soporific. A remedy that prevents sleep and
keeps one awake. Example: Tea, coffee, etc.
Antidote (Vishanasini). A remedy that counteracts
the action of a poison. Example: Belladonna, opium, etc.
(152)
INDEX TO THERAPEUTIC ACTION OF BAZAAR DRUGS 153
Antibilious (Pittasantini). A remedy that produces a

soothing effect over diseases caused by excessive
secretion of bile. Example: Ginger, lemon, cumin,
coriander, etc.
Anthelmintic (Kriminasini). A remedy or medicine
that either kills or renders powerless or expels intestinal
worms (vermicide and vermifuge). Example: Bark of
walnut, adhatodha, black cumin, palas, asafoetida,
bark, fruit, root-bark and seeds of pomegranate, garlic,
leaves and seeds of Neem, baberaug, Bhoree Loth, butea
seeds, kamala, papaya, somraj, supari.
Anti-periodic. An agent that acts against the poison
of periodic fever like malaria. Example: Apamarga,
pepper.
Anti-rheumatic (Vataharini). A remedy that prevents
the Vata diseases in the body. Example: Pepper, dried
ginger.
Anti-pyretic. A remedy that reduces the temperature
of fever. Example: Pepper.
Anodyne (Vedanasantini). A drug that gives relief
from pain. Example: Opium, cannabis.
Aphrodisiac (Kamavardhini) is a medicine that
stimulates the sexual passion. Example: Walnut,
linseed, black-gram, cinnamon, cannabis, radish,
nutmeg, jalamisri, asafoetida, dates, cashewnut, lady’s
finger, methi seed, betel.
Aromatic is a drug that stimulates digestion and
appetite. It has good aroma. Example: Cardamom, Spirit
Ammonia Aromaticus, calumba, etc.
Astringent (Sankochanakari). A substance that
causes contraction of organic tissues or arrests bleeding,
diarrhoea, etc. Example: Walnut, isafgul, Ajowan, poppy
seeds, Bengal-gram, Madras-nut (coloured), ragi, guava,
horse-gram, sandal, cumin seeds, triphala, apamarga,
jambul, mint, methi seeds, gum-arabic, alum, ashoka
bark, babul gum, bael, betel leaf, betel nut, butea gum.
catechu, copper sulphate, galls, kurchi bark, kurchi

seeds, mangostin, myrobalans, opium, pomegranate.
Cardiac Stimulant (Hridushnakari) is a remedy that
stimulates the heart. Example: Chillies, coffee.
Carminative (UdaraVataharini). A drug that expels
wind from the bowels and relieves pain and corrects
digestion. Example: Lxmg pepper, nux vomica, lemon,
coriander, ginger, dried ginger (sonth), mint, asafoetida,
pepper, tailed pepper, methi seeds, garlic, white pepper,
betel. Fennel, nutmeg, Kala Mirch, pipul, Tulasi,
turmeric, Ajowan seeds, aniseed, capsicum, caraway
seeds, cardamom, chamomile, cinnamon, cloves,
coriander, cumin, dill seeds.
Cathartic. A drug that promotes evacuation from the
bowels. It is divided into (1) laxative which induces gentle
bowel movement. Example: Figs, prunes,
phenolphthalein, etc., (2) purgative which produces
copious, repeated and more watery motions. Example:
Pulvis Jalapa, Croton, etc.
Cholagogue (Pittakari). A remedy that promotes the
secretion or excretion of bile. Example: Podophyllin,
walnut seed.
Cordiac (Raktavardhini). Blood tonic. A drug that
improves the quahty and quantity of blood. Example: Fig,
sarsaparilla.
Depurative (Malinanivartini). A remedy that purifies
the animal economy. Example: Palas.
Deodarant (Bhutigandha-nasini). A remedy that
destroys, removes or collects offensive odour. Example:
Benzoin.
Demulcent (Antar Snigdhakari). The drug that
soothes or protects the mucous membrane. Example:
Black-gram, sesamum, cucumber, poppy seeds, gum,
sugarcane, wheat, grapes, Tulasi, sarsaparilla, jack,
barley, dates, plantain fruit, wood apple, onion, lady’s
Anger (bhindi), methi seeds, bara gokhru, basil seeds.
chaulmoogra, cocoanut oil, garjan oil, isafgul.

kakrasinghi, linseed oil, liquorice.
Diaphoretic is a drug that produces increased
perspiration. It reduces fever by inducing increased
perspiration. Example: Hyoscyamus, Spirit Actheria,
Nitrosi, etc.
Discutient: An agent that causes disappearance of a
swelling. Example: Neem leaves.
Disinfectant (Agantuka-roga-nasini). A remedy that
destroys germs and prevents fermentation and
putrefaction. Example: Vasambu.
Digestive (Pachanakari). A drug that promotes
digestion. Example: Ginger, bael, Ajowan, cumin, black
pepper.
Diuretic (Mootravardhtni). A drug that increases the
flow or secretion of urine. Example: Cubebs, gokhru,
gulancha, moringa root, Potas Nit., talmakhan.
Ecbolic is a drug that increases the activity of a
pregnant uterus.
Emetic (Vamanakari). A remedy that causes
vomiting. Example: Alum, Dhatura, tobacco, copper
sulphate, Jangli-pikvan, mudar, mustard, salt.
Emmenagogue (Ritu-vardhini). A remedy that
stimulates and regulates the menstrual flow. Example:
Pine-apple, adhatodha, linseed, sesamum, black cumin,
saffron, papaya, asafoetida, onions, methi leaves.
Emollient (Snigdhakari). An agent which by external
application soothes the skin. Example: Castor oil,
vaseline, isafgul, gum arabic, lady’s finger, methi seeds.
Errhine (Sirovirechani). A drug when applied to the
mucous membrane of the nose. nose, increases nasal
secretion. Example: Tobacco. •
Expectorant (Kaphakarini). A drug that promotes
expectoration of phlegm or sputum. Example: Opium,
adhatodha, jatamansi, benzoin, Tulasi, asafoetida,
dates, tailed pepper. garlic. Ammonium-chloride,
arusha, banafsa, cubebs, garjan oil, jangli pikvan, kakra

singhi, liquorice, mudar, myrrh.
Febrifuge (Jvaraharini). A remedy that lessens or
removes fever. Example: Bael leaves, betel, pepper, etc.
General Anaesthetic is a drug or substance that
stops bleeding by coagulating the blood or contracting
the arteries and arterioles. Example: Calcium-chloride,
pituitrin, opium, adrenaline, etc.
Germicide (Kriminasini). A remedy that destroys the
micro-organism or germs. Example: Adhatodha,
Vasambu. (Also see Anthelmintic).
Haemostatic (Rakta-sthambhanakari) is a drug that
arrests or restrains bleeding. Example: Opium, pine
apple, white pumpkin, pomegranate, gall-nut.
Hepatic (Yakrit-bala-kari) is an agent or medicine
that tones the action of the liver. Example:
Ammonium-chloride, etc.
Hydragogue (Jalavirechani). A drug that produces
watery motions by inducing free secretion from the
intestinal glands and removing much serum from the
intestinal blood vessels. Example: Croton.
Hypnotic or Soporific (Nidrakari) is an agent or
medicine that induces sleep. Example: Opium, cannabis.
(For opposite action see Anti-soporific).
Lactagogue (Ksheera-vardhini). A remedy that
increases the secretion of milk in the breasts of the
nursing mothers. Example: Linseed, cotton seed extract,
potatoes, black-gram, sesamum, black cumin seeds,
methi seeds, betel.
Lactifuge (Ksheeranasini). An agent that reduces or
stops the secretion of milk in the breasts. Example: The
bark of walnut, arabian jasmine.
Laxative (Malakari). A remedy that loosens the
bowels, a mild purgative. Example: Walnut seed,
liquorice, fig, castor oil, linseed, potatoes, sesamum,
Bengal-gram, sugarcane, grapes, amalaka, myrobalan.
papaya, tamarind fruit, asafoetida, radish, plantain

fruit, bael fruit, methi leaves, groundnut.
LxDcal Anodyne (Charmavedananashini). An agent
which relieves pain in the skin (locally).
Local Anaesthetic (Smritirodhakari). A substance
that produces less of sensation locally. Example: Oil of
cloves, ice, cocaine, etc.
Local Stimulant. A drug that irritates the skin
locally.
Lithontriptic (Pashanabhedini). A remedy that has
the power of dissolving the various stones in the body, in
the gall-bladder, kidneys and urinary bladder. Example:
Benzoates for phosphatic and alkalis for uric acid calculi
in the urinary tract.
Mild Diuretic (Laghu-mootra-vardhini) is a drug or
substance that slightly increases the flow or secretion of
the urine.
Muscular Tonic is a drug that tones up the muscular
tissues. Example: The seeds of pomegranates.
Madras-nut (Kalipakku).
Narcotic. A drug or remedy that produces narcosis
or stupor. Example: Opium, stramonium or Dhatura,
cannabis, nutmeg, tobacco. (Also see Hypnotic,
Soporific).
Nervine Tonic. A remedy that causes nervous
excitement or gives tone to the nervous system. Example:
Brahmi.
Nervous Sedative (Nadisamanakari). A remedy that
produces a soothing influence by lowering the functional
activity of the nervous system. Example: Potatoes,
opium, cannabis.
Nutrient or Nutretic (Poshanakari). A drug that
nourishes the body as a whole. Example: Lavang (cloves),
black-gram, sesamum seeds, cucumber, poppy seeds,
sugarcane, white pumpkin, wheat, ragi, sweet-potatoes.
maize, grapes, green-gram, barley, jack, dates, plantain

fruit.
Psu'asiticide (Krimighna). An agent that kills
parasite. Example: Black cumin.
Parturifarient (Prasavakari). A remedy that induces
the labour pain in order to hasten the delivery. Example:
Cannabis.
Purgative (Virechani). A remedy that causes copious
watery evacuation of the bowels. Example: Castor oil,
Croton, Jalapa, etc.
Refrigerant (Seetalakari) is a drug that has cooling
properties or lowers the bodily temperature. Example:
Walnut, black-gram, sandal, lemon, Bengal-gram
(Chana), sugarcane, sweet-potatoes, grapes, cocoanut
water.
Resolvent. An agent that causes the absorption of
inflammatory or other swelling. Example: pepper, hill
Neem flower.
Restorative. It is a drug or medicine or food that is
efficacious in restoring one to health and vigour.
Rubefacient (Shonakari). A drug that produces
reddening of the skin.
Sedative (Samanakari). A substance that produces a
soothing effect by lowering functioned activity. Example:
Cannabis, tobacco, borax, camphor, Dhatura,
Jatamansi, opium, asafoetida.
Sialogogue (Dravakari). A drug that increases the
flow of saliva. Example: ginger, Ajowan, tobacco, betel.
Stimulant (Ushnakari). A remedy that excites the
functions of an organ or some process of the body
economy. Example: Opium, ginger, nux vomica,
sesamum, Ajowain, cannabis, coffee, saffron, coriander,
jatamansi, cardamom, cumin, dried ginger, Tulasi,
chiretta, mint leaves, turmeric, chillies, pepper, resin,
radish, tailed pepper, onions, garlic, betel, ghee,
camphor, musk, sandalwood oil.
Stomachic (Jatharagni Vardhini). An agent that

invigorates the functional activities of the stomach.
Example: Ajowan, ginger, cloves, black cumin,
cardamom, saffron, coriander, cumin, dried ginger,
jambul, chiretta, mint, dates, chillies, radish, bael,
garlic, betel, the flower of Neem.
Tonic (Balakari). A drug that restores the normal
tone of the body. Example: Akrot, black-gram, sesamum,
Ajowan, white pumpkin, horse-gram, sarsaparilla, atis,
bach, bonduc-nut, chamomile, chaulmoogra oil,
chinchai (chatium), chiretta, chobchini, creat, gokhru,
gulancha, moringa root, mudar, Neem bark, rasaut,
salsa, sat gilo, sulphate of iron.
Uterine Tonic. A drug that tones the uterus.
Example: Ashoka.
Uterine Sedative. A remedy that produces a soothing
effect on the uterus by lessening its functional activity.
Example: Ashoka.
Vermicide is a drug that kills the worms in the
bowels. Example: Santonin, Batanaphthol, oil of
chenopodium, etc.
Vermifuge is a drug that causes expulsion of worms
from the bowels.
Vesicant (Tvakspotakari). A drug that produces
vesicles and blisters when applied to the skin. Example:
Mustard.
Chapter XIX
AYURVEDIC PREPARATIONS
(Vividha Nirman)
Anjana (eye-salve)
Asava (tincture)
Avaleha (electuary)
Basti (enema)
Bhasma (alkaline ashes)
Bindu (drops)
Chukra (vinegar)
Chuma (powder)
Dhumapana (inhalation)
Dhumra (fumigation)
Drava (acid)
Dravasveda (medicated bath)
Gandusha (gargle)
Ghrita (ghee)
Gutika (pill)
Hima (watery extract)
Kalka (paste)
Kanjika (gruel)
Kavalika (suppository)
Kvatha (decoction)
Lepa (ointment)
Manjana (dentifrice)
Modaka (bolus)
Nasya (snuff)
Paka (confection)
Pan aka (syrup)
Peya (emulsion)
Phanta (infusion)
Pindi (poultice)
Plota (lotion)
Satva (extract)
Sechana (spray)
Shrutambu (Cold water in which a very hot
piece of brick or iron is quenched)
Shukta (ferment)
(160)
AYURVEDIC PREPARATIONS 161
Svarasa (expressed juice)

Sveda (vapour)
Taila (oil)
Udvartana (liniment)
Upanaha (fomentation)
Vatika (lozenge)
Vartika (bougie)
Chapter XX
AYURVEDIC PREPARATIONS EXPLAINED
(Nirmana Vivarana)
Choorna
Chooma or powders are prepared by pounding dry

substances in a mortar with a pestle and passing the
powder through a fine cloth.
KVata (Quath)
KVata or decoctions are prepared by boiling one part

of vegetable substances with sixteen parts of water, till
the latter is reduced to one fourth. The medicines should
be pounded small, then boiled over a slow fire. The
decoction should be strained through a cloth. Decoctions
are administered with the addition of salt, honey, sugar,
treacle.
Avaleha
Avaleha or extract. Decoctions after being strained

are again boiled down to the consistence of a thick
extract. Extracts are administered with the addition of
sugar.
Vatika and Gutika
They are pills and boluses. They are prepared by

reducing a decoction of vegetable substances to a thick
consistence and then adding some powders for making a
pill-mass. Sometimes pill-masses are made of powdered
medicines with the addition of treacle or honey.
Modaka
Modaka are boluses prepared by adding powders to

cold syrup and stirring them together till uniformly
mixed. No boiling needed in this preparation.
(162)
AYURVEDIC PREPARATIONS EXPLAINED 163
Asava and Arishta
They are medicated liquors. They are prepared from

honey and treacle with the addition of various medicinal
substances. They are aU steeped in water and put aside
in earthen jars for vinous fermentation. When raw
medicinal substances are used for fermentation, the
resulting fluid is called Asava. When the decoction of
drugs only is added, the fermented liquor is called
Arishta.
They are heating, stimulating, easily digested and
stomachic.
Medicated Oils and Ghritas
These are decoctions of vegetable drugs tn oil or

Ghrita (ghee or clarified butter). The Ghritas are used
internally. The oils are rubbed on the body.
They are prepared by boiling vegetable drugs in ghee
or oil with the addition of water, milk or a decoction of
drugs.
Dravaka
This is a distilled mineral acid. A number of mineral

substances of salts are heated in a retort and the distilled
fluid is collected in a glass-reservoir.
Sankadravaka and Svalpadravaka are examples.
Seeta Kashaya
This is a cold infusion. This is prepared by steeping

one part of a drug in six parts of water for the night and
straining the fluid in the morning.
Phanta
They are infusions prepared by steeping one part of

powered herbs in 8 parts of hot water for 12 hours during
the night. Strain the liquid.
Svarasa
This is expressed juice prepared by pounding

vegetables in a mortar expressing the juice and straining
it through cloth.
Kalka
This is a paste prepared by grinding dry or fresh

vegetable substances on a stone with a muller and then
making a thin paste with the addition of water if
necessary.
Khandapaka
These are confections. They are made by adding to

syrup medicines in fine powder and stirring them over
the fire till ultimately mixed and reduced to proper
consistence. Honey is subsequently added to
confections. Syrup may be made with sugar and water or
milk or the strained decoction of some medicinal
substances.
Ayiiryedic Preparations
Arishta, Asava is a fermented drink of honey, syrup
and water with various medicined stuffs.
Bhasma is an oxide of metal or jewel.
Chooma is a powder pounded in a mortar and is
strained through a piece of cloth.
Choomarishta is mixed with a powder.
Ghrita is a medicinal preparation with cow’s ghee. It
is for internal use.
Gutika is a ball.
Kashaya, KVata is a decoction of 4 to 16 parts of
water with one part of medicine. The mixture is boiled
until one fourth remains.
Kalka is a paste of a plant bruised on a stone.
Kanjika is a fermented rice-gruel.
Kanjika guda is a mixture with syrup.

Kanjika lavana is a mixture with salt.
Lehya, Avalehya is a licking substance or confection
consisting of thick extracts from plants with addition of
sugar.
Lepa is an ointment.
Modaka is sweet, uncooked pill.
Putapaka is a roasted vegetable medicine. The stuffs
are turned into a ball which is enveloped in leaves strung
together and is covered with a layer of mud. The whole is
roasted. Then the shell is broken and the roasted
medicine is given either as a pill or a powder, or its
extract as juice with honey.
Parpati is like a pappad.
Pak is like Mysore pak, cake or chocolate.
Rasa is a mercurial preparation.
Svarasa is a natural juice, which is produced in a
mortar by pounding fresh plants.
Taila is a medicinal preparation with oil. It is for
external use.
Varti is suppository.
Vatika is a pill.
Yavagu is a meal sauce with an addition of medicinal
stuff.
ARISHTAS
Dose: to 2 tolas (1 oz.) twice a day after meals
diluted with half the quantity of water.
Abhayarishta: Chief ingredient is Hareetaki. Dose
for adults is one ounce twice daily with one ounce of
water, 15 minutes after food. Useful in piles, dysentery,
anaemia, bowel complaints, worms, chronic
constipation, spleen and liver disorders. For children
below six years 2 teaspoonfuls.
Amritarishta: Chief ingredients are Gudoochi or

Giloy, Satavari, Prapak, Saptapama (sarsaparilla),
Kaituki, Tirukutu, black cumin. This is a bitter tonic and
stimulant specially beneficial in chronic fevers, malaria,
night sweating, debility. It improves appetite. It is useful
in liver and spleen complaints.
Aijunarishta; It contains the bark of Arjuna tree,
Munakka (grapes), Madhukapushpa, old gud (jaggery).
Useful in diseases of heart, lungs and Blood-Pressure.
Ashokarishta: Chief ingredient is Ashoka Bark.
Alterative, uterine tonic and stimulant. It eradicates all
diseases of the womb and strengthens the womb. Useful
in leucorrhoea, dismenorrhoea or difficulty of
menstruation, menorrhagia and other female
complaints, amenorrhoea or absence of menstruation,
Metitis. It regulates menstruation.
It contains also triphala, dry ginger, black cumin,
bark of Vasaka, red sandal powder, the seed of mango,
neelkamal or blue lotus, Nagarmotha, dhaykapool.
Aswagandharishta: Chief ingredients:
Aswagandha, honey, Musali, white Manjistha, Hareetaki
(big), Rasna, Turmeric, Mulati (liquorice), Bidari kand,
Arjuna sal, Nagarmotha, red sandal, white sandal,
trikote. Useful in Epilepsy, general and nervous debility,
sleeplessness, loss of memory; a tonic for all rheumatic
complaints.
Balarishta; Chief ingredients are
axe Bala,
Aswagandha, Dhatakipushpa (wood fordia, Floribunda),
Satavari, Rasna, big cardamoms, cloves (lavanga),
Gokuru, Purana gud. Useful in all kinds of debility.
Rheumatic pains, asti jwara, pains in joints, heniplegia,
all discharges. Promotes health and vitality, bestows
dhatupushti.
Babbuladyarishta: Babbulka chhal (bark), Dhataki
pushpa, pippali 41ong pepper), J eyap al (nutmeg),
cardamoms, cinnamon, cloves, Nagkesar (Masuaferia),
black pepper, Tamalpatra (cinnamonum tamala). Useful
in consumption, cough, asthma, parswasool (pain in the

side of the chest), all sorts of urinary complaint,
diarrhoea, leprosy.
Dasamoolarishta: There are 71 herbs. Chief
ingredients are Guduchee (or Giloy or Amrita), Chitrak
(Plumbago zeylanica), Amla, Khadir bark, Hareetaki,
Devadaru, Mulati (liquorice), Punarnava, Pippali,
Nagarmotha, Ashtavarga, Musk, Munakka, old gud,
honey, etc. Useful in piles, leprosy, sexual and general
debility, cough, cold, consumption, pulmonary and
urinary diseases, dysentery. It purifies the womb. It is
given as a tonic to women after delivery. It is useful in
Prasuthijwara of women after delivery. It is a stimulant
when one is fatigued.
Dantyarishta; Chief ingredients are: root of
Jamalgota or croton, Chitrak, Dasmool, triphala,
Dhatakipushpa, old gud. Useful in anaemia or poverty of
blood, bleeding piles, constipation, worms, anaemia
(Panduroga), obesity. It increases appetite and digestion.
Draksharishta: Chief ingredients are Munakka (big
grapes), pippali (long pepper), cinnamon, small
cardamom, Tejpatra, Nagkesar, black pepper,
Dhatakipushpa. Useful in consumption, typhoid,
influenza, cold, cough, asthma, dyspepsia, anaemia, loss
of appetite, tonic for children. It increases Jatharagni or
the digestive fire.
Dhatryarishta; Chief ingredients are Green Amla
juice, sugar, honey, pippali, Dhatakipushpa. Useful in
jaundice, anaemia, fever, malaria, blood pressure,
cough, hiccup, asthma, dyspepsia, biliousness.
Eladyarishta: Ingredients: Small cardamoms,
Vasaka (panchcinga, five parts), Majyth, Indrajau,
dantimool, Giloy, Khas, Mulati, Khadir bark, Arjun bark,
Chiretta, Neem bark, Chitrak, Satpushpa, (saunf,
feniculum bulgeri), honey, Dhatakipushpa, Trikatu.
Useful in influenza, chicken pox, sinus, fistula.
gonorrhoea (Upadans), ordinary fever, measles,

urticaria, itching, asthma, erysipelas (visarp).
Jeerakadyarishta: Ingredients: White cumin seed,
old gud, Dhatakipushpa, dried ginger, nutmeg (jaipal),
Nagermotha, cinnamon, small cardamoms, Tejpatra,
Nagkesar, ajwain, cloves. Useful in dyspepsia, sprue,
chronic diarrhoea, dysentery (sangrahani), Soothikarog
(diseases after delivery), cough, asthma, consumption.
This is a best tonic for women after delivery. It is a
galactagogue. It purifies and increases the milk in
nursing mothers.
Khadirarishta: Ingredients are Khadir bark,
Devadharu, triphala, Dharuhaldi, Bhaguchi, honey,
sugar, Dhatakipushpa, Seetalcheeni, cloves, small
cardamoms, nutmeg, cinnamon, Nagkesar, black
pepper, Tejpatra. Useful in leucoderma, leprosy,
impurities of blood, diseases of skin, anaemia, heart
diseases, cough, boils, plchodar, jaundice, gulma of
women.
Kutajarishta: Ingredients are Kutaja bark,
Munakka, madhuka pushpa, Gambari bark, old gud,
Dhatakipushpa. Properties: Astringent, stimulant and
anti-periodic. Useful in chronic diarrhoea, sprue,
dysentery and long continued fevers and bleeding piles.
Karpoorarishta: Ingredients are camphor, small
cardamoms, Nagermotha, dried ginger (soont), Ajwain,
black pepper, rectified spirit, Dhatakipushpa, sugar.
Useful in cholera, vomiting, indigestion, diarrhoea,
stomach pain, intestinal colic, flatulence or wind in the
bowels. In cholera this works marvellously if it is given
once in 2 or 3 hours till purging stops. It is used as a local
application in toothache.
Mustakarishta: Ingredients are Nagermotha,
Dhatakipushpa, Ajwain, sont, black pepper, cloves,
methi seeds, Chitrak, Jeera white, old gud. This is a
general tonic for children. Useful in dyspepsia.
agnimandha, vomiting, dysentery, diarrhoea. It is a

Deepan (increases the digestive fire), Pachan (digestive).
Parpatadyarishta; Ingredients are Parpat, Dhataki
pushpa, Giloy, Nagermotha, Dharuhaldi, Devadaru,
damasa, chavya, chitrakmool, Trikatu, Vidang, old Gud,
Bhadi katteri. Useful in bilious fever, jaundice, bilious
complaints, panduroga, Kamala, complaints of liver and
spleen, abdominal disorder. It increases Jatharagni
(Agni deepak).
Pippali Arishta; Ingredients are Pippali, black
pepper (kali mirch), chavya, Haridra, Chitrak,
Nagermotha, vaividang, supari (arecanut), Lodhra,
Patha, Amla, Khus, powder of white sandal, cloves,
Kusht, Tagar, Jatamansi, cinnamon, small cardamoms,
Tejpatra, Nagkesar, Priyanku, Dhatakipushpa, Draksha
(big grapes), old gud.
This is a stimulant, Deepan (increases the digestive
fire) and Pachan (digestive). It puts the three Doshas in a
state of equilibrium (Tridosha prashamaka). It is useful
in dysentery, consumption, anaemia, diseases of
stomach, flatulence, dyspepsia, vomiting, anorexia (loss
of appetite), piles, cough. Asthma.
Punarnavarishta; Ingredients are Punarnava, sont,
Mirch, pippali, Harad, Baheda, Amla, Dharu haldi,
Gokuru, Vasaka, Kutki, Gajapippali, Neem bark, Giloy,
Damasa, Pattolapatra, Dhatakipushpa, Munakka,
sugar, honey. Useful in liver and spleen complaints,
general debility, dropsy of hands, feet and body,
blood-pressure (raktachap), diseases of heart (hridaya
rog), fistula (bagandara), piles, asthma, leprosy,
dysentery, itching of body, diseases of stomach,
flatulence, constipation, hiccup, fever, Amla Pitta. It
increases vitality and Veeiya (semen). It bestows
longevity. It regulates the function of the kidney
(Vrikkasanshodhak).
Rohita kadyarishta; Ingredients are Rohit bark,
Dhatakipushpa, panchakola, Trijatak, Triphala, old gud.
Useful in old fever (jeema jwara), disorders of spleen and

liver, piles, jaundice (Kamala), indigestion, dysentery
(sangrahani), abdominal troubles (udaravikar), Sothrog
(swelling of body, sohai), leprosy.
Saribadyarishta: Chief ingredients: white and black
Sariba, Nagermotha (cyperus rotundous), balka chai,
pipalkachal, Amla, Giloy, Khas, red and white sandal,
Ajwain, Kutki, small cardamom, Tejpatra (leaf of
cinnamon), big cardamoms, Hareetaki, Dhatakipushpa,
old gud. This is a blood purifier. This is useful in liver
complaints, Prameha (spermatorrhoea), itching
(scabies), skin diseases, destroys poison, urinary
complaints, scrofula (kandamala), constipation and
debility, Raktapradar (red metarrhagia in women).
Saraswatarishta; Ingredients are Brahmi, Satavari
kand, Harad, Khus, fresh ginger (adrak), sont (dried
ginger), Dhatakipushpa, Sambalu seeds, nishoth,
pippali, cloves (lavang), Bacha, Kusht, Aswagandha,
Baheda, Giloy, small cardamoms, vaividang, cinnamon,
gold leaf, honey, sugar. This is Veeryavardhak. So it is
useful in sexual debility, seminal weakness. It is useful
in general debility. This is a tonic for brain. This is
beneficial in fainting, convulsions, nervous debility. This
is useful in stammering, svcirabhanga. It gives good
memory (Smarana Sakti) and Dharana Sakti (Dhriti). It
is useful in menstrual disorders.
Vidangarishta: Ingredients are Vidanga, pippali
mool, Rasna, Kutaja bark, Indrajau Patta, Elavaluk,
Amla, honey, Dhatakipushpa, Trijatak, Priangu,
Kachnar, Lodhra, Trikatu. Useful in abscess, fistula,
scrofula (Kandamala), spermatorrhoea (prameha),
worm, stone in the kidney (patri), urinary complaints,
obesity, lockjaw (Mooka), locomotor ataxia.
ASAVAS
Dose: 1 oz tolas) twice daily after food. Dilute with
ounce of water. For children of six months quarter tea
spoonful. For children of six years 2 teaspoonfuls.
Aravindaasava: Ingredients: White Kamal (lotus),
Khus, Kesar, Neelotpal, Manjista, small cardamoms,
Balamool, Jatamansi, Nagermotha, Krishna Sariba,
Triphala, Bacha, Kachoor, Krishnanisroth, Patolpatra,
Peetha Papada, Arjuna sal, liquorice, Mahuva flower,
Mura, Munakka, Dhataki- pushpa. Sugar and honey.
This is a tonic for children. This is useful for all
diseases of children. This is beneficial in the vomiting of
children, enlargement of spleen in children. This is
Agnivardhak or Deepan for children. It increases the
Jatharagni or digestive fire. This is useful in
Raktapradhar (metarrhagia) of women. This is beneficial
in the gonorrhoea of males.
Ahiphenaasava: Ingredients: Opium, Nagermotha,
Jaipal, Indrajau, big cardamoms, Mahuvasura.
This is useful in acute diarrhoea and cholera,
udarasoola (stomach pain, intestinal colic), vomiting,
diarrhoea of children (Balatisara). It produces sleep.
Chandanaasava: Ingredients: Svetachandan,
Netrabala, Nagermotha, Gualbari, Neelotpal, Priyanghir,
Padmak, Lodhra, Mapit, Raktachandan, Patta,
Chirayatha, Badkichal, Pippali, Kachoor, Pithapapda,
Mulahati, Rasna, Patolpatra, Kachnarchal, Amkichal,
Semalka goand, Dhatakipushpa, Munakka, sugar,
honey and old jaggery.
This is useful in chronic gonorrhoea, gleet, sperma
torrhoea, dysuria or difficulty in passing urine and other
urinary diseases, stone in the kidney (patri), heat in the
body. It gives strength to the heart.
Chavika Asava: Ingredients are Chavya, Chitrak,
Bacha, Hingupatri, Pushkarmoola, apusha, Kachoor,
Patolmool, Triphala, Ajwain, Kutajbark, Indrayana,
Dania, Rasna, Dantimool, Vaividang, Nagermotha, Majit,

Devadaru, Pippala, Sonth, Marich, Dhatakipushpa,
Purana gud, Chatur Jatak, Lavang and Seetalcheeni.
Properties: Deepan and Pachak. Agnivardhak,
stimulant, useful in constipation, udara rog (diseases of
stomach), dysmenorrhoea or difficulty in menstruation,
Raktasrava in women (bleeding after delivery), cough,
abdomined complaints, consumption, urinal troubles,
phthisis, nasal catarrh, hernia.
Dasamoola Asava: Ingredients are Dasamoola,
Lodhra, Pushkarmoola, Gudoochi, Amalaki, Draksha,
Dhatakipushpa.
This is stimulant, alterative and bitter tonic. It
increases blood. It is useful in cough, piles, anorexia,
asthma, vomiting, alcoholism. It keeps the bile in a
harmonious state (pittaprasamana).
Drakshaasava: Chief ingredients are Draksha
(Munakka), sugar, honey, Dhatakipushpa, Jeyapal,
lavang, Seetalcheeni, Ledchandan powder, Pippali,
Dalchini and Tejpatra.
Properties: Stimulant, especially cardiac,
antipyretic, diuretic and disphretic, Tridosha
prasamana, deepan and pachan.
It is useful in anaemia, cold, cough, dyspepsia, loss
of appetite, diseases of heart, chronic wasting diseases
such as Phthisis, sleeplessness, sudden fainting.
Maintains strength in acute diseases characterised by
excessive debdity, worms in the bowels, fever, fistula.
Kanakaasava: Ingredients are Dhaturika
panchang, sont, Vasaka jada, Mulati, pippali,
Nagakesar, Kathali, Bharangi, Taleesa patra, Munakka,
Dhatakipushpa, sugar, honey.
Properties: Expectorant, stimulant and laxative.
Useful in asthma, dry cough, phthisis, flatulence or wind
in the bowels, Raktapittha vikar, old fever (jeerna jwara),
hiccup, leprosy and pain in the kidney.
Kumariasava: Ingredients: Ghrita Kumari, Purana

gud, choti ilachi, cinnamon, Tejpatra, Nagakesar, Red
salt (senda nimak), Haridra, Dharu Haridra, pippali,
Marich, Kharanj, Dhatakipushpa, Akarkara, Bacha,
Vidang, Javitri.
Properties: Stimulant, laxative, alterative, tonic,
deepan, pachan. Useful in diseases of women,
agnimandya (loss of appetite), Udar Rog, (diseases of
stomach), abdominal complaints, parswa soola (pain in
the sides of trunk). Asthma, cough, consumption,
enlargement of liver and spleen, sothanasak (removes
swelling of the body), flatulence, dyspepsia, colic pain,
liver and spleen disorders, piles and tympanitis.
Karpuraasava: Ingredients: camphor, small
cardamoms, Nagarmotha, sont, Ajwain, black pepper,
rectified spirit. Useful in Cholera, vomiting, indigestion,
diarrhoea, dysentery, udarasoola (stomach pain), pain in
the teeth. It can be applied locally to teeth.
Lodhraasava: Ingredients: Patani Lodhra, Kachur,
Poha karmool, small cardamoms, Moorva, Vidang,
Triphala, Ajwain, Chavya, Priangu, Chikni supari,
Indrayana mool, Chirayatha, Katki, Bharangi, Chitrak
mool, Pippali mool, Kusht, Atees Patta, Indrajau,
Nagkesar, Kutajbark, Nak, Tejpatra, Mirch, Nagarmotha,
honey. Useful in Prameha (spermatorrhoea,
veeiyavikar), piles, cough, anaemia, dysentery, leprosy,
Raktapittha, Raktapradhar, Raktavikar in children,
diabetes, retention of urine, worms, dyspepsia.
Lohaasava: Ingredients: Triphala, Neem bark,
Patolpatra, Nagarmotha, Patta, Giloy, Chitrak,
Lalcheindan, Vidanga, Majit, Kachoor, Basa, Trivrit,
Haldi, Damasa, Pithapappada, Indrajau, Javasa, Sanoi,
Bawachi, Bilvachal, Kutajchal, Kutkee, Trayamana,
Poha karmool. Conchroot, Mahuva gum, Katha, Suddha
Loha Choorna, Madhoor Bhasma, Sampooma
Jeevaneeya Gana oushadi, gud. It is an iron tonic for
blood. This is an alterative; useful in anaemia, jaundice
(Kamla), dropsy (j’alodhara), diseases of spleen and liver,

malaria, old or chronic fever.
Mrigamadaasava: Dose: 10-30 drops with one
ounce of water. Ingredients: Kasturi, Marich, lavang,
Jeyapal, Pippal, Dalcheeni, Mritasanjeevni sura or
Rectified spirit, Madhu. Useful in cholera, hiccup,
pneumonia, typhoid fever, Hriday Asad (pain in the
heart), Nadika Ksheernata, increase of Vata. This is a
general tonic for all. It gives strength. It is a tonic for
women after delivery.
Pippaliadyaasva: Ingredients: Pippali, Marich,
Chavya, Haridra, Chitrak, Nagermotha, Vaividang,
lyodhra, Patta, Amla, Rakta and Sveta chandan, Khus,
lavang, sagar, Jatamansi, Dalcheeni, Nagakesar,
Priangu, Choti Ilachi, Tejpatra, Dhatakipushpa,
Munakka, Purana gud. It is deepan and pachan. Useful
in indigestion, dyspepsia and other stomach troubles,
dysentery, diarrhoea, Kshayaroga (T.B), Pandurog
(anaemia), piles, Gulmarog, worms in the bowels (thread
worms).
Punarnavaasava: Ingredients: Sonth, Marich,
Pippali, Harad, Bibheetak (Baheda), Amla, Dharu Haldi,
Gokuru, chota katteri, Bhada katteri, Vasaka,
Irendramool, Kutake, Gajapippali, Punarnava, Nimichal,
Giloy, Sukhi Mooli, Damasa, Patolpatra,
Dhatakipushpa, Munakka, sugar and honey. Useful in
enlargement of spleen and liver, diseases of spleen and
liver, amlapitta, dropsy, aU kinds of fever, diseases of
kidney.
Sharibadyaasava: Ingredients are Sveta-Krishna
anantamool, Nagarmotha, Lodhra, Bhatki chai, Pippalki
chai, Kachoor, padmak, Netravala, Patha, Amla, Giloy,
Svetachandan,, Lalchandan, Ajwain, Kutki,
Khus, Svetachandan
Tejpatra, Choti Ilachi, Badi llachee, Koot, sanai, Harad,
Dhatakipushpa, Munakka, old gud.
Properties: Pittaprasamana (equalises the pitta),
Rakta Sodhak (purifier of blood). Useful in urinary
complaints, relieves retention of urine, dysuria (or

difficulty in passing urine), gonorrhea, syphilis, Prameha
or spermatorrhoea, boils, eruptions, itching, fistula,
destroys poison, skin diseases, leprosy, jaundice,
increases appetite (deepan).
Ushirasava; Ingredients are: Khus, Netrabala, Lal
Kamal (red lotus), Sweta Kamal, Priangu, Gambhmari,
Padmak, Lodhra, Majit, Neelotpal, Damasa, Patta,
Chirayatha, Bhadkichal, Goolarkichal, Kachoor, Pitha
Pappada, Patolpatra, Kachnarkichal, Jammukichal,
Moochras, Munakka, Dhatakipushpa, sugar and honey.
Properties: Alterative, tonic, astringent, diuretic.
Pitta samak (equalising of pitta).
Useful in bleeding piles, dysentery, urinary
disorders, Mootra krischra (dysuria or difficulty in
passing urine), gonorrhoea, syphilis, Raktapitta,
anaemia, haemorrage, dropsy, leprosy, worms, chronic
diarrhoea, intestinal and pulmonary heaimorrhages.
Vasakaasava: Ingredients: Vasaka Panchang (root,
bark, flower, seed, leaf), Purana gud, Dhatakipushpa,
Dalchini, choti ilachi, Tejpatra, Nagkesar, Sitalcheeni,
Pippali, sont, Marich, Sugandwala.
Properties: Expectorant and antispasmodic.
Purifies the blood. Useful in cough, bronchitis, asthma,
phthisis and other chest affections, all diseases of lungs,
blood spitting (Raktapittha), srotanasak.
AVALEHAS
(Confections)
Dose: to 1 tola (one teaspoonful)

to be taken twice a day with milk.
Milk should always be taken after taking Avaleha.
Oil, tamarind, sour things, gud, too much salt,
mustard, black gram, sweet pumpkin, kachalu or Arabi
or Seppan Kilangu, potato should not be taken.
Aswagandhadi Lehyam: Chief ingredients are

Aswagandha, cow’s ghee, Banslochan, honey, sugar,
talispatra, pippali, dalcheeni. Useful in sexual debility,
spermatorrhoea, general debility, senile debility or
debility on account of old age, epilepsy, nervous debility.
It purifies blood. It is the best nervine and brain tonic.
Agastya Hareetaki Avaleha: This was prepared by
Agastya Rishi. Chief ingredients are Hari, Hareetaki,
Yava, Dasamoola, Chitraka, Pippali, Gokaru, cow’s ghee,
honey, Banslochan, Dalcheeni.
Properties: Alterative and nutritive. It is
Ayurvardhak; gives longevity. Useful in cough, hiccup,
asthma, piles, phthisis, general debility, constipation. It
is Raktapravardhak, increases blood. It gives energy to
the heart.
Chyavanaprash: This was prepared by Chyavan
Maharshi and was used by him. Hence the name. He
lived for 1500 years.
Chief ingredients: Amalaka, Dasamoola,
Ashtavarga, Pippali, Banslochan, Choti Ilachi, Jeevanti,
Kachur, Pohakarmool, cow’s ghee, honey, sugar.
Properties: Nutritive, tonic, strengthens the
constitution, gives vigour, vitality, good memory, brain
power, longevity.
Very useful as a nutritive in phthisis, general
debility, cough, spermatorrhoea (suklanasha),
hoarseness of voice, debility of old age, all kinds of
debility, anaemia, constipation, dhatudourbalya (semen
becomes watery).
Ashtavarga; Jeevak, Rishabhak, Meda, Mahameda,
Kakoli, Ksheera Kakoli, Riddhi, Vriddhi.
Dasamoola: Bilwa, Padal, Ghanakarika or Arini,
Syanak, Gambhari are five big mools. Satapami,
Plashtapami, Vartaki, Kantakarika, Gokuru are the five
small mools.
Kantakarya Avaleha; Chief ingredients; Kantakari

(Katteri), sugar candy, cow’s ghee, Chitraka, Trikatu,
Nagermotha, shringi, Rasna, Bharinghi.
Properties; Expectorant (kaphanasak), diuretic and
aperient, gives energy to lungs, Vatanasak (destroys
wind), purifies the blood.
Useful in cough, bronchitis, asthma, hiccup and
other chest diseases, parsvasool, consumption. It is also
useful as a diuretic in dysuria and dropsy.
Kutajavaleha; Chief ingredients are; Kutaj bark, old
gud, Trikatu, Triphala, Rasanjan, Bhallataka, Baelgiri,
Chitraka, Vaividanga, honey.
Properties; astringent, antiperiodic, Deepak,
pachak, Raktapravardhak (increases blood). Useful in all
kinds of piles, chronic diarrhoea, anaemia, dysenteiy,
hematemesis, melaena, vomiting, chronic dyspepsia,
jaundice, Amlapitta. Take goat’s milk, buttermilk.
Kooshmandavaleha; Chief ingredients; fresh
Kooshmanda, cow’s ghee, sugarcandy, pippali, sont,
jeera, tejpatra, marich, Dalchini, Ilachi, honey.
Properties; Shakti vardhak (promotes energy,
vigour), cools the brain, nervous system and the eyes,
gives strength to lungs and heart, nutritive, gives
Dehapushti, dhatupushti, veerya vardhak.
It is a tonic for old people and children.
Useful in Asthma, cough, consumption, fever,
giddiness, excessive thirst, Haemophysis.
Maha Bilwadi Lehyam; Chief ingredients; Bilwa,
Baelgiri, sugarcandy, honey, Chitraka, Trikatu, cow’s
ghee, Banslochan.
Useful in indigestion, distaste for food, constipation,
gastric troubles, intestinal weakness, spermatorrhoea,
diabetes, chronic diarrhoea and dysentery.
Vasakavaleha; Chief ingredients; Fresh Vasaka
panchang, pippali, honey, Banslochan, cow’s ghee.
Properties: expectorant (Kaphanasak),

antispasmodic, alterative, astringent, gives strength to
the lungs.
Useful in asthma, cough, bronchitis, phthisis and
other chest affections, especially those attended with
haemmorrhages.
GHRITAS
Ashoka Ghrita: Chief ingredients: Cow’s ghee,
Ashoka chhal, Ashtavarga (Jeevaka, Rishabhak, Meda,
Mahameda, Kakoli, Ksheera Kakoli, Riddhi, Vriddhi),
Masparani, Mudgapami, Jeevanthi etc.
A general tonic and alterative for women. Useful in
amenorrhoea, menorrhagia, metritis, leucorrhoea.
Dose: to 1 tola to be taken twice a day with
sugarcandy.
Brahmi Ghrita: Chief ingredients are Brahmi, cow’s
ghee, Brahmi Svarasa (essence of fresh Brahmi leaves),
sont, Marich, Chavya, Bacha.
A Brain tonic useful in Hysteria, Epilepsy, loss of
memory. It is beneficial in aphonia or loss of speech and
hoarseness of voice. It is taken with milk or sugarcandy
twice daily, on an empty stomach in the morning and
evening. It must be prepared fresh.
Brihat Aswagandha Ghrita: Ingredients: Cow’s
ghee, Aswagandha, goat’s milk, Kakoli, Ksheera Kakoli,
Riddhi, Vriddhi, Meda, Mahameda, Jeevak, Rishabhak.
It is useful in phthisis, cough, fever, loss of appetite,
general debility, Hasmoptysis (Rakta Pitta),
Rheumatism, malaria, alopecia or baldness, epilepsy
(Apasmara, Mirighi), sterility.
It is a sexual tonic. It increases memory (Medha and
Buddhi vardhak). It is useful in timira or night blindness
(nictolopia).
Changeri Ghrita: Chief ingredients are cow’s ghee,

Changeri Svarasa (juice), Badri quath, sour curd, sont,
Yavakshar.
Deepak, Pachak, appetizer and digestive, alterative.
It is intestinal tonic. It cleanses the lower bowels, gives
strength to the intestine. It is specially useful in
prolapsed anus (Guda bhramsa).
Jatyadi Ghrita; Chief ingredients: Jatipatra,
Neempatra, Patol patra, Katuke, Neela tutha, wax, majit,
Dharu haldhi, haldhi, Khus, Mulhati, cow’s ghee.
This is for external use only. This is useful in chronic
ulcers, wounds, fistula, sluggish ulcers, chancres. It is a
styptic, local stimulant, escharotic.
Kantakari Ghrita; Ingredients: Cow’s ghee
(Goghrita), Rasa of chota Katteri, badi khaterka Svarasa,
bharanghika Svarasa, vasaka Svarasa, goat’s milk, Gaja
pippali, pippali, Marich, pippali mool, red and white
chandan.
Useful in cough and asthma; to be used with
decoction of Vasaka. Chiefly beneficial in the asthma and
cough of children. Useful in fever, stomach pain. It
increases the digestive fire (Agnivardhak, deepak).
Mahatikta Ghrita: Chief ingredients are Cow’s
ghee, Amla Svarasa, Atees, Amaltas, Katuki, Triphala,
neem chhal, Dharu haldi, Bhasaka, ananta mool,
Chirayata, giloy, Gaja pippali, etc.
Bitter tonic, alterative, purifies the blood. Useful in
leprosy, Visarpa, amla pitta, heart diseases, fever,
jaundice, boils, itching, scrofula, bleeding piles.
Mahatriphala Ghrita; Ingredients: Cow’s ghee,
Triphala quath, Bhangra Svarasa, Vasaka Svarasa,
Satavari Svarasa, goat’s milk, Giloy Svarasa, Draksha,
Ksheera Kakoli.
Useful in ophthalmia, Trichiasis, night blindness,
lachrymal fistula, conjunctivitis and other eye diseases.
Digestive, appetizer (Pachak), deepak, Drishti prasarak,

increases the power of vision.
Phala Ghrita: Chief ingredients are Triphala,
Dharuhaldi, Kustha, Kutaki, Vacha, Sariva, Rasna,
Vansalochana.
Useful in uterine disorders, anaemia, ristelity and
prolapsed uterus.
Saraswati Ghrita: Ingredients: Haree Brahmi
Svarasa, cow’s ghee, Haridra, Amla, Kushta, Nisoth,
pippali, Vaividang, saindhava, lavang, sugar, Bacha.
Bitter tonic, stimulant, brain tonic. Useful in
aphonia and hoarseness of voice, leprosy, piles,
spermatorrhoea (prameha), cough.
BHASMAS
Bhasma is an oxidised or reduced metal mineral or
jewel. Metals and metallic compounds are subjected to a
process of purification to free them of their impurities.
Otherwise they are likely to induce certain diseases or
morbid symptoms. The metals are purified by heating the
respective plates again and again. They are then plunged
in the following liquids viz., oil, whey, or buttermilk, sour
conjee, cow’s urine, tamarind water, decoction of a pulse
called Kulattha (Dolichos uniflorus, horse gram). There
is yet another method of purifying these metals i.e., by
soaking plates of heated metals in the juice of plantain
tree.
The thing is heated in a hot iron vessel and dipped in
the oil etc., each seven times. Oil, buttermilk, should be
fresh for each time.
Metal and metallic compounds are reduced to
powder. The operation is called Marana, the destruction
of their metallic character. It is practically reduced to
powder either in the metallic state or after conversion
into an oxide or sulphide.
The furnace for heating metals is usually a pit in the

ground called Gajaputa. It is made one and a quarter
cubits in depth length and breadth. This is filled with
dried balls of cowdung. The metals or metallic
compounds to be roasted are enclosed in a covered
crucible and placed in the centre of the pit within the
balls of cowdung, which are then set fire to and allowed
to bum till consumed to ashes.
The apparatus employed in preparing these
chemical compounds consisted of crucibles of different
sorts, glass bottles and earthen pots etc.
After purification it is burnt. It is rubbed in a mortar
with the juice of Ghrit Kumari for 3 days and rose water
for 3 days and Arkadhooth for 3 days and cow’s milk for
three days. Afterwards it is made into tablets, the size of
a rupee. Then it is dried in the sun. Then it is kept in a
mud pot and covered with an earthen lid. Pieces of cloth
dipped in Multani mitti, are covered over the pot. The pot
is dried in the sun for a day. Then it is put in Gajaput and
burnt for 24 hours. Then it is taken out and rubbed
again. This is burnt eleven times.
Ordinary Bhasmas like coral, pearl, Sukti, conch are
burnt eleven times. Abhrak is burnt 100 times
(Sataputi), 500 times (Pancha Sataputi) and 1000 times
(Sahasraputi).
Test of a Pure Bhasma
1. When the Bhasma is put in water, it must float.

Then it is properly burnt. It can be taken safely.
2. When it is put in fire, there must be no smoke or
smell.
3. There must be no shining when it is exposed to
the sun after rubbing it on finger.
4. It must be tasteless when applied to the tongue.
5. It must be very, very light.
How to administer?
Dose; Adults 1 to 2 grains. Children from 6 to 12

years: a grain. Bhasma should not be given to children
below 6.
It is usually given with honey, butter, cream, ghee
on an empty stomach in the early morning and evening.
Oil, red chillies, tamarind, gud (jaggery), black gram,
sour things, mustard, should be avoided.
Abhrak Bhasma (Mica): Sataputi, Pancha Sataputi,
Sahasraputi. Useful in phthisis, diabetes, debility of old
age. Gives strength to the body, promotes vigour. It cures
old fever, bronchitis, asthma, piles, palpitation of the
heart, blood pressure, nervous debility, spermatorrhoea,
hard breathing, coryza, leucorrhoea, stricture urethra,
Mutra Krichra, Mutra Agad, thickens the watery semen.
It produces longevity (Ayurvardhak), Agnipradeepak
(increases the digestive fire), cures leprosy.
Bhanga Bhasma (black): It is very difficult to
prepare this Bhasma. Increases semen and power of
retention. Useful in seminal impurities, nocturnal
emission, urinary disorders, leucorrhoea, general
debility, asthma, consumption, diabetes.
Coral (Pravaal Bhasma): There are three kinds of
preparations Agni, Surya and Chandra puti.
It is useful in phthisis, cough, spermatorrhoea,
asthma, menorrhagia, haemophtysis, Haematatemes. It
is Deepak (appetizer) and Pachak (digestive). It checks
haemorrhage. It increases the lustre in the eyes.
Chandrodaya; It contains mercury, sulphur, bhang,
Krishna Abhrak.
Most popular remedy in sexual debility for Dhatu
vriddhi. It gives strength to the heart and lungs. It is
useful in cough, asthma, dhanurvata (tetanus), chronic
fever.
Take this with honey or butter or ghee. Drink half a
seer of milk afterwards.
Godanti Hartal Bhasma: Useful in bilious fever,

malarial fever, dry cough, haemorrhage, headache,
leucorrhoea, menorrhagia. Leprosy, rheumatism. It is
Deepak and Pachak.
Louha Bhasma (Iron): It gives longevity. It is useful
in anaemia, chlorosis, visarpa, heart’s affections.
phthisis, scrofula, general debility, sexual debility,
Bright’s disease, blood impurity, jaundice, liver and
spleen complaints. It promotes digestion.
It is burnt 50 times, 100 times (Sataputi) and 200
times.
Mandoor Bhasma: Useful in anaemia, chlorosis,
general debility, sexual debility, liver and spleen
complaints, jaundice, piles.
It is a blood purifier, Shakti vardhak (increases
strength and vitality), increases red blood cells.
Mukta Bhasma: It is a Veerya Vardhak. Gives
strength to the heart. It is useful in palpitation of heart
(Hridaya prakampan), blood pressure (Raktachap). It
gives longevity, and gives lustre to the eyes. It is useful in
all kinds of debility, consumption, nervousness, chronic
fever, cough, asthma, hysteria, heart diseases,
haemoptysis (Rakta pitta), indigestion, seminal diseases,
haemorrhage, rickets. It is given to pregnant women as it
supplies viteimin A. It is useful in urinary diseases such
as Mutrakrischra, Mutra Agad. It is useful in
leucorrhoea. It equalises the bile (pitta prasamak). It is
Agnipradeepak, increases the digestive fire. It is useful in
gonorrhoea.
Makaradhwaja: It is Khoopipakwa rasayana. It is
prepared in a glass bottle, a special variety. It contains
gold, pearl, sulphur, mercury.
It is a wonderful tonic. Useful in all kinds of debility.
It gives vigour, vitality, energy to heart, lungs and the
entire constitution. It strengthens memory. It improves
blood.
It is Veerya vardhak and so is useful in impotency. It

is useful in palpitation of heart, blood pressure, old fever,
constipation. It is useful for women after delivery.
Rajata Bhasma (silver, Roupya): It is
Agnipradeepak, increases the digestive fire. It is useful in
seminal diseases, nervous diseases, general debility,
consumption, liver complaints, hemiplegia, epilepsy,
chorea, consumption, anaemia, leucorrhoea
(svetapradar), hectic fever, old fevers, asthma. It
promotes memory and intellect, lustre of the eyes. It is a
blood purifier. It is a Veeryavardhak, increases sexual
vigour. It is a pittaprasantak, keeps the bile in a normal
condition.
Rasasindhu; This is also a Koopipakwa rasayana
prepared in a special bottle. It contains sulphur,
mercury.
Useful in sexual and general debility. It is Pachak
(digestive) and Deepak (increases the digestive fire). It
increases the blood (Raktavardhak).
Sankha Bhasma (conch shell): Useful in diseases of
the stomach, tympanitis, flatulence, colic, asthma,
acidity, bronchitis, loose stools, abdominal and pelvic
tumours.
Svarna Bhasma (gold): Useful in phthisis, asthma,
general debiUty, hysteria, diabetes, chronic fever,
spermatorrhoea, impotency. It strengthens memory. It is
a tonic, Veerya vardhak, increases sexual vigour.
Shringa Bhasma (stag’s horn): Useful in
pneumonia, cough, chest pain, parsva sool.
Swarnamakshika (Pyrite-Yellow): Useful in sperma
torrhoea, anaemia, itching. It gives strength to heart,
lungs, intestines, brain and keeps them in fit condition.
It is beneficial in enlargement of spleen, bleeding piles,
consumption, asthma. It purifies the blood. It has the
qualities of Swama Bhasma.
Tamra Bhasma (copper): Useful in leprosy, asthma,

bronchitis, cough, consumption, anaemia, piles, liver
trouble, blood impurities, diseases of stomach, colic.
Tribhanga Bhasma (lead, zinc, seesha): Useful in
gonorrhoea, all seminal impurities, sterility, all female
diseases pertaining to the irregularity of menses.
CHOORNA
Dose: to tola (24 to 48 grs.) twice or thrice daily.
Usually the powders are taken with milk, water,
ghee, honey, sherbet or sugar.
Wherever the Anupan or vehicle is ghee or honey
with milk, the powder should be first mixed with ghee or
honey and milk to be taken afterwards.
Ajmodadi Chooma: The ingredients are Ajmoda,
Moochras, Sonth, Dhatakipushpa. This should be taken
with buttermilk. Useful in diarrhoea, dysentery.
Aswagandha Chooma;
Chooma: Ingredients are
Aswagandha, Bhidara or Vriddhdarak. It should be
taken with milk. Tonic, alterative, blood purifier. Gives
Dhatupushti, strengthens memory. Useful in sexual and
general debility, spermatorrhoea, impotency, emaciation
of children, nervous diseases, old age. It prevents the
hairs from becoming grey.
Bhaskar Lavan Chooma: Lord Surya gave this
recipe to Aswin Kumars, the celestial physicians. This
can be taken before or with food or after food.
Chief ingredients are Saindhava, Vida, Souvarchala,
Kala nimak, Dhania, Pippali, Pippalamool, Amla vetasa,
Trikatu, Anardana. Gastric, stimulant, carminative,
Deepak, Pachak. Useful in indigestion, all kinds of
stomach diseases, flatulence or wind in the bowels,
nausea, constipation, loss of appetite, bowel complaint,
diarrhoea, piles (to be taken with butter milk), fistula,
enlargement of spleen.
Chitrakadi Chooma; Ingredients are Chitrak root,

Hing (asafoetida fried), Sonth, Pippali, Pippala mool,
Chavya, the five salts viz., Saindhava nimak, Kala
nimak, Vida, Samudra, Sambar (Souvarchala). (In
Tamil Induppu, Kalluppu, Kariuppu, Paraiuppu,
Valayaluppu).
All these are powdered and pounded in the mortar
along with big lemon juice and then dried in the sun.
Deepak, Pachak. Useful in chronic diarrhoea, dyspepsia,
anorexia, gulma (stomach ache)
Eladi Chooma: Ingredients are small Cardamom
seeds, Pippali, Nagermotha, White Chandan, Trapusha,
Cloves, Nagakesar.
Diuretic, demulcent, Tridosha prasamak, Pitha
prasamak (Keeps bile in normal condition), mutra
samsodhak (purifies urine). Very useful in dysuria
(mutra krischra), incontinence of urine, Mutra Agad
(pain in passing urine). In acute gonorrhoea it makes the
urine alkaline and non-irritating. It stops vomiting. It is
useful in influenza, bronchitis. It is taken with honey.
Hinguashtak Chooma: Ingredients are Sonth,
Marich, Pippali, Ajwain, Saindhava nimak (red salt),
Sveta Jeera, Kala Jeera, Hingu. Hingu must be fried. It
can be taken before food, with food and after food.
Gastric stimulant, carminative, Deepak, Pachak,
Agnivardhak (increases digestive fire). Very useful in loss
of appetite, indigestion, colic, dyspepsia, flatulence,
tympanitis, all stomach diseases, constipation.
Katphaladi Chooma; Ingredients are Katphal,
Pokkarmool, Kakkad Singi, Nagarmotha, Trikatu,
Kachur. Kaphanasak (destroyer of phlegm), Pachak.
Useful in cough, asthma, phthisis, rheumatism,
vomiting, stomach pain. It is mixed with honey and then
taken.
Lavangadi Chooma; Chief ingredients are Lavanga
(cloves), Bheemseni Kapur, Chota Ilachi, Dalcheeni,
Jeyaphal (Jatiphal), Sonth, Banslochan, Pippali,

Jatamansi, Sugandawala, Kankola, sugar.
Kantha samsodhak (cleanses the throat and vocal
cords), Agni pravardhak, Suruchikar (gives taste to the
food), Dhatu vardhak, Tridosha prasamak, sedative, anti
spasmodic, carminative, expectorant (Kaphanasak),
diaphoretic.
Useful in cold, hiccup, diarrhoea, lumbago,
whooping cough, flatulence, spermatorrhoea.
consumption, urinary diseases like Mutra krischra,
Mutra Agad, diarrhoea, dysentery, hridaya rog (heart
diseases), fever due to cold.
Maha Khandava Chooma: Ingredients are Marich,
Nagakesar, Talispatra, five salts, Pippalamool,
Dalcheeni, Pippali, Sonth, Nagarmotha, sugarcandy.
Deepak, Pachak, Agni Vardhak, Krimi Nasak. Gives
strength to the heart. Useful in anorexia, diarrhoea,
dysentery, cholera, piles, cough, worms, vomiting,
stomatitis, diseases of stomach.
Narayana Chooma: Ingredients are Chitrak root,
Triphala, Trikatu, Svet Jeera, Bacha, Pippala mool, Vana
Tulasi, Vaividang, five salts, Danti, Pohakar mool.
Deepak, Pachak, Agni vardhak, Dastavar (rechak),
Svedhak (diaphoretic), Snehak (makes the body shine),
Saktivardhak.
To be taken with warm water when required as
purgative. Useful in heart disease with honey. Useful in
piles with butter milk. Useful in indigestion, flatulence,
constipation, stomach pain, acid eructation from
stomach. Useful in wasp sting with ghee. Useful in
fistula, cough, asthma, anaemia, fever, leprosy,
dysentery.
Navayas Chooma: Ingredients are Chitrak jada,
Triphala, Nagarmotha, Vaividang, Trikatu, Loha
Bhasma. Rakta pravardhak, sakti vardhak, aruchi
nasak. Useful in fistula, leprosy, piles, mandagni
(indigestion), anaemia, worms, asthma, phthisis. To be

taken with honey or butter milk.
Pippalyadi Chooma: Chief ingredients are Pippali,
Bari Katteri, Chhoti Katteri, Javakshara, Indrajava,
Chitrak jada, Ananta mool (Sariva), Kachoor, five salts,
Patha.
Alterative, blood-purifier, tonic, Deepak, Pachak,
Vata prasamak, diuretic, antilithic, antacid. Useful in
chronic diarrhoea and chronic dysentery, dyspepsia,
sprue, influenza, stones in the kidney. It is taken with
buttermilk or hot water.
Pushyanuga Chooma: Chief ingredients are Patha,
Jamun beej, Amkigiri, Pashana bhed, Atees, Rasanjan,
Nagarmotha, Trikatu, Red Sandal, Indrajava, Dhataki
pushpa, Aijun chai, Gheru, Lodhra, Ananta mool. All
these drugs are collected in Pushya Star.
Alterative, tonic, astringent, diuretic. Useful in
leucorrhoea, menorrhegia (raktapradhar), Rajodosha
(menstrual troubles), all female complaints, lumbago in
females. To be taken twice daily with rice water obtained
from boiled rice or raw rice water with honey.
Sitophaladi Chooma: Chief ingredients are
Sugarcandy, Banslochan, Pippali, Ilachi, Dalcheeni.
Expectorant (Kapha nasak), stimulant, Suruchikar
(that which gives good taste), Sakti pravardhak (gives
strength and energy), Jwaranasak (destroys fever),
Pittahari (destroys bile). Useful in cough, asthma,
bronchitis, pneumonia, phthisis, chest diseases,
burning of the feet, bilious fever, excessive thirst (daha
santi), mandagni nasak (destroyer of indigestion). To be
taken three times a day with honey before food.
Sonthyadi Chooma No 1: Ingredients are Sonth,
Kala nimak, Hingu (fried), Anardana, Amlavet. Useful in
cough and asthma, hridaya rog (heart diseases).
Sonthyadi Chooma No. 2: Ingredients are Sonth,
Atees, Hingu (fried), Nagarmotha, Kutaj, Chitrak root.
Useful in dysentery and diarrhoea, to be taken with hot

water.
Sudarshana Chooma: Chief ingredients are Kirata
and 52 bitter tonics, Triphala, Haldi, Daru haldi, Choti
and Bhada Katteri, Kachar, Trikatu, Pithapapada,
Banslochan, Guduchi, Talispatra.
Bitter tonic, blood purifier (Rakta sodhak), Tridosha
prasamak, Jwara nasak, Deepak (increases digestive
fire). Useful in fevers, malaria, dyspepsia, nausea,
typhoid fever (Sannipata Jwara), Jaundice, anaemia,
lumbago, parsva sool, asthma, cough. To be taken with
hot water twice daily before food, morning and evening.
Talisadi Chooma; Chief ingredients are Talispatra,
Trikatu, Banslochan, Ilachi, Nagakesar, Khus, Dalchini,
sugar, Pippali.
To be taken before meals thrice with honey or
Brahmi or Anar Sherbet. Stimulant, expectorant (Kapha
prasamak), laxative, alterative, Swasa-Kasa nasak
(destroyer of cough). Useful in anorexia (distaste for
food), chronic cough, chest diseases, dyspepsia,
enlargement of spleen, vomiting, dysentery, fever, Shoth
(swelling of body), stomach diseases, anaemia.
Trikatu Chooma; Ingredients are Sonth, Marich,
Pippali, Harad, Baheda, Amla Chavya, Bhatkichal,
Katphal.
Kapha prasamak, Rakta shodak, Deepak, Pachak.
Useful in cold, cough, anorexia or loss of appetite, colic,
chest pain, parsva sool. It should be taken twice daily
before meals with honey or hot water or cow’s ghee.
Triphala Chooma; Ingredients are Hareetaki,
Bibhitaki (Baheda) and Amlaki.
Alterative, Rakta sodhak, astringent, purgative
(Rechak), Pitta-Kapha prasamak, Mutra samsodhak.
Useful in dyspepsia, chronic diarrhoea, hiccup, colic,
itch, skin diseases, spermatorrhoea, bilious fever (Pitta
Jwara), Mutra krichra, Mutra Agad, gonorrhoea. Useful
in eye diseases for fomentation, internal haemorrhages.

Take with hot water or honey or sherbet.
Vriddha Gangadhar Choorna; Ingredients are
Musta (Nagarmotha), Syonaka, Sonth, Iz)dhra,
Dhatakipushpa, Mochrasa, Patha (patal), Kutaj twak,
Indrajava, Amka gutli.
Astringent (digestive), tonic, blood purifier, Pachak.
Gives tone to the intestines, promotes appetite and
increases digestive power. Useful in chronic diarrhoea,
ordinary diarrhoea. It is taken three times daily with
whey or butter milk or raw rice water.
Yastimadhu Chooma: Ingredients are Liquorice
(Mulhati), Amla, Baheda, Harad, Chitrak, Bacha,
Dalchini, Banslochan, .
Expectorant (Kapha prasamak), demulcent, slightly
laxative, Svara samsodhak (improves the voice), Krimi
nasak. Useful in asthma, cough, bronchitis, laryngitis,
catcirrh, hoarseness of voice, gonorrhoea, hridaya vikar
(heart diseases), worms. To be taken with honey or
sherbet.
MODAK OR LADDU
Abhayadi Modak: 48 grains. Chief ingredients are
Chitrak Jad, Abhaya (Harad), Amalaka, Pippali,
Dalcheeni, Tejpatra, pure Jamalgota (croton seeds or
Danti Seeds), Trivrik, sugar.
Drastic, purgative. Useful in constipation,
indigestion, dropsy, rheumatism, gout, stomach pain.
Not to be given to pregnant women, old and weak persons
and children. One Modak to be taken with hot water or
hot milk.
Brihad Satavari Modak; Chief ingredients are
Satavari, Gokuru, Bala, Ati-Bala, Vidari Kand,
Satavarka Svaras, Vidari Kand Svaras, Trikatu,
Triphala, Choti Ilachi, Dalchini, Gandawala, Kasturi,
Kismiss, Banslochan, Jeyaphal, Jatamansi, Daruhaldi,

Guggulu, pure Kapoor (Bheemseni), sugar.
Gives energy, vigour (Ojas), Rati Vardhak (sexual
excitement), Buddhi Vardhak, Svarahit prada. Useful in
leprosy, impotency, hoarseness of voice,
spermatorrhoea, cough, piles, elephantiasis of legs, Soth
(swelling of body), removes sterility in women. It should
be taken with milk fifteen minutes before food.
Brihat Sooran Modak: Chief ingredients are Jemi
Kand (sooran), Chitrak, Sonth, Marich, Triphala, Pippali,
Choti Ilachi, Triphalamool, Vaividang, Vidara seeds,
Dalchini, sugar.
Maha Veerya Vardhak, Deepak, Pachak,
Agnipradeepak, Vataprasamaka, Ayurvardhak. Useful in
Bhasmak rog (excessive hunger), Soth (swelling), all
kinds of piles, elephantiasis of legs (sleepad), dysentery,
hiccup, cough, consumption, enlargement of spleen,
asthma, poison in food. It should be taken with honey or
milk.
Methi Modak; Chief Ingredients are Methi seeds,
Trikatu, Triphala, Nagarmotha, Jeera, Kalajeera,
Dhania, Ajwain, Saindhava nimak, Talispatra, Jeyaphal,
Dalcheeni, Lavang, Javitri, Nagakesar, pure Kapoor,
sugar, cow’s ghee, Madhu.
Saktivardhak, Deepak, Vata prasamak, Stanya
vardhak (lactagogue), Pachak. Useful in spermatorrhoea,
dysentery, rheumatism, anaemia, stone in the kidney,
cough, Mootragada, Raja Yakshma (consumption),
increases the milk in nursing mothers. It should be
taken with milk twice daily.
Pippali Modak; Ingredients are Honey, cow’s ghee,
Pippali, sugarcandy, cow’s milk, Tejpat, Ilachi seeds,
Nagakesar.
It is Kapha, Vata prasamak, Agnipradeepak. Useful
in chronic fever, cough, asthma, anaemia, jaundice,
Veeryapat (spermatorrhoea), indigestion. It is taken with
milk twice daily before food.
Sri Kameshwar Modak; (48 grains) Chief

ingredients are Aswagandha, Guduchi, Methikibeej,
Vidarikand, Moosli, Gokuru, Talmakhana, Satavari,
Jeyaphal, Trikatu, Chitrak, Gajapippali, Munakka,
sugar.
Vaajeekarana (Ativeerya Vardhak), Kamagni Deepak
(increases sexual vigour), Stambhak (retains the semen),
Vataprasamak. Useful in impotency, all kinds of
spermatorrhoea, piles, consumption, cough, asthma,
rheumatism. One Modak to be taken with milk.
Svabaghyasonti Modak; (48 grains) Chief
ingredients are Trikatu, Triphala, white Jeera, Ajamoda,
Dhania, Katphala, Nagarmotha, Choti Ilachi, Jeyaphal,
Jatamansi, Lavang, Sonth.
Tridosha prasamak, Deepak, Pachak, Agnivardhak.
Useful in vomiting, burning in the throat due to sour
belching (Kanthadaha), headache, Mandagni
(indigestion), Hridaya- sool (heart pain), Parsvasool (side
chest pain), fever.
Triphala Modak: Chief ingredients are Triphala,
Bavache, Vaividang, Nisoth, pure Guggulu, Shilajit,
Pokkarmool, Marich, Trikatu, Dalcheeni, Choti Ilachi,
sugar.
Vata, Pitta, Kapha Prasamak, Rakta prasodhak.
Useful in fistula, enlargement of spleen, fissure in the
tongue, Kantharog (throat pain), lumbago, leprosy. It is
taken with milk before food twice daily.
PILLS
Oil, oil preparations, chillies, tamarind, mustard,
jaggery, black gram, sour things, pumpkin, too much
sweets should be avoided when you take these pills.
Chandraprabha Pill: (6 grains) Chief ingredients are
Refined Kapoor (Bheemseni), Bacha, Nagarmotha,
Chirayata, Triphala, Trikatu, five salts, Dalchini,
Shilajit, Guggulu, sugarcandy, Lxjha Bhasma,

Svarnamakshik Bhasma.
Tonic, Shakti Vardhak, Rakta Shodhak, Tridosha
Prasamak, Mutra Samshodhak, diuretic, diaphoretic
(Sveda Prada), Deepak, Pachak. Useful in
spermatorrhoea, Mutra krichra, Mutra agad, stone in the
kidney, gonorrhoea, anaemia, lumbago, bleeding piles,
leprosy, itch, enlargement of spleen, stomach diseases,
fistula, diseases of teeth, menstrual disorders,
rheumatism, cough.
cough, asthma, albuminuria.
phosphaturia, chronic fever. One pill to be taken with
milk twice daily morning and evening.
Gokshuradi Guggulu: (6 grains) Chief ingredients
are Gokuru, pure Guggulu, Sonth, Marich, Pippal,
Triphala, Nagarmotha.
Diuretic, alterative, Rakta Samsodhak, demulcent,
tonic, Mutra Samsodhak. Useful in spermatorrhoea,
Mutra Krichra (dysuria), leucorrhoea (Sveta Pratar),
gonorrhoea, Mutra agad, stone in the kidney (patri),
rheumatism, albuminuria, phosphaturia. One pill twice
daily with cold water or raw rice water before food.
Kanchnar Guggulu: (6 grains) Chief ingredients are
Kanchnar bark, Triphala, Trikatu, Ilachi, Dalchini,
Tejpatra, pure Guggulu, Go Ghrita (cow’s ghee), Varuna.
Alterative, Tridosha Prasamak, Rakta Samsodhak,
tonic. Highly beneficial in scrofula. Useful in fistula,
leprosy, ulcers (Vrana), sinus (Nasur Nadi Vrana). 2 pills
to be taken with hot water twice daily before food.
Sanjeevani Vati: Chief ingredients are Vaividang,
Sonth, Pippali, Triphala, Guduchi, pure Ballatak, pure
Vatsanab.
Deepak, Pachak, Agni Vardhak, Tridosha
Prasamak. Useful in indigestion, cholera, snake bite,
typhoid fever, vomiting and diarrhoea of children all
stomach diseases of children. One pill twice daily before
food.
In typhoid fever with ginger juice; in snake bite with

the juice of plantain root; in cholera with mint juice; tn
vomiting and diarrhoea of children with mother’s milk or
juice of mint, or juice of Ajwain, or juice of Karpura Valli.
Triphala Guggulu: (6 grains) Chief ingredients are
Triphala, pure Guggulu, Pippali.
Rakta Pravardhak, Rakta Samsodak, Rakta Vata
Prasamak. Useful in fistula, bleeding piles, carbuncles,
abscesses, ulcer, sinus (Nadi Vrana), rheumatism. One
pill to be taken with milk twice daily before food.
Yograj Guggulu: (6 grains) Chief ingredients are
Triphala, Trikatu, pure Guggulu, Vacha, Hing (fried),
Kala Jeera, Go Ghrita, Ajmoda, Indrajav, Vaividang,
Atees, Gaja Pippali, Jeera, Bharangni, Patha, Kutaki.
Alterative, Shakti Pravardhak, Vata Prasamak,
Rakta Samsodhak, tonic. Useful in syrovitis,
rheumatism, leprosy, piles, dysentery, spermatorrhoea,
wet dreams, fistula, epilepsy, indigestion, asthma,
cough, hemiplegia (ardit, lakua), paraplegia, tetanus,
sciatica, all menstrual disorders, consumption. Reduces
Vata, removes stomach pain. One pill twice daily before
food with milk.
RASAS
(Mercurial Preparations)
Ananda Bhairava Rasa: Dose 2 to 4 grains (1 to 2

Rattis) to be taken with honey or buttermilk or water.
Chief Ingredients are pure Hingul (Rasa Sincihura),
Vatsanabhi, Marich, Sohaga (Tankan), Pippali.
It is diaphoretic (Svedavardhak), Mutra Samsodhak,
anodyne. It is useful in chronic diarrhoea, dysentery.
Malaria. Take rice and buttermilk in diarrhoea,
dysentery. Take Ghritapakva rice in Malaria. Take this
twice daily before food. This is given in a pill form.
Arshakuthara Rasa; This is given in a powder form.

Dose 4 Rattis to 6 Rattis (8 to 12 grains).
Chief ingredients are purified mercury, pure
sulphur, Tamra Bhasma, Loha Bhasma, Kalihari mool
chooma, Trikatu chooma, Dantimool chooma, Peeluk
choorna, Chitrakmool tvak chooma, Yavakshara, pure
Sohaga.
It is alterative, Raktaprasodhak, tonic, laxative. This
is specially prescribed in piles. This is taken with butter,
or honey, or buttermilk, or pomegranate sherbet.
Ichhabhedi Rasa: This is given in a powder form
with water, milk. Dose 6 grains. Chief ingredients are
pure Hingul, Sohaga, Sonth, Pippali, Satyanasi root
(Hemakshini mool), Danti bhij (pure Jamalgota).
It is a powerful purgative and Vataprasamak. It is
useful in obstinate constipation, worms, dropsy, all
conditions where a powerful purgative is needed. This
should not be given in feeble patients and inflammatory
conditions of the stomach and intestines. Motions stop if
hot water is given. If you drink four handfuls of cold
water you will get 4 motions; if you take six handfuls of
water, you wiU have six motions.
Lakshmi Vilas Rasa; Dose: 4 grains (2 Rattis) with
butter or honey or milk twice daily before food. Chief
ingredients are pure Sourashtra mygritika, pure
mercury, pure sulphur, Marich, pure Kuchla, Sohaga,
ginger Svarasa, Ajwain Rasa, Punarnava Svarasa,
Abhrak Bhasma, Loha Bhasma.
It is Rativardhak, Veerya Vardhak, Bala pushtikar
(gives strength and nutrition), tonic. It is useful in
consumption, spermatorrhoea, chronic fever, sexual
debility, impotency, cough, asthma, dysmenorrhoea.
Loknath Rasa: Dose: 1 to 2 Rattis (2 to 4 grains),
twice daily before food with honey and sugarcandy or
Vasaka Svarasa or Durvarasa or Guduchika Rasa. Take
mUk after taking medicine. Chief ingredients are Rasa
Sindhur, pure mercury, pure sulphur, Trikatu, Shankha

Bhasma, Viratika Bhasma, Sohaga.
It is Deepak, Pachak, Agnivardhak, Sakti Vardhak,
Veerya Vardhak (aphrodisiac), Svastiprada (gives good
health). It is useful in Rakta pitha, cough, asthma,
anaemia, Svarabhanga (hoarseness of voice), jaundice,
diarrhoea, dysentery, indigestion (Mandagni), diseases of
liver, dropsy, sleeplessness, general debility, weakness
due to fever, piles, vomiting, bleeding from nose.
Maha Mrityunjaya Rasa: Dose: 1 to 2 Rattis (2 to 4
grains) with ginger juice or honey or Tulasi juice or
Guduchi juice before food twice daily. Chief ingredients
are pure Vatsanabh, pure mercury, Marich, Pippali
Svarasa, Loha Bhasma, Abhrak Bhasma, Vanga
Bhasma, pure Manashila, Swaijikakshara, Yavakshara,
Adrak Svarasa.
Vata Sleshmak Dosha prashamak, Jvarahara, Bala-
pushtikara (gives strength and nutrition) and it is a
nervine tonic also. It is useful in chronic fever, typhoid
fever, malaria, asthma, hiccup, epilepsy, pneumonia,
consumption, Shoth (swelling).
Maha Jivarankusha Rasa: Dose 4 grains to be
taken in ginger juice or honey twice daily before food.
Chief ingredients are purified mercury, pure Vatsanabh,
pure Gandhak, Dhatura ka bij, Satyanasika jad.
It is Tridosha Prasamak, Jwarahara. It is useful in
fevers, malaria, typhoid fever, chronic fever.
Manikya Rasa: Dose 1 to 2 Rattis (2 to 4 grains) with
cow’s ghee or butter twice daily before food. Chief
ingredients are pure Harital, pure sulphur, pure
Manashila, pure mercury, Sheeshak Bhasma, Tamra
Bhasma, Abhrak Bhasma, Loha Bhasma, Vatadhug,
Guduchi Svarasa.
It is Seetaprada (cools the system), gives strength to
the heart (Hridaya ojas kar), Tridosha prasamak,
Balapushtikar. It is useful in hiccup, fever, rheumatism.
anaemia, cough, asthma, jaundice, leucorrhoea, all

kinds of fever, itch.
Panchamrit Parpati. Dose 2 to 4 Rattis (4 to 8
grains) twice daily with ghee, or honey, or butter. Chief
ingredients are pure sulphur (Gandhak), pure mercury
(parad), Lxaha Bhasma, Abhrak Bhasma, Tamra Bhasma.
It is Deepak, Pachak, Agnipradeepak,
Balapushtikar, Veerya Vardhak, Tridoshaprasamak,
Netrahitakar (keeps the eyes in a healthy condition),
Jwarahara, Kshudha Vardhak. It is useful in sprue,
chronic diarrhoea, chronic dysentery, chronic piles,
vomiting, fever, eye-diseases, enlargement of spleen,
consumption, Shoth (swelling of body), rheumatism.
Pratap Lankeswar: Dose: 1 Ratti (2 grains) to be
taken with honey, butter, cow’s ghee, Anarka sherbet,
ginger juice, sandal sherbet, twice daily before food.
Chief ingredients are pure mercury (parad), pure
Gandhak, Tamra Bhasma, pure Guggulu, pure
Manashila, Amlaki chooma, Trikatu, Vacha, Vaividang,
Nagarmotha, pure Vatsanabh.
It is Deepak, Pachak, Kapha-Vata Prasamak,
Ojaskar, Jwarahara. It is useful in rheumatism, typhoid
fever, chronic dysentery, diarrhoea, malaria, anaemia,
puerperal fever (Prasoothi Jwar).
Rajamriganika Rasa: Dose: 1 Ratti or 2 grains to be
taken with cow’s ghee or honey or sherbet or butter,
twice daily before food. Chief ingredients are Rasa
Sindhur, Swama Bhasma, Tamra Bhasma, Manashila,
Harital Bhasma, pure Gandhak.
Tridosha Prasamak, Veeiya-pravardhak,
Raktaprasodhak, tonic, Deepak, Pachak, Jwarahara. It
is useful in phthisis, chronic fever, asthma, cough,
parsva sool, enlargement of liver, spermatorrhoea.
Ramban Rasa: Dose: one to two grains. To be taken
with honey or butter or ghee or ginger juice, juice of bael
leaves or Vasaka or coriander leaves or Punamava two
times daily before meals. Chief ingredients are: Swarna
Bhasma, Rasasindur or Parad Bhasma, Swarnamakshik

Bhasma, Vaikrantha Bhasma, Ragavart Bhasma, pure
Gandhak.
It is Bala Veeiya Vardhak, tonic, Jwarahara,
antiperiodic, Rakta pravardhak, Tridosha Prasamak,
Agnipradeepak. It is useful in spermatorrhoea,
gonorrhoea, fever, asthma, cough, malaria, anaemia, wet
dreams, chronic rheumatism, gout, dysentery, scrofula,
chronic skin diseases such as eczema, psoriasis, lichen,
pemphigus, neuralgia, chronic nasal catarrh, weakness
of heart.
Shwas Kuthara Rasa: Dose: 2 Rattis (4 grains) with
honey or ginger juice or butter twice daily before meals.
Chief ingredients are pure Parad, pure Vatseinab, pure
Gandhak, Sohaga, Manashila, Marich, Pippali, Sonth.
Deepak, Pachak, gastric stimulant, Balavriddhikar,
Rakta pravardhak, Sveda prad (diaphoretic), Jwarahara,
sedative or pain reliever. Useful in cough, asthma,
consumption, fevers, typhoid fever, pneumonia,
erysipelas (visarpa), tonsillitis, parsvasool, painful
neuralgic affections, Moorcha, Svarabheda, hemicrania
(suryavartha).
Svarnaparpati: Dose; 1 Ratti to 3 Rattis (2 to 6
grains) twice daily before meals, with cow’s ghee or
butter or honey or sherbet. Chief ingredients are pure
mercury, Svarnapatra, pure Gandhak.
Balaveerya Vardhak, tonic, Ojaskar, Saktiprada,
Raktachancharak, Tridosha Prasamak. Useful in
phthisis, Sangrahani (dysentery), chronic fever, pain in
the body, epilepsy (mirigi, apasmara), leprosy,
spermatorrhoea, general debility, weakness of memory,
itch.
Tribhavan Keerti Rasa: Dose 2 to 3 Rattis (4 to 6
grains) twice daily after food with cream or butter or
honey or cow’s ghee or ginger juice. Chief ingredients are
pure Tamra Bhasma, pure mercury, pure sulphur,
Nirgundi beej, Pippali, pure Vatsanabh.
Tridosha Prasamak, Saktiprada, Rakta prashodhak,

Jwarahara, Svedaprad (diaphoretic), anodyne (pain
reliever). Useful in malaria, typhoid fever, high fever,
consumption, spermatorrhoea, liver complaint, leprosy,
pneumonia, visarpa, tonsillitis, painful neuralgic
affections, prasuthi rog in women.
Tripur Bhairava Rasa; Dose 1 to 2 Rattis (2 to 4
grains) with Trikatu chooma and honey or ginger juice,
Tulasi juice, or bael juice or Punarnava juice or
buttermilk twice daily before meals. Chief ingredients are
pure Vatsanab, Sohaga, pure Gandhak, Tamra Bhasma,
pure Hingul, Dantibeej.
Deepak, Pachak, Tridosha Prasamak, Agnivardhak,
Jwarahara (antipyretic), anodyne (pain reliever), Arogya-
prada (Rasayana), Raktaprasodhak, diaphoretic (Sveda-
prada), antiphilogistic. Useful in high fever, malaria,
typhoid fever, pneumonia, visarpa (erysipelas),
tonsillitis, emptive fevers, painful neuralgic affections,
indigestion (Agni- mandya), Shoth (swelling), intestinal
colic, piles, worms.
Vasantakusumakar Rasa; Dose 1 to 2 Rattis (2 to 4
grains) with honey, or butter, or bael juice, twice daily
before meals. Take one tumbler of milk after taking the
medicine. Chief ingredients are Swama Bhasma, Rajata
Bhasma, Vanga Bhasma, Seeshak Bhasma, Kanta-loha
Bhasma, Abhrak Bhasma, Mukta Bhasma, Praval
Bhasma, Musk.
Ayurarogya Vardhak, Tridosha prasamak.
Jwarahara, Rakta Samsodhak, Veerya Vardhak, Buddhi
Vardhak, Pushtikar, Mutra Samsodhak. Useful in
cough, diabetes, spermatorrhoea, urinary diseases,
consumption, Vishavikar, sexual debility, asthma,
general debility.
Vasanta Malati: Dose 1 to 2 Rattis (2 to 4 grains)
with honey and Pippali Chooma or butter or ginger juice,
or Tulasi juice, twice daily before meals. Take one
tumbler of cow’s milk preferably goat’s milk after taking
the medicine. Chief ingredients are Swarna Bhasma,

pure Hingul, Marich, pure Karpur Bhasma.
Kshudhavardhak (promotes appetite), Jwarahara,
Ayurarogya Vardhak, Tridosha prashamak, Saktiprada,
Rativardhak. Useful in chronic fever, malaria, cough,
asthma, debility, highly beneficial in phthisis.
TAI LAS
Amla Taila: Chief ingredients: Fresh Amla juice,
Harad, Baheda, Chandan, Choora, Khas Khas, Tejpatra,
cow’s milk, sesame oil.
Cooling and refreshing hair tonic. Keeps the head
cool and promotes the growth of hair. It is also good for
the brain. It gives lustre to the eyes (Netra
Jyotirvardhak). It is useful in epilepsy.
Brahmi Taila: Juice of green Brahmi leaves or
Brahmi quath, Triphala, sandal wood powder, Panari,
Khus Khus, Sugandhawala, Netravala, bark of small
cardamoms, cow’s milk, sesame oil.
This is a brain tonic. It strengthens memory, cools
the head and brain, cures headache, eye ache,
hemicrania or unilateral headache, epilepsy.
sleeplessness (Prajaagar).
Bhringamalaka Taila: Sesame oil, Bhringaraj
Svarasa, Amla Svarasa, Manjishta, Padmak, Mulhati,
Lalchandan, Nagakesar, cow’s milk, Bala, Dharu Haldi.
It is useful in sleeplessness, epilepsy, excessive
heat, headache, mental weakness. It is an excellent
bathing oil for everyday use. It cools the head and
strengthens the memory. It removes burning sensation
of eyes. It prevents premature grey hairs and falling of
hair. It is a brain tonic. It is used as Nasya for snuffing. It
is useful in diseases of ear and eyes. It makes curly hairs.
Brihat Vishnu Tailam: Til Tel (gingily oil), Satavara
Svarasa, cow’s milk, Aswagandha, Nagarmotha, Jeevak,
Rishabhak, Jeevanti, Jatamansi, Kasturi.
Useful in rheumatism, manniasthambha,

Sirkampan, angaruksha, gallagraha, anguligraha.
Brihat Dashamool Tailam; Oil of mustard,
Dashamool, Dhatura, Punarnava, Sambalu, Vasaka
bark, Devadaru, Trikatu, Rasna, Karang Beej, Kala
Jeera.
Useful in Kamasool, Netrasool, headache,
hemicrania, rheumatism; cleanses the ulcers.
Brihat Lakshadi Tailam; Chief ingredients are Til
Tel, Laksha Svarasa, Rasna, Aswagandha, Devadaru,
Sveta Chandan, Moorva, Katuki, Kusht, Haridra.
A very useful remedy as a massage in old fevers,
malaria, cough, asthma, cold, epilepsy, Rhithesis,
itching, anaemia, rheumatism, emaciation. It gives
garbhapushti.
Brihat Mareechadi Tailam: Chief ingredients are
mustard oil, cow’s urine, Marichi, Dantimool, Mandarka
dhoot, Devadaru, Dharu Haldi, Kutaj bark, Kadhir bark.
Useful in scabies, leucoderma, leprosy, pruritus,
psoriasis, eczema, ringworm.
Chandanadi Tailam: Til oil, Bringraj Svarasa,
Triphala, Lalchandan, Priyanthu, Neelotpal, Guduchi,
Bootkeshi, Anantamool.
Cooling and refreshing to the head and eyes; useful
in burning sensation in the head, hemicrania or one-side
headache, burning of the feet, headache, bleeding of the
nose. It is used as a Nasya in bleeding of the nose. It
strengthens the root of the hair on the head.
Chitrakadi Tailam; Chief ingredients are Til oil,
cow’s urine, Chitra ka mool, Chavya, Ajwain, Choti
Katteri, Karang Beej, red salt, Madarki jad or milk.
Useful tn fistula, sinus and other deep ulcers. Soak
a cotton wick in the oil and put it in the cavity of the
ulcers. Useful as a Nasya in ulcers of the nose.
Haridradi Tailam; Chief ingredients are Til oil,
Haridra, Daru Haridra, Darvi, Mulhati, Lalchandan,
Kesar, Majit (Manjistha), Bhatpatra, Padma, Padmak

Agaru.
A useful application in acne, gives glow to the skin of
the face.
Hinguadi Tailam: Chief ingredients are mustard oil
(Sarson ki Tel), Hingu, Trikatu, Saindhava (Senda
Nimak), Sonth, Chitrak, camphor, Haridra, Saggkshar.
Put three or four drops in the nose. This is useful in
ozoena. Relieves pain in menstruation when applied to
the trunk (massage).
Jatyadi Tailam: Til oil, Chameli Svarasa,
Sankhpushpa, Molesarika chai, Kadir, Amka gutli,
Triphala, Trikatu Sindhur. Useful in ulcer, fistula, all
sorts of sores.
Karanjadi Tailam: Til oil, Karanja beej, Kutiki.
Useful for application in ring worm of the scalp.
Maha Narayana Tailam: Chief ingredients are Til
Tel, Satavari Svarasa, cow’s milk, goat’s milk, Bivamoola
bark, Neem bark, Aswagandha, Gokuru, Punarnava,
Lalchandan, Sendanimak, Atibala, Patala, Syonak,
Agnimanthi.
It is a wonderful remedy as a local massage in
Hemiplegia, lumbago, fever, phthisis, paraplegia,
sciatica, synovitis, rheumatism, impotence, headache,
rigid spasm.
Maha Saindhavadi Tailam: Ingredients are Iranda
Tel, Sreyasi, Saindhavanimak (red salt), Rasna, Ajwain,
Marichi, Pippali, Sonth, Ajmoda, Pohakar mool.
Useful in locomotor ataxia, synovitis, Parswa sool,
stone in the kidney, hemiplegia, rheumatism.
Maha Vishgarbha Tailam: Ingredients are Til Tel,
Neem bark, Nirgundi Svarasa, Bhringaraj Svarasa,
Dhatura, aconite, Aswagandha, Dasamool, Anantamool,
Arkamool.
Properties; anodyne, sedative. Useful in arthritis,

tremors, sprain, chronic rheumatism, paraplegia,
sciatica, lumbago, gout.
Nirgundi Tailam: Ingredients are Til Tel, Nirgundi
Svarasa (leaf and root bark).
Useful in diseases of ear (to be used as ear drops);
used as Nasya in scrofula sinus. It is beneficial in
itching.
Shad Bindu Tailam I: Ingredients are mustard oil,
cow’s ghee. Ark Svarasa, Mandar Patra Svarasa, cow’s
urine, Gheru, Sindhur, Trikatu. Useful in leprosy,
Visarpa.
Shad Bindu Tailam II: Chief ingredients are Til Tel,
goat’s milk, Bhringaraj Svarasa, Iranda mool, Jeevanti,
Rasna, Dalcheeni.
Useful in headache as Nasya (drops in the nose).
Nasya strengthens the root of the hairs of the head and
the root of the teeth and improves the vision and lustre of
the eyes.
Triphaladi Tailam; Ingredients are Til Tel,
Svaradhigana quath, Triphala, Atees, Nisooth, Chitrak
mool, Vasaka chai, Guduchi, Trikatu. Useful for
application in skin diseases.
Vidang Tailam; Chief ingredients are Til oil,
Vaividang, Kalajeera, Chitrak, Trikatu, Triphala. Useful
in itching. For chest pain and cough apply to the chest
and throat.
Vyaghri Tailam: Til Tel, Choti Katteri, Vasaka,
Bilwa bark, Devadaru, Bala, Dhanihaldi, Chaturjat.
Useful in ozoena, catarrh, disease of nose.
QUATH
(Decoction)
Take to 2 tolas of coarse powder of quath. Add

water 16 times its proportion. Boil and make it into a
decoction. When three fourth the quantity of water is

evaporated, strain the remaining portion.
Always prepare fresh quaths. Do not keep the
decoction over night. You can prepare the decoction for
the whole day. The quaths are prescribed as Anupans or
vehicles for other drugs. Dose: 1 oz. to be taken twice
daily with honey.
Abhayadi Quath: Chief ingredients are Harad,
Damasa, Amaltas, Gokuru, Pashanabhedi.
It increases blood (Raktapravardhak). It purifies the
blood (Rakta Shodak), laxative, bitter tonic and
alterative. Useful in long continued fevers, chronic
constipation, increases appetite.
Amritadi Quath: Chief ingredients are Guduchi,
Eranda root, Vasaka panchang.
This is a blood purifier, Tridosha Prasamak
(equalises the three Doshas). Useful in spermatorrhoea,
cough, asthma, old fever.
Arjunatwak Quath: Chief ingredients are Arjun
bark, Chitrak, Guduchi, Nagarmotha, Dhania.
Astringent and tonic. It is a heart tonic too. Useful in
cirrhosis (liver disease), heart diseases.
Dasamool Quath: Chief ingredients are Shalipami,
Prasnipami, Bilus, Brihati, Kantakaritha (Choti Katteri),
Gokshuraka, Agnimanthi, Shyonaka, Kashmari and
Patala.
Alterative, bitter tonic, Tridosha Prasamak. Useful
in typhoid fever, fevers, malaria, cough, cold, scrofula,
neuralgia, puerperal diseases like Soothikarog, asthma,
parsva sool, excessive perspiration, giddiness. Gives
strength to the heart.
Devadarwadi Quath: Chief ingredients are
Devadaru, Vacha, Kustha, Pippali, Sonth, Nagarmotha,
Chirayata (Kirata), Kutuki, Gokuru, Katphala, Brihati,
Guduchi, Shringi, etc.
Bitter tonic, alterative, stimulant, cools the system,

gives strength to the heart, increases lustre in the eyes,
Rakta prasodhak (purifies the blood). Useful for women
after delivery or colic fever, headache, cough, moorcha
(giddiness), pains in the body and the joints, etc.
Drakshadi Quath: Chief ingredients are Draksha
(Munakka), Harad, Nagarmotha, Kutuki, Amaltas ka
gudha or pulp.
Guduchyadi Quath: Chief ingredients are Guduchi,
Dhania, Khus, Sonth, Netrabala, Pithapapada, Baelgiri,
Atees, Lalchandan, Chirata, Indrajav.
Bitter tonic, stomachic, antiperiodic, Rakta
prasodhak (purifier of blood), Pitha Prasamak (keeps the
bile in the normal condition). Useful in malaria,
dysentery, diarrhoea. Give with half quantity of honey.
Kiratadi Quath: Chief ingredients are Kirata
(Chirayata), Neem bark, Pippali, Kachur, Sonth,
Satavari, Guduchi, Badi Katteri.
Bitter tonic, anti-periodic. Highly useful in malaria,
atonia, influenza (sleshma jwara) and other fevers,
dyspepsia.
Manjisthadi Quath: (Brihat) Chief ingredients are
Manjistha, Nagarmotha, Kutakchal, Guduchi, Sonth,
Bharanghi, Nimkichal, Dharu Haldi, Triphala, Trikatu,
Moorva, Sariva. In elU 45 drugs.
Alterative, Raktaprashodhak (blood purifier), tonic,
diuretic, astringent, antiperiodic, stimulant,
Pitta-prasamak (keeps the bile in a normal condition).
Useful in all forms of leprosy, gonorrhoea (Upadamsa),
hemiplegia, acne, skin diseases, boils, eye diseases. It
improves general health.
Maharasnadi Quath: Chief ingredients are Rasna,
Guduchi, Devadaru, Gokuru, Punarnava, Vasaka, Atees,
Satavari, Lakshmana, Bacha.
Bitter tonic, aperient, diuretic. Gives foundation for
pregnancy (Garbha sthapan).
Useful in all kinds of rheumatism, spermatorrhoea,

paraplegia, sciatica, hemiplegia, lumbago.
Nimbadi Quath: Chief ingredients are Nimba,
Katuki, Nagarmotha, Indrajav, Parpat, Patha, Hareetaki,
Vasa, Gandawala, Katphala.
Bitter tonic, anti-periodic, aperient,
Raktaprashodhak (blood-purifier),
(blood-purifier), Pitta-prasamak
(keeps the bile in a normal condition). Useful in Malaria,
jaundice, worms, leprosy, hepatitis, etc., itch, bilious
fever.
Parpatadi Quath (Panchabhadra Kahada): Chief
ingredients are Pitha papada (Parpat), Nagarmotha,
Guduchi, Sonth, Chirayata.
Blood purifier, Pittaprasamak, bitter tonic, Tridosha
prasamak. Keeps the three Doshas in a normal
condition. Useful in fevers. Take this with half quantity of
honey.
Punarnavadi Quath: Chief ingredients are
Punamava, Nimbark, Darvi, Katuki, Sonth, Guduchi,
Palota.
Bitter tonic, alterative, laxative, antiperiodic,
diuretic, Shothahara (remover of swelling of body).
Useful in jaundice, anaemia, cough, asthma, stomach
pain, all diseases of stomach, chronic rheumatism,
dropsy, bubo.
Pithapapada Quath: Rakta pravardhak (increases
the blood), gives strength to the heart, tonic. Useful in
debility, moorcha (fainting), Rakta Pitta, bilious fever
(Pitta jwara), malaria, thirst, cools the lungs in diy
condition.
Sarivadi Quath: Chief ingredients are Anantamool
(Sariva), black TU, Lodhra, Mulati.
Alterative, blood-purifier, diaphoretic, diuretic,
tonic. As a blood-purifier it is useful in skin diseases,
itch, boil, scrofula, syphilis, cachexia, constitutional
debility. As a diaphoretic and tonic it is given in fevers
with loss of appetite and disinclination for food. It is

useful in the beginning stage of stone in the kidney. It is a
Mutrasamshodhak. It purifies the urine. So it is useful in
scanty and high coloured urine.
Triphaladi Quath; Chief ingredients are Triphala,
Guduchi, Katuki, Nimbark, Chirayata, Adusha (Vasaka).
Alterative, laxative, Raktaprashodhak
(blood-purifier), Kriminasak (killer of worms in the
bowels), Pachak (digestive), Tridosha prasamak (keeps
the three Doshas in a normal condition), Mutra
samshodhak (purifier of urine). Useful in jaundice,
anaemia, itch.
Trivritadi Quath: Chief ingredients are Trivrit or
Trikatu (Sonth, black pepper, Pippali), Nirhoth, Sanai,
Nagarmotha, Mulati, Bolamool, Haldi, Daruhaldi,
Triphala.
Deepak, Pachak, tonic, purgative. Useful in obesity,
orchitis, first stage of stone in the kidney, flatulence or
wind in the bowels, pain in the stomach, headache.
Chapter XXI
KAYA KALPA
This is an age of science. This is an age of scientific

discovery and inventions. Life is complex. Life is under
great tension. Rivalry and competition are intense. Man
exerts more. There is great tension on his brain and
nerves. He is under great excitement. He is restless.
There is undue strain on his nerves and brain. He gets
exhausted quickly. There is great struggle in the daily
battle of life.
Ayurveda shows you the way to attain a high
standard of health, vim, vigour, vitality and longevity. It
solves the riddle of old age. It helps you to preserve the
youth. It gives a scientific description of the process of
rejuvenation, Kaya Kalpa.
Chyavana and other sages of yore who had a broken
and debilitated constitution on account of old age,
renewed their vigour of life and lived for countless years
by undergoing Kaya Kalpa treatment.
Chyavana prepared a confection out of various
herbs and took it. That herbal preparation is known by
the name Chyavanaprash which is still used by the
people of India. Mandavya Rishi who lived in the Vindhya
mountains took an Elixir. He got perpetual youth
through the use of drugs.
The Sanskrit word ‘Kaya’ means body and ‘Kalpa’
means transformation or rejuvenation. Kaya Kalpa is
that form of treatment which restores the aged and
debilitated body to its pristine youth and vigour,
re-establishes the full potentialities of the senses and
gives good health. Kaya Kalpa adds new life to years and
new years to life.
(208)
KAYA KALPA 209
Scientists also are attempting to find out the Elixir of

life which will combat against decay and produce vigour
and youth in the old and conquer the fear of death.
Kaya Kalpa restores the natural balance to Vata,
Pitta and Kapha, brings the functions of Saptadhatus to
a normal condition and cures many incurable diseases.
Kaya Kalpa should be conducted under the expert
guidance of a very competent Ayurvedic physician.
The life-long accumulation of various poisons in the
system causes decay, old age and death. Therefore one
should take recourse to Pancha Karmas for purifying the
body before he begins Kaya Kalpa treatment. The Pancha
Karmas are 1. Nasya Karma (nasal purge), 2. Vamana
Karma (emetics), 3. Virechana Karma (purgatives), 4.
Niropa Vasti (clearing Enemata) and 5. Anuvaasana
Vasti (soothing Enemata).
Forms of Kalpa Treatment

Kuti Pravesika Kalpa
One remains in a dark cell. He lives on black cow’s

milk alone. He should not take shave. He should not
touch cold water. He lives in seclusion. He is cut off from
friends and society. This gives complete rejuvenation.
Aja Kalpa
This is rejuvenation through goat’s milk. The goat

should yield 4 pounds of milk. Salt, chillies, tea and
coffee are forbidden. This Kalpa cures definitely diabetes,
dyspepsia. Asthma, rheumatism and debility.
Ghrita Kalpa
Pure cow’s ghee is taken with cow’s milk every

morning for two months in every winter.
Harad Kalpa
Harad is Hareetaki or myrobalan. One big Harad

(Terminalia chebula) is taken in the morning for 41 days.
Somalata Kalpa
This process is a difficult, delicate and drastic one.

The patient becomes unconscious for some days. The
skin peels off. He comes back to consciousness and
becomes a blooming youth.
Bodhi Kalpa
One regains lost memory. This is highly beneficial

for all brain workers, professors, lawyers and doctors,
students and scholars. No Pancha Karma is necessary.
This is very easy. It can be taken for a week or more. Give
up oil, chillies, sour things, ice, tea, etc.
Kesha Kalpa
Grey hair becomes black through this Kalpa. There

is no Pancha Karma or food restriction. It should be
taken under the supervision of an experienced Ayurvedic
physician. It causes vomiting.
Brahmi Kalpa
Brahmi is one of the beautiful creeper herbs found

in the Himalayan regions. This is available in plenty in
winter. During Vasanta-Greeshma Ritus (February to
April) it flowers. In rainy season it is almost extinct. In
the dictionary of herbs Brahmi is known as Somavati or
Saraswati. This is found in places which are moist on the
wet sandy mountain regions. This should be collected in
Sisira Ritu and Vasanta Ritu (seasons) when it is full
with beneficial juice. The leaves should be collected from
clean places with fresh airy regions. Impure and unholy
places should be avoided in collecting Brahmi leaves .
■?rr^ yrtn
KAYA KALPA 211
Wonderful are the characteristic qualities of

Brahmi. It develops bodily as well as mental faculties. It
increases life and checks degeneration. It develops
intelligence and improves memory. It is effective in
leprosy, leucoderma. It is very cooling in effect. It is good
in clearing the bowels. Its taste is bitter. It improves
intellectual faculties. It increases life. It makes the voice
fine. It purifies urine. It is useful in blood impurities,
Apasmar (Mrigi), loss of memory, in wet dreams.
menstrual disorders, nervous debility, children’s
diseases, pneumonia etc. In children’s diseases—
pneumonia and cough—it should be made into a paste
and applied to the neck.
Even the Westerners have done great researches
over Brahmi. It is known as Gratila Monniera
Hydrocotyle Asiatica. They are of the opinion that this
should not be dried in the sun. If it is dried in the sun it
loses some of its vital qualities.
In Brahmi Kalpa fresh Brahmi is to be utilised.
Fresh Brahmi abounds in wonderful life-giving strength
and various beneficial qualities. It transforms a man
immediately. Brahmi Kalpa is undertaken for 31 days.
The person undergoing the Kalpa should first of all clean
his bowels. The next day after bath and other cleansings
he should take 6 Mashas tola) of Brahmi (leaves, roots,
branches) and grind it very nicely. This is veiy effective.
The paste should be as fine as possible.
Take half at sunrise. The remaining half (3 mashas)
should be taken at sunset. Three hours later you should
take cow’s milk half a seer or as much as you can digest.
You can increase the quantity according to your
capacity. While heating the milk put 6 mashas of fresh
Brahmi leaves £ind boil it well. Cool it and take it. In case
pure cow’s milk is not available, goat’s milk can be taken.
After 3 or 4 days if there is difficulty in digesting the milk
you can add a small quantity of dried ginger and Pippali
(both powdered well).
During the Kalpa period take nothing prepared out

of grains. Nothing other than milk should be taken. Have
the senses under perfect control. Devote more time to
prayer and meditation. If you want to take rest lie on your
left side. The rule is;
Care should be taken to see that the milk is freshly

drawn every morning. The quantity of Brahmi should be
increased in the following order. The entire course of
treatment is for 45 days.
1 st day 3 mashas both morning St evening
2nd day 4 mashas both morning & evening
3rd day 5 mashas both morning Sg evening
7th day 9 mashas both morning & evening
15th day 17 mashas both morning 8& evening
21st day 23 mashas both morning &, evening
28th day 30 mashas both morning & evening
31st day 33 mashas both morning 8g evening
From the 32nd day onward reduce 2 mashas each
time and on the 45th day the quantity of Brahmi leaves
Kalaa taken will be 3 Mashas morning and evening as on
the first day of the Kalpa.
On the completion of Kalpa, food should be
gradually increased. First fruit juice should be taken.
Then green gram and then old rice and easily digestible
articles of diet should be taken before taking to the full
normal diet. During the period following the treatment
you should avoid onion, oils, chillies, tamarind (sour
articles), etc.
Dugdha Kayakalpa
Ensures good health and long life. Treatment

extends to 30 days.
Avoid onions, chillies, non-vegetarian diet and
seminal wastage. Cures headaches.
headaches, fevers,
consumption, dysentery and constipation.
KAYA KALPA 213
Spring season is particularly suited for undertaking

this treatment. Begin the Kalpa on a Suklapaksha
(bright fortnight).
Before commencement of the treatment have a clean
purgative with Triphala or Myrobalan (Hareetaki).
Take 9 Chataks (45 Tolas) pure cow’s milk. Add 3
Chataks of juice of bittergourd or 6 mashas of Triphala
powder or 9 mashas of Trikatu Chuma. Mix any of these
in milk. Heat and reduce the milk to half the quantity.
Allow the milk to cool. Add one tola of sugarcandy. On
the first day take this milk only. You should not take any
other food. On the second day have 13 Chataks of milk.
Mix one third the quantity of bitter-gourd juice or if
Triphala Chuma, add one Masha in addition. Other
instructions as on the first day. Continue thus adding 4
Chataks of milk and juice of gourd or Triphala powder in
the same proportion. Carry on the treatment for one full
month (30 days).
During the treatment avoid all mental exertion, long
night vigils. Maintain Brahmacharya. Observe vow of
silence.
You can take juice of mosumbi or orange if you feel
hungry at other times. No other food should be taken.
Note;—For fuller details refer my book Practice of
Nature Cure.
Neem Kalpa
It is an admitted fact that herbs possess curative

effect to a very high degree. The benefits of Indian herbs
are known throughout the world. Herbal treatment is
unparalleled in effect. Among herbs Neem occupies a
very distinctive position.
It is beyond the power of words to describe the
curative effect of this wonderful tree. Every part of this
tree is useful. From very ancient times we have heard the
glory of this tree. It is capable of destroying to the root
many incurable diseases. Leaves, flowers and bark of the
tree aire highly useful. These act unfailingly in giving the

maximum benefit to the patient and make the treatment
successful.
People of good health derive the maximum benefit of
this treatment as a recuperative tonic. The rules enjoined
in the observance of this Kalpa have to be strictly
adhered to to ensure the maximum result. Care should
be taken to see that nothing is done by the patient which
will go against his interests, i.e., he should be careful in
following the rules relating the treatment.
March, April, October and November are the months
highly beneficial in undertaking this Kalpa. Both men
and women can derive the maximum benefit by
undertaking the Neem treatment. Sunday, Tuesday and
Thursdays are favourable in commencing the treatment
for men. Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday are
days suitable for women.
Before commencement of the treatment the bowels
should be cleared by a purgative. The observance of the
following rules will be highly useful.
Live in seclusion. Speak slowly, moderately.
Maintain celibacy. Remain in well-ventilated rooms. Rise
up from bed early morning. General rules of health and
hygiene should be adhered to.
Neem Kalpa can be successfully carried out within
31 days. Take one Masha of the combined Trivarg
(leaves, flowers and bark of Neem). Mix them all. Paste it
well with water. Make pills. The pills are to be taken with
fresh water drawn from well or river. Similarly in the
evening prepare pills of weight one Masha and take them
with fresh water. Three hours later take half a seer pure
cow’s milk. Take milk at least 3 times daily. In this Kalpa
food of all descriptions should be given up. Mix a small
quantity of Trikatu powder (Sonth, Marich, Pippali) with
milk before taking. This helps digestion and increases
strength.
KAYA KALPA 215
On the second day add 4 rattis of leaves, flowers and

bark of Neem. Thus the quantity has to be increased 4
rattis daily. The following table will give you an idea of the
quantity of medicine to be taken.
1st day 1 Masha morning and evening
2nd day 1/2 Masha morning and evening
7th day 4 Mashas morning and evening
1 Sth day 8 Mashas morning and evening
20th day 10>^ Mashas morning and evening
31st day 16 Mashas morning and evening
On the 32nd day the quantity of the pill should be
reduced by one Masha and thus every day one Masha is
to be reduced and on the 45th day the size of the pill
comes to one Masha. Thus the course of treatment comes
to an end and the patient feels great strength, vigour and
vitality.
The patient will do well to keep some green leaves of
Neem under the pillow. This removes the heat in the
system. This rejuvenates the entire nervous system.
Put 15 leaves of Neem in one glass of water and keep
it covered near your bed at bed-time. On waking from bed
at 5 a.m. filter it and drink the water. This is known as
Ushapan also. This cleanses the bowels and the bladder.
It removes the defects of phlegm and bile. After Ushapan
one should go for stroll in the early morning. The lungs
are cleared. The heat in the system is reduced. On return
from walk take rest for half an hour and practise mild
Pranayama or deep breathing exercises.
During the course of treatment on account of little
heat in the system you may feel weak, you may suffer
from a little sleeplessness, a little whirling of the head
etc., may be felt. But those will not last long and they will
pass away. Be not moved by such experience. You should
maintain mental equilibrium and not allow yourself to be
led away by emotions.
Mlchliludldd
The effect of Neem is cooling, and lightness of body.

It is highly effective in curing skin diseases. It removes
phlegm, wind and bile.
It is helpful in cough, all fevers, loss of appetite,
thirst, cough, diabetes, leprosy, etc. The oil of Neem is
very useful in all skin diseases, worms in teeth,
infectious diseases.
Even the Western scientists have accepted the fact
that of all medicines which help to cleanse the system
Neem finds the first place.
Soon after the treatment the patient should take
care to see that he takes no such thing which gives rise to
the disease once again. This is very, very important.
Once the Kalpa is successfully undertaken the patient
gets immunity from the disease for a pretty long time.
Buttemilk Treatment (Takra Kalpa)
Takra Kalpa treatment is not merely a cure for

diseases. It also bestows long life on the individual.
Buttermilk contains in itself all the strength-giving
elements which could otherwise be had only from a
number of other edible articles of daily life. It gives more
strength and energy than ordinaiy articles of diet. It
contains very important vitamin useful for the building
up of body cells.
In the chapter on dietetics in Ayurveda we find a full
description of buttermilk as an important part of our
food.
Hrldui fcr^||
u«ng<ruiNiid fT«n •jrttjtt 11

KAYA KALPA 217
dsb I
iyftuR II
The person who takes buttermilk never falls sick. It
destroys all kinds of diseases. It does not allow diseases
to enter the system. Just as nectar is prescribed for gods
in heaven, even so here in this world buttermilk is
prescribed for human beings as a means for maintaining
healthy life. They are ever happy.
In Kalpa Kosha we find a beautiful description of
Takra Kalpa for a happy and diseaseless life.
This Kalpa is useful in dreadful diseases contracted
by heredity. In short it is useful in all diseases. It should
be administered with a thorough knowledge of the
Pathyas (do’s) and Apathyas (don’ts).
We find Chandrasamputi, Amritakaran and many
other varieties of Butter-milk treatment. But the
following method is very useful. It is easy to practise and
is highly fruitful.
This Kalpa is undertaken for 40 days. There are
various methods of preparing curd and buttermilk. The
most easy and useful method is described here.
For purposes of making curd cow’s milk is the best.
Cow’s milk is itself a Rasayana (tonic). Prepare curd

out of pure cow’s milk. Add one part of water in 3 parts of
curd. Take butter from one half of the curd. Add the other
half and make buttermilk. Prepare curd in the early
morning and keep it for one full day. The second day the
curd is fit for use. Do not use old curd. The curd that is
kept unused for 48 hours becomes unfit for use in Kalpa.
It is even harmful. Do not preserve curd or buttermilk in
brass or copper vessels. It is highly injurious to health.
Before commencing Takra Kalpa clear your bowels
with Pancha Karma (Vamana, Virechana, Nasya,
Niruhan and Anuvasan). By this not only the bowels but

even the senses are purified.
Keep up the vow of Brahmacharya. Continue the
Kalpa for 40 days. Take bath in the early morning. At
sunrise take 10 Chataks (50 tolas) of buttermilk. Take an
equal quantity at sunset also. The next day increase it by
2 Chataks i.e., 11 chataks at sunrise and 11 chataks at
sunset. Thus increase 2 chataks daily.
If you find it difficult to take simple buttermilk as it
is, you can add a small quantity of fried Jira, asafoetida
mixed with a little Saindhava Nimak, well powdered.
On the 41st day onward reduce 4 Chataks every day
until you come again to 1 seer and 4 chataks.
On the completion of Kalpa you should not
commence your usual diet at once. Do not take salt and
chillies for some days. In the beginning take only fruit
juice, palak, louki, parval and green vegetables. Then
take milk and then gradually the usual diet. This Kalpa is
not advisable in Varsha and Sarad Ritus (Rainy and
winter seasons).
If the buttermilk is light it is useful in stopping
motions. If it is sour in taste, it does not increase bile. It
helps digestion. It improves digestion, strength and
removes the evil effects of Vata, Kapha, etc.
In cold season it improves digestion and removes
bad taste. It improves the movement of Nadis and makes
it normal.
Chapter XXII
THE RASAYANA TREATMENT
In the Ayurvedic system Rasayana treatment is

prescribed for keeping death at a distance and attaining
longevity. This system has become a neglected science at
the present moment. According to this treatment, old age
is a disease. This needs to be treated. Accidental deaths
can be avoided.
Life can be continued indefinitely through Rasayana
treatment. Rasayana is the science of removing old age
and diseases which do not yield to ordinary treatment,
prolonging life and rejuvenating it. Whatever promotes
longevity, retentive memory, health, vitality, is called
Rasayana. It is called Rasayana because it has a
beneficial effect on the "Rasas’ and other elements of the
body. It strengthens the metabolic system, improves the
blood and consequently the whole body.
Mandavya Muni who resided in Vindhya mountains
attained long life and Siddhis by herbs. So did Chyavana
Rishi through the reputed Chyavanaprash. Those who
attained longevity through Rasayana are called
Rasayanas.
Rasayana treatment is done through sulphur,
mercury, nux vomica seeds, Neem, Heiritaki and
Amalaka.
The Rasayanas can immortalise the physical body.
The Rasayanas keep the physical body healthy and
strong for a long time in order to achieve the goal or
Self-realisation in this very life. If the body is kept
healthy and strong for a long time, the Yogic students
have much time to attain the goal. Much time will not be
lost in dying and being born again. This is the theoiy of
Rasayanas.
(219)
Three distinct processes are described in the

Ayurveda to attain longevity and rejuvenation. They are
‘Rasaraj Rasayana,’ termed mercury which has first and
foremost place eimong the ancient therapeutics,
‘Rasayana’ herbs and ‘Aachara Rasayana.’
Eko Aso Rasaraj Shariram-ajaraAmara Kurute—the
only thing that can make the body ever young and
immortal is the blessed Rasaraj.
Lxmgevity is also attained through ‘Rasayana’ herbs
such as Soma, Nila, Nari, Padma, Hareetaki and A mala.
Amala and Hareetaki tone the body, give immense
strength and virility and make it immune from many
diseases. The patient is kept indoor (Kuti-pravesh) or
out-door (Vatepik).
‘Aachara Rasayana’ or rejuvenation and longevity
through the practice of Yama and Niyama or right
conduct (Ahimsa, Satyam, Brahmacharya, etc.) is
another kind of treatment by the Yogins and sages.
According to Sushruta the Rasayana treatment
should be performed on the subject either in youth or in
the middle age. It will not bestow the desired results, if it
is performed when old age or decrepitude has already set
in.
Chapter XXIII
YANTRAS
The Yantras deal with the science of mercury and

sulphur. These are useful in what are called Swedan,
Pachan, Mardan, etc.
That which controls, protects and solidifies mercury
and sulphur is called Yantram (Yantrayate, Niyamyate,
Badhyate i/aa
vaa Rakshyate Paradonenopayena
Tadyantram).
Vaghbhata’s Rasaratna Samuchya gives description
of a number of useful Yantras. Chief among them are
Dola Yantra, Swedaneeya Yantra, Paatana Yantra,
Adhapatana Yantra, Jarana Yantra, Kachchap Yantra,
Vidhyadhar Yantra (Oordhwapatan), Somanal Yantra,
Hamsapaak Yantra, Baaluka and Lavana Yantra,
Bhoodhar Yantra, Koshtee Yantra, Valabhee Yantra,
Tiryakpaatan Yantra, Paalika Yantra, Ishtikaa Yantra,
Nabhi Yantra, Dhoopa Yantra and Tapta khal Yantra.
Very important ones from among the above are described
here in fuller details.
Dola Yantra
Fill a mud pot half with Dravadravya (mixture of
sulphur, mercuiy and decoction) Rasa, Qwath, Kanji.
Make two holes on the upper portion of the mud pot
across and pass a straight wooden or iron rod. Suspend
the Swedadravya from the rod tied to a cloth. Now heat
the Dravadravya. Prepare Swedan pak. This is Dola
Yantra.
Swedaneeya Yantra
Fill water or Dravadravya (Svaras, Kashaya, Kanji,
milk, etc.) in a broad mud pot three fourth full. The pot
(221)
should then be covered with a cloth and tied tight. Keep

the Swedadravya which is to be cooked. Cover it with a
similar mud pot (as one kept below). Both the pots
together will have a global appearance. New keep this
over fire. Heat well. This is called Swedaneeya Yantra.
Paatana Yantra
Take a pot with an internal measurement of 16
inches. Invert the pot. On the top of it make a Jaladhar
10" long, 8" broad and 4" high. Take another with its
mouth slightly smaller than the previous one, which can
fit in properly in the previous pot. In the second pot have
mercury or sulphide of mercury. Now invert the first pot
on the pot containing mercury. Join both the pots nicely
with buffalo’s milk, iron powder, Sira (paste) mixed
together. When it gets dry keep the pot on fire. Fill the
Jaladhar with water. This Yantra is called Paatana.
Adhah Paatana Yantra

. Have two pots as described in the previous Yantra.
In the pot that is kept on the top have a coating of paste
of mercury and sulphur. Fill the other pot half with
water. Fit in the pot containing the paste well into the
water pot in an inverted position. Join them both with
the paste referred in the previous Yantra. When the
Lepan is dry have cow dung cakes on the top and set fire.
The down pot is kept within the earth with water as
mentioned above. When the upper pot gets hot, the
mercury gets melted and falls into the water in the pot
kept within the earth. This is Adhah Paatana Vidhi.
Vidyadhara Yantra
The Yantra prepared out of two pots of equal
measurement is called Vidhyadhara Yantra. In one pot
mercury and other medicines are filled. The other pot is
kept inverted on the first. Both the pots are then joined
by Sandhilep. Then it is dried properly. In this Yantra a
YANTRAS 223
Chula (firepot) is to be used which will supply fire on all

four sides.
Hamsapaaka Yantra
Fill a Khappar (earthen pot thin and broad) with
sand. Take another Khappar (Kunda). Take Javakhar,
Panchakshar, five kinds of salt, grind them with cow’s
urine. Heat it on mild fire, keeping it on the Khappar
containing sand. This is called by the name Hamsapaaka
Yantra. Sun is known by the name Hamsa. The fire
should be as mild as the rays of the sun. Hence the
significant name, Hamsapaaka.
Bhoodhar Yantra
Dig a pit in the earth. Fill it with sand to a height of 2
or 3 inches. Above it keep a circular vessel filled with
medicines (Moosha). Again fill the remaining part (2 or 3
inches) of the pit with sand. Keep cow-dung cakes above
this. Set fire to the cakes. This is known as Bhoodhar
Yantra.
Appendix
DEFINITIONS IN AYURVEDA
Aapyayanak or Ghatayantra; An earthenware pot

with a liquid content of 3 seers and 10 chataks water
with its neck measuring 4 inches is called Aapyayanak or
Ghatayantra.
Aaranaal or Kanjik: Rice, barley etc., are well
cooked and kept in pots with three times the quantity of
water. This is preserved for particular purpose and this is
called Aaranaal.
Acchadan or Aavap: The mixing of some wet and dry
substances in the molten Dhatu (metal) as per Ayurvedic
rules is called Acchadan or Aavap.
Amriteekaran: When Bhasma (ashes) is preparad
out of metals there are certain processes which remain
incomplete which are detrimental from the point of view
of health. The special process which is carried out in
removing these defects is called Amriteekaran. In the
case of copper Bhasma purification is done by ghee or
Panchamrit. This is called Amriteekaran.
Anupan is something which is taken along with or
soon after taking a medicine. It is prescribed by the
doctor or by the Ayurvedic text. For example you have to
take honey along with Abhrak Bhasma or take sugar
Sherbat after taking the husk of Isafgol etc.
Apurnarbhav Bhasma Lakshan is the method of
testing the quality of a Bhasma.
Arishta Kalpana; Medicines useful in decoctions
(Qwaths), sugar, pepper, etc., increased with Agar, etc.,
and kept in a closed vessel is called Asava or Arishta.
Some call the process of Qwath combinations as Arishta
and uncooked medical combination as Asava. Learned
Ayurvedic doctors maintain these subtle shades of
differences.
(224)
DEFINITIONS IN AYURVEDA 225
Ark is a combination of boiled water and Vanaspathi

products. It is called Triyakpatit Jal Ark.
Ashtavarga; Jeevak, Rishabhak, Meda, Mahameda,
Kakoli, Ksheera Kakoli, Riddhi, Vriddhi—these are the
famous Himalayan Ashtavarga.
Avaleha Kalpana; The decoction of herbs well
filtered and cooked and made into the shape of medicines
fit to be taken in by licking is called Rasa Kriya or
Avaleha Kalpana.
Bahiseet is the removing of Put from fire and cooling
it in the open air.
Bandh is the method by which the impurities and
unsteadiness of mercury is removed. There are 26
methods of purifying mercury. They are Hat Bandh, Arot
Bandh, Abhas Bandh, Kriyaheen Bandh, Pisthika
Bandh, Khar Bandh, Khot Bandh, Pot Bandh, Kalk
Bandh, Kajjali Bandh, Sajeeva Bandh, Nirbeej Bandh,
Sabeej Bandh, Srinkhala Bandh, Druti Bandh, Kumar
Bandh, Tarun Bandh, Vriddha Bandh, Moorti Bandh,
Jala Bandh, Agni Bandh, Susamskrit Bandh, Maha
Bandh, Jaluka Bandh.
Beej: The special process employed in colouring a
metal is called Beej or Uttaran.
Charana is the process of feeding gold and other
minerals into mercury. There are two methods of doing
it. They are Sumukh and Nirmukh Charana.
Chaturbeej: Cumin seeds, Chansur, Kalojee
(Mangroul) and Ajwain, these are called Chaturbeej.
Chatuijaat: Dalcheeni, Ilaichi (cardamom), Tejpatra
and Nagakesar these are called Chaturjaat.
Chaturlavan: Saindhav, Souvarchal, Bid, Samudrik
(sea salt) these are the Chaturlavan or four kinds of salt.
Chaturooshan; Dried ginger, pepper, Pippali, root of
Pippali—these four are called Chaturooshan.
Choorna is something ground in stone or pestle and

mortar and then filtered through cloth. Any dry powder
is Chooma.
Dasamool; Belgiri, Sonapaata, Gambhari, Pathal,
Arani, Salaparni, Prisniparni, Kateri (2 varieties),
Gokum—are the ten roots constituting Dasamool.
Dravanapanchak; Gunja, Takkhan, honey, ghee
and jaggeiy are the five Dravanas.
Dravanavarg; Gud (jaggery), Guggulu, ghee, honey,
Suhaga—these come under Dravanavarg. These are
utilised in melting things which are melted under special
processes.
Dwilavana; Saindhav and Souvarchal these two are
indicated by Dwilavana.
Ghritamoorchana; Put pure cow’s ghee in an iron
pan (kadayi). Heat it over mild fire till the foam
disappears. Make Kalka of Triphala, Mocha, Haridra,
Bijoure Swarasa. Take y^th portion of ghee and 4 times
that water. Prepare Pak in ghee. This is called
Ghritamoorchana.
Gutika; Jaggery, sugar, Guggulu, honey or
water—these when mixed with any powder and made
into equally shaped pills are called Gutika.
Jalamrittika; Prepare a decoction of the skin of
Babul tree. Filter it and make it sticky. Take powdered
Mandoor, jaggery and lime. Mix the three powders well.
Mix the powder and decoction well and make it stiff. This
can be used to join broken vessels etc. Even when water
is kept in such vessels there will be no leakage. This is
called Jalamrittika.
Jeevaneeyagan; Jeevak, Rishabhak, Mahameda,
Kakoli, Ksheera Kakoli, Riddhi, Vriddhi, Mudgapami,
Mashapami, Jeevanti, Mulhati—these are called
Jeevaneeya dravya.
Kajjal; Bum a ghee or oil light. Hold a mud pot
(small) above it. The smoke that collects on the mud pot
is called Kajjal. This is useful in preparing ointment for

various eye diseases.
Kajjali: Take purified mercuiy and purified sulphur.
Mix them dry. In the process of mixing you get a shining
thing like Kajjal. This is called Kajjali.
Kalka: Any wet thing or any diy thing pasted with
water on stone, the resulting lump is called Kalka. This is
called Aavap or Prakshep also.
Kantakapanchamool; Karonda, Gokuru,
Katsaraiya, Satavari and Chridranakh these five are
called Kantakapanchamool.
Kappadmitti: Yellow mud, China clay, Multani mud
or Khadia mud is powdered well and strained through
cloth. It is then soaked in water. Then fine pieces of cloth
and then the mud is pasted on a glass sheet uniformly.
This is then hung in a piece of wood and dried well. When
dried again another coating of mud is given over it. This
is called Kappadmitti.
Krishnavarg; Kela (plantain), Karela, Triphala, Neel,
Narscil, Kechad, Kasees, fresh mango, these are the
objects of Krishnavarg. These are useful in changing the
colour of mercury.
Ksharatraya: Javakshar, Sajji and Suhaga, these
are called Ksharatraya.
Ksharapanchaka; Mokhakshar, Javakshar,
Palaasakshar, Sajji, Tilakshar, these are known by the
name of Ksharapanchaka.
Ksharashtaka: Sehud, Palaas, Apaamaarg,
tamarind, Aak, Tilnal, Sajji, Yava—these are known by
the name Ksharashtaka.
Ksheerapak; When you want to prepare
Ksheerapak of anything take 15 times of milk. Add equal
quantity of water as the object of which Ksheerapak is
prepared. Heat it well. When the water disappears by
boiling, bring it down from the fire. Filter and then use it.
Ksheeratraya; Aak, Bargad, Sehud—the milk of

these are called Ksheeratraya. These are useful in the
process called Dhatumaaran.
Ksheerashtak: The milk of cow, buffalo, goat,
camel, woman, bhed (sheep), elephant and horse come
under Ksheerashtak.
Ksheeravriksha: Bargad, Goolar, Pee pal, Paras,
Paakar— these are called Ksheeravriksha (trees from
which milky white secretions are seen when cut).
Laaksharas: Sealing wax tied in cloth is suspended
in Dolayantra. Then six times water is filled. When one
fourth water is left over, it is filtered 21 times. Some add
water 21 times and then prepare Laaksharas.
Lajamand; The bran of rice is separated and cooked
with 14 times water and filtered with cloth. This is called
Lajamand.
Loh: Gold, silver, copper, led, black led, iron are the
six kinds of metals. Kaansa and brass are called mixed
metals. Gold, silver, copper, iron are the four pure
metals.
Maaran: Purified metals when treated with different
Swaras and when Puta Samskar is performed on fire the
resulting ash is called Maaran.
Madhuratraya; Sugar, jaggery and honey—these
three are called Madhuratraya.
Maharas: Abhrak, Vaikrant, Maakshik, Vimal,
Samyak, Chapal and Karpar are called the Maharas. Two
other authorities in Ayurveda have defined it in 2 other
ways.
Maharatna; Heera, Manik, Moti, Pukhraj, Neelam,
Panna, Lahsuriayam, Gomed and Munga—these are the
nine great jewels (Navaratnas).
Mand: Take rice and add 14 times of that water.
Cook it. When the rice is well-cooked collect the watery
portion. This is Mand.
Mandh: In four tolas of cold water add one tola of

medicine and chum it with the churning rod. The liquid
that is got out of it is called Mandh. Sattu (fried barley or
wheat) fried in ghee to be mixed with water in such a way
that the resulting substance is neither too watery nor to
thick. This is cdso called by the name Mandh.
Mardan; This is the process of purifying mercury.
Masi; Fill Dravya in a small vessel with a narrow
neck. Cover it with Sarav on the top. Keep it on fire. The
charcoal-like thing that is formed by heating is called
Masi.
Medak is the sediment settling down in Asava. This
is thicker than Agal.
Moorchan is the method of purifying and getting rid
of all the impurities of mercury.
Mukh: The process of treating mercury with j^th
part of gold or silver is called Mukh.
Mutrashtak; The urine of cow, goat, sheep, buffalo,
elephant, camel, horse, donkey is called Mutrashtak.
The urine of the female species of all these animals is
meant here.
Nirvaap: Any hot thing when cooled by pouring
water is called Nirvaap.
Niyainan is a process in mercury preparations done
after purifications. This is undertaken to reduce the
quickly changing nature of mercury. This is done with a
variety of articles.
Paanak; Well ripe fruits put in cold water and well
mixed with sugarcandy and pepper etc. and filtered. This
drink is called Paanak. This is used in hot season.
Paatan is the special type of purification of mercury
by the process of distilling etc.
Panchaja; Curd, milk, ghee, urine and dung—these
five cire called Panchaja or Panchagavya. This is done
with respect to cow, goat and buffalo. Panchaja is the
name for the five of goat, Panchamaahish for that of

buffalo and Panchagavya for that of cow. These are also
utilised in Abhraka-sattva-paatan.
Panchakol; Peepal, Peeparamool, Chavya, Cheeta
and dried ginger when mixed in a certain method and
proportion it is called Panchakol.
Panchalavan; Black salt, Saindhava salt. Bid salt,
Oudbhid salt and sea salt are the five salts
(Panchalavan). Some use Sambhar salt and Nausadar
also.
Panchamrit; Cow’s milk, curd, ghee, honey and
sugar are the five items in Panchamrit.
Panchapallava: Mango, Jamun, Kaitha, Vijoura
and Bael—the leaves of the five are called Panchapallava.
They are utilised in Gandhapaak.
Panchavalkal (five barks): Bargad, Goolar, Peepal,
Paaraspeepal and Paakar are called Panchavalkal or
Panchaksheeri. Valkal is the name for their bark.
Paribhasha: That which is indistinct, not properly
expressed, meagerly-described, doubtful describing
them clearly in a well defined manner is called
Paribhasha.
Parisrut Jal: Water distilled and collected drop by
drop is called Parisrut Jal.
Parpati; Kajjali that is prepared out of mercuiy and
sulphur is melted in mild fire. Then it is made into a sort
of paste on plantain leaves and cow-dung. This is called
Parpati.
Peetavarg: Kassum, Tosu, turmeric, Patang and
Mehndi (leaf) these are called Peetavarg and are used in
colouring mercury.
Peya: There are three kinds of Yavaagu. One is
called Mand, another Peya and third Vilepi. The watery
portion of Mand is taken. In Sikth both the watery and
solid portions are taken. Similar in Peya. The watery
portion is much more. Six times medicated water is

added and cooked and then we get what is called Peya.
Phand: Well boiling water is poured in earthen pot.
One fourth part of powdered medicine is added. Cool it
and strain it. This is Phand.
Phanit is prepared out of sugarcane juice. It is
cooked well and made thick. This is Phanit. Phanit is
prepared in the shape of Avaleh also.
Pishti: Mukta, Trinakanta, Pravaal all these are well
pasted in rose water. The pasting should be done nicely.
This is called Chooma Pishti or Pishtikaa. There is
another method of preparing this with mercury and
sulphur.
Pradeh: There are two kinds of Lep. One is called
Pradeh. It is prepared hot, wet and thick. This is used as
a remedy for phlegm and Vaata diseases (rheumatism).
Pralep; This is a variety of Lep. This is cold, light and
also dry. This is useful in Raktapitta.
Pramathya is a drink. One tola of Dravya is pasted
and mixed with eight times of water and well cooked.
When only two tolas of water remains get it down from
fire. This drink is called Pramathya.
Prasanna: The watery portion found in Asava on the
top is called Prasanna.
Putapaak: Those of the leaves from which it is hard
to extract juice by grinding, they are crushed with water.
The leaves of castor, plantain or banyan are taken and
tied with weak string. A coating of wet mud is given over
the leaves. They are then shown in fire, made red-hot and
strained. This is called Putapaak Vidhi or method.
Saarkar: Take Hime, phante, quath (decoction) or
Ark. Add twice the quantity of sugar to it. Prepare Paak
on mild fire. Strain it with cloth. This is Peya Saarkar.
Satadhoutaghrit: Take ghee or butter in a beU metal
vessel (bronze). Pour water with a spoon made of Neem
wood. Stir it well. When it is well stirred take it out.
Repeat this process 100 times. This is called

Satadhoutaghrit.
Seethakashaya; Take water six times the quantity
of medicine. Water may be hot or cold. Put the medicine
in it. Keep it for a whole night. In the early morning chum
it well and strain. This is Seethakashaya.
Silatoya; Take a mud pot full of water. Add one
fourth quantity of sulphur and HartaaJ. Boil it well.
When the bubbles come out during boiling bring it down
from there. Strain it. This is Silatoya.
Snehapaak: Take Sneha one fourth quantity of
medicine Kalka and four times water. Put it on fire and
prepare Sneha Siddhi. This is called Snehapaak.
Srita: This is observed in Kwath Paribhasa. Heating
the object with water over fire is called Srita.
Suklavarna: Lime, the Kachuprishta, Sankha
(conch shell), mother of pearl and Koudi (enamel) are the
five Suklavarna.
Svaras: Fresh herbs put in mortar and well pounded
gives out fresh juice. This is called Svaras.
Takra; Take some quantity of curd and half the
quantity of water. Chum it well. Take away the butter.
The watery buttermilk which is sweet, slightly sour and
Kashaya is called Takra.
Tandulodak; Take one tola of rice uncooked. Put it
in 8 tolas of water. Keep it for four or five hours. Chum it
well. This water is called Tandulodak.
Telvarg: Sesame (Til), mustard, Dhatura seed,
Bhallatak, castor seed, Neem seed and Alsee—oil of all
these is called Telvarg.
Trigandh; Gandhak, Hartaal, Manahsina—these
three are Trigandh.
Trijaat: Dalcheeni, Ilaichee (cardamom),
Tejpatra—these three are called Trijaat or Trisugandh.
Trikatu; Pippal, Sonth (dry ginger) and pepper are

called Trikatu.
Trilavan are Saindhav, Souvarch and Bid.
Trimad: Vidang, Motha and Chitrak are called
Trimad.
Trina Panchamool; Kusa, Kaans, Sarkanda,
Daabh, sugarcane root—these are called Trina
Panchamool.
Triphaladwaya: Harra, Baheda, Amla—these are
Mahatee Triphala. Kambhari fruit, Khajoor,
Phaalsaa—these are Swalpa Triphala.
Trisiraa is sesame, rice and black gram all the three
cooked together.
Trivrit: Ghee, oil, Basa and Majja—any three of
these is called Trivrit.
Tushodak; Take barley with husk. Pour four times
water in a pot. Put the barley in it. Close the mouth.
Allow it to remain and become sour. When it becomes
sour the water is called Tushodak.
Upadhaatu; Senamaahki, Roopamaakhi, Tutiya,
Kaansa, Peetal, Sindhur and Silajit—these are called
Upadhaatu.
Uparasa; Gandhak, Geru, Kasees, Phitkari (alum),
Hartaal, Manasila, Anjan, Kankush—these are the
Uparasa.
Upavisha: Kalihari, Kuchala, Kaner, Bhang,
Bhilaava, Dhatoora, Aak, Sehund, Gunja, Apheem—all
these are Upavisha.
Ushnodak: Boil water. When one-eighth, one-fourth
or half the quantity remains in the boiling pot, bring it
down. This is Ushnodak. This is one of the items of
Pathyaprakarana.
Yamak; Ghee, oil, Basaa, Majja—mixing any two of
these is called Yamak.
Yavaagu is a kind of Kalpa. There is a mixture of

three kinds of Kalpa. They are Mand, Peya and Vilepi.
Yavaagu is particular diet in a particular disease
(Pathya). One fourth the quantity of the Yavaagu is taken
and mixed with the quantity of rice that he takes and
Yavaagu is prepared.
RAJO DHARMA
(Menstruation)
In Ayurveda menstruation is known as Rajodharma.
Rajodharma is described in Sushruta-Samhita by Sri
Sushrutacharya in the chapter dealing with
Saareera-sthana. He describes the subject in the
following words:
“Tadvarshat dwaadaastkaale varthamaanamasruk punah,
Jara pakva sareeraanaam yaati panchasatha kshayam.
Beginning with the twelfth year, Rajodharma is seen
in women to continue till the fiftieth year except during
the time of pregnancy and after delivery for about six
months. In women generally the menstrual flow is seen
to exist till the 50th year only. But in the case of women
born in aristocratic families and who take rich and
nutritious diet this is seen to continue up to the age of
60.
In the opinion of Kasyapa Rishi, the author of
Kasyapa- Samhita, the venus blood has the natural
quality of discharging Rajas periodically. But in the
opinion of Sushrutacharya this takes place on account of
a peculiar quality of the phlegmatic contents of the blood.
Menstruation is a flow of reddish fluid consisting of
blood and other substances. This occurs in women every
month, and hence called the monthly course or
menstrual flow. Mens means month in Latin.
These changes in the womb take place in response to
some functional changes in the ovaries. One or the other
of the two ovaries produces an ovum every month.
RAJO DHARMA 235
A woman is considered nubile during the menstrual

period, which lasts generally from the twelfth to about
the fiftieth year.
In every woman the menstrual cycle is repeated
every month from puberty to menopause, the stage at
which the reproductive capacity is lost due to old age.
The menopause takes place at the age of 45 or 50.
During the period of lactation there is no ovulation
and no menstruation in many cases. But this is not a
rule. Some women begin to menstruate during lactation
also.
In hot countries the girls mature earlier and also the
boys. The girls of rich families who are well-nourished
mature sooner than the girls of poor families.
The female sexual parts should be kept
scrupulously clean during menstruation.
Unclean organs may become a seat of disease. The
ladies should use sanitary towels or napkins to absorb
the menstrual discharge. This napkin is held by a belt
round the waist and a suspensory bandage.
Healthier women begin earlier and menstruate up to
a more advanced age than weak ones.
In some women menstruation takes place in 26
days, in some others in a little over one month. The usual
period is 28 days. It may vary a little in different women
and in the same women at different times.
The flow lasts 4 or 5 days usually. In some women it
may last only 2 days and in some others as long as a
week without any disease. In some women after 3 or 4
days, the flow stops for a day or so. Then again it
manifests and lasts for a day or so. Slight variation
should not cause any worry or anxiety.
Normally the flow is of dark red colour. The quantity
varies in different women. Generally weaker women lose
more blood than the stronger.
Shortly before the period is to begin usually there is

some pain and discomfort in the abdomen and the back.
There is a general feeling of being unwell. The women
may feel exhausted, tired and heavy. There is headache.
Digestion and appetite may be upset.
During the menstrual flow, a woman is strictly
prohibited from intercourse with her husband. She is
enjoined to sleep on a grass bed, to shed no tears, and to
take no bath. She should not pare her nails and should
neither run or speak loudly.
She should not apply oil or sandal to her body. She
should not expose herself to inclement weather. Any
disregard of these rules is injurious to the offspring.
If she cries during the monthly period, the child will
contract an eye disease. If she sleeps during the day, the
child will become dull and sluggish.
The menstrual blood can have defects similar to
semen. Nutritive and sweating remedies, specific diet,
pastes and douches are recommended for cure.
The menstrual blood is pure if it has the colour of lac
and leaves no stains in washed clothes. Excessive flow of
blood during and after the menses is called Asrgdhara,
Pradara (menorrhagia).
At about 45 the functions of the ovaries begin to fail.
They are not able to produce ova regularly. Menstruation
also becomes irregular. This period in a woman’s life is
known as climacteric or menopause.
At this period the woman is more excitable,
impulsive and capricious. She feels a sudden wave of
heat and perspiration with palpitation of heart and
dizziness with a tendency to faint.
Embryology
In the first month the foetus is a collected small
mass. In the second month it becomes a solid ball. In the
fourth month all parts of the body and the heart take a
RAJO DHARMA 237
definite shape. In the sixth month hair on the head and

body, nails, bones, sinews, arteries are formed. In the
seventh month the foetus is provided with all limbs. A
child bom in this month is capable of living.
When the mother sleeps it sleeps, when she rises it
rises, because the foetus is not independent.
The foetus excretes neither urine nor faeces,
because it does not take for itself any food except the
blood of the mother. It does not cry because the throat is
filled with phlegm.
From the mother are created the soft parts of the
body, viz., the blood, flesh, marrow, navel, heart, liver,
spleen, kidneys, bladder, rectum, intestines, anus,
lungs, retina, peritoneum, omentum.
From the father are created the hard parts of the
body viz., the hair, nails, teeth, bones, vessels, sinews,
nerves, sperm.
Semen is secreted by the testicles. It is stored in the
seminal bags. It is discharged into the vagina during
sexual intercourse.
The spermatozoa in the semen travel a distance of
one inch in 10 minutes. The distance between the upper
end of the vagina and the ovarian end of the fallopian
tube is 8 inches. The spermatozoa will take 80 minutes to
reach the newly discharged ovum. The spermatozoa can
live for 1 days in the female organs.
A new growth composed of blood-vessels develops on
the wall of the womb where the embryo has attached
itself. It takes the shape of a disc. It is over an inch thick.
It is called the placenta. The embryo is connected with
this soft and supple mass by a tube through which it
sucks its nourishment and discharges its waste
products. This tube is called the umbilical cord. It
contains some veins and arteries.
The heart of the embryo begins to beat in the fifth
week. After some time it can be felt by the stethoscope.
The movements of the foetus can be felt after the fourth

month.
A thin membrane forms a sac or bag round the
foetus and is filled with liquid. It is called amniotic sac.
This water cushion saves the foetus from external shock
and hard pressure in case some thing strikes or presses
against the woman’s abdomen.
The foetus develops its human face by the 4th
month.
The child is 1}^ inches long at the end of the second
month and 6 inches at the end of 4 months. During the
ninth month it measures 20 inches. The weight of the
average child at birth is over 3 seers.
In the first month, the foetus has a jelly like form.
The second month, it becomes hard. The male foetus is
spherical; the female foetus is elliptical. In the third
month five special eminences are seen and also the eight
differentiation of limbs. In the fourth month the
differentiation of the limbs is much more definite and
well-manifested. In the sixth month intelligence begins
to develop. In the seventh it becomes complete with all its
limbs.
According to Kumarasiras and Saunaka the head
appears first, because it is the seat of the senses;
according to Kritaveerya the heart appears first because
this is the seat of consciousness, and of intellect and
mind.
The sex hormone secreted by the testes gives man
his male characteristics, viz., larger stature than the
female, stronger muscles, deeper voice, hair on the face
etc. This hormone is the cause of the characteristic male
feelings viz., attraction towards the female, desire for
intercourse, love, etc. The development, growth and
healthy functioning of the male sex organs depends on
this hormone.
The clitoris in the female is the seat of sexual feeling
and sensitive nerves and experiences erection being
RAJO DHARMA 239
engorged with blood when the woman is sexually

aroused. Bartholin’s glands in women are the Cowper’s
glands in men.
You will understand now that the whole sexual
apparatus of the man and woman is based on a common
design. It is only the sex hormone that causes it to
develop into male or female form by checking the growth
of breasts in men and penis in women and encouraging
the growth of scrotum in men and womb in women.
In the beginning the sexual urge is not noticeable. It
is latent and dormant. It manifests itself vaguely and
then more and more clearly. Finally it asserts itself with
all its intensity. In old age it gradually wanes and
vanishes. But the craving remains till death.
The definite sexual feeling first appears in a child in
his eighth year. This impulse is weak till he attains his
fourteenth year. At puberty the sexual urge begins to
assert itself from within even if there are no external
causes to arouse it. Even after puberty it takes 4 years
for the organs to mature or develop properly. In hot
countries puberty is reached a year or so earlier than in
cold countries.
Thymus situated over the heart has an internal
sexual secretion and retards sexual development and
allows children to grow in stature. When puberty
approaches, thymus degenerates and gradually vanishes
altogether.
Conception and Pregnancy

Spermatozoon is a very minute worm-like structure
with a tiny head and a comparatively long tail. It can be
seen only with the help of a microscope. It is about
1/500th inch long.
Though a single spermatozoon is only needed to
impregnate a woman, a man discharges 20 crores of
them at a time.
Ovarian hormone, an internal secretion of the ovary

gives the characteristic feminine appearance. This
secretion prevents the growth of hair in her face and
helps a woman to develop a broader pelvis, larger hips.
The development of breasts and other sex-organs is due
to this hormone.
The stature, fatness or thinness, growth of hair on
the head, and temperament in a man or a woman is due
to the internal secretion or hormone.
Both male and female sex organs have a common
basis. When a child in the womb is only a few weeks old,
it has sex organs that resemble those of both sexes. At
this stage ovaries and testicles have not been
differentiated.
Gonad is a common name for an ovary or testicle.
Gonad of a young embryo are neither male nor female.
The ducts of the gonads resemble both fallopian tubes
and casa deferentia. The whole sexual apparatus is of a
common design.
The first sign of maleness or femaleness appears in
the gonads, when the embryo is six weeks old. The
tissues of the gonads produce their secretion and pour
them into the blood stream. If it is to be a boy, the gonads
produce male secretions and begin to develop into
testicles; if a girl they produce female hormone and begin
to develop into ovaries.
The hormone gives a male or female nature to the
type of sexual apparatus and it develops into male or
female organs. But either sex even when fully developed
retains the original rudiments of the opposite sex or of
the common sex.
Even the perfect male retains the original rudiments
of the female sex organs. There is a very small womb in
his abdomen. There are nipples in place of breasts.
When the gonads lean towards the form of testicles,
they begin to descend from up in the abdomen, from the
position of the ovaries into the scrotum shortly before
RAJO DHARMA 241
birth which is formed as if by stitching the lips of the

vagina together.
Puberty
A boy attains his puberty at the age of sixteen. He is
virile till he attains seventy. A young man of 21 can
marry a girl of 18 years. At the age of 25 he can bring
forth a son. They are fully developed now and can create
strong progeny.
The semen is the product of six kinds of fluids
(Rasa). The foetus cannot be produced simply by the
union of the semen of the father and the blood (Shronita)
of the mother. Such a union can produce the foetus only
when the Atman with its subtle body becomes connected
with it by means of its Karma.
After taking bath after the course of three days, she
must wear new clothes and ornaments, she must
immediately see her husband, because her son will
resemble the first man she sees after her bath.
The sperm and the menstrual fluid must be clean
and of normal condition in order to create a normal
foetus. The sperm is not capable of creating a foetus, if it
is thin, frothy, brown, scanty, if it does not sink in water.
The ovulation usually occurs on the 12th day from
the beginning of the last menstrual flow. An ovum ripens
and is discharged by the ovary. This is ovulation. The
cavity left by the ovum is filled up and this rounded solid
body is called corpus luteum.
The ovum is waiting for a sperm to fertilise it. If a
sperm does not reach the ovum within 15 days, it dies on
the 27th day from the beginning of the last menstrual
flow.
The semen that is capable of generating is fluid,
sticky, heavy, sweet, whitish. It has the smell of honey
and the colour of butter.
The secretion of the Pituitaiy gland has a power to

make the womb contract itself and expel its contents.
The period for impregnation is the first sixteen days
after the appearance of the menses. The first four days
are not recommended. The best period for conception is
from the fifth to the sixteenth day.
Conception takes place by the union of the
fecundating Retas (sperm, Shukla) of the male with the
Rajas or Shronita of the female.
Sex of the Child

If the conception be on even days—that is to say on
the 6th, Sth, 10th or 12th day—the sex of the infant will
be male, if on an odd day, the sex will be female.
Some are of the opinion that a male child is formed
when the mixture has a stronger element of semen and
that when ‘Rajas’ of a female predominates a female child
is formed.
If the semen is divided into two by the local wind
twins develop.
The sex of the infant in the womb can be determined
by certain signs. The form of the uterus is round in the
case of a male foetus; the right eye appears larger than
the left; the right breast begins to secrete milk before the
left; the right thigh becomes more plump; the
countenance look bright and cheerful; the woman
desires food of a masculine kind and dreams of mangoes
and water lilies. She starts walking with the right leg.
In the case of a female foetus the form of the uterus
is void.
There is a medium depression alone the abdomen if
it is a case of twins.
When the sides of the abdomen become full and the
belly protuberant, and when the form of the womb is
hemispherical, the womb contains an impotent foetus or
child.
RAJO DHARMA 243
If semen and Shronita exist in equal quantity a

Napumsaka or a creature incapable of generating is
bom.
After the period of Ritu, the womb does not allow the
semen to penetrate. The mouth closes.
If the conception takes place on one of the first three
days, the child dies at or after the birth. Or it becomes
crippled or short-living.
The child becomes blind if the mother uses
eye-ointment. It becomes a leper if she anoints her body
with oil, becomes deaf if she hears a loud noise.
Care in Pregnancy
Vomiting in the morning (morning sickness), loss of
taste for certain foods, special taste for some other foods,
swelling of the abdomen and the breasts are the signs of
pregnancy.
It is desirable to gratify a woman during pregnancy
with everything she wishes to have. If her wishes are not
granted the child may probably become deformed and
defective. There will be abortion. She should be kept
happy and contented. She should wear nice clothes and
ornaments. She should avoid disagreeable sights and
smells, and sexual and other excitements. She should
take easily digestible food. She should neither remain
hungry nor eat too much.
She should not touch a dirty, ugly or defective
woman. She should not live in a lonely house. She
should not have her bed very high.
After pregnancy is sure, the ceremony Pumsavana is
performed in order to get a son according to the Grihya
Sutras under the Ihishya constellation when four drops
of milk mixed with an extract of Ficus Indica and other
herbs are dropped in the right-nostril of the woman as a
snuff. She should not allow the fluid flow out. If the
husband desires a daughter, he puts the fluid in the left

nostril of the woman.
Food
A woman in her confinement should be very
particular about her food. She should abstain from all
bodily exertion, from sexual intercourse and from anger.
She should eat moderately.
A woman can improve her milk by taking green gram
gruel for food and a decoction of Patol, Nimba, Asana,
Daru, Patha, Murvya, Guduchi, Katukarohini and diy
ginger.
She may take with advantage milk mixed with black
pepper. This will promote the secretion of milk.
Powdered long pepper, dry ginger and Hareetaki
with clarified butter and treacle, taken in the form of an
electuary or confection will assist the formation of milk
considerably.
A preparation of dry ginger, long pepper, black
pepper, the three myrobalams, dhana, Yavani, Satavari,
Vacha, Brahmi and Bharsi, given with honey to the child,
will accelerate the power of speech and improve the
voice.
The memory and intelligence of the child can be
greatly improved by giving it an electuary of Guduchi,
Apamerga, Vidanga, Sankapushpi, Vacha, Hareetaki,
dry ginger and Satavari with clarified butter.
NOMENCLATURE OF DISEASES 245
NOMENCLATURE OF DISEASES
English Sanskrit Hindi

Abdominal tumour Gulma Havagola
Abortion Garbhasrava Garbhpatam
Abscess Vidradhi Purana phoda
Achylis Dyspepsia or Ajeemaroga Badhajmi
Indigestion
Acidity Amla Pitta
Acne Mukhadooshika
After pains Makkal sool
Ague Joodi
Albino Soorajmukhi
Albuminuria Laalaameha Prameha Vikar
Alcoholism Madatyaya
Alkaline urine Ksharameha
Anaemea Panduroga Kamla
Anorexia Arochaka Arochaka
Anychea Tilkalak
Aphasia Mookatwa Goongapan
Ascites Jalodara Jalodara
Asthma Swaasaroga Dama
Atony of bladder Vastikundal
Atrophy Kunchan
Bald Ganja
Belch Dakar
Benign tertian fever Tritiya Jwar
Black or necrosed tooth Syavadanta
Blepharsposm Nimesha
Breath Saas
Breathlessness Kshudraswas
Bronchitis Kaas
Bubo Vidarika
Calculus Asmaree Patharee
Cancer-Pcilatal Talvarbuda
Carbuncle Pramehapidka
Caries of teeth Krimidantak
Catalepsy Sannyas
Cataract Linganaasa Motiabindu
Catarrah of nose Pratishyaya
Cellulitis Kardamavisarpa
Cellulitis Mahapadma visarp
Chancre hard, syphilis Phirangopadamsa
Chancre soft Upadamsa
Chicken pox Laghumasoorika Matarog
Chlorisis Halimaka
Cholera Vishoochika Haija
Choluria (Bile in urine) Haridrameha
Chronic diarrhoea Atisara
Chronic fever Jeemajwar
Chylurea Pishtameha
Colic Sool Sool
Coma
Conjunctivitis Aank aana
Constipation Koshabaddhata Kabj
Consumption Raja Yakshma Kshaya rog
Continuous fever
Convulsions Akshepaka
Com Alasa, Radar Mamsa Ganthi
Comeal ulcer Sukla
Coiyza Jukaam
Cough Kaasa Khansi
Cracks of lip Proshta bheda Hont katna
Cyncope Murcha Behoshi
Cystitis Mootrasada
Day blindness Pithavidagdhadrishti
Deafness Badhirya
Delirium Pralapa Bakvaas
Dermatoses
(diseases of skin) Kustha
Diabetes Insipidus Udakameha Bahumootra
(polyuria)
Diabetes Mellitus Madhumeha ! arkaraprameh
S
Diarrhoea Athisara Dasth
1
Diarrhoea (bloody) Raktatisaara Khoonidasth
1
Diplegia Sarvanga vatha
Diptheria Mamsatan
Disease of vagina Yonivyapada
Diseased milk Sthanya dushya
Diseases of children Balarog
Dislocation Sandhi vislesha
Double quartan fever Kathurtha kaviparyay
Double quotidian fever Satatajwara
Drowsiness Tandri Jagomeeti
Dumb Gunga
Dyschezia or intestinate obstruction
Dysentery Pravaathikaa Peches
Dyspnoea Swasarog Dama
Dyspnoea of failing Mahaswasa
heart or respiration
Dysuria Mootrakrischra Peshab ka lagke
aana
Eczema Paamaa Khujlee
Elephantiasis Medoja vriddhi Pheelapav
Elongated uvula Kandhasunti
Emprosthotonus Antaraayaam
Enlarged Granthi
lymphatic gland
Enlargement of Ashteelaa
prostate
Epidemic parotitis Paashanagardabha

Epilepsy Apasmaara Mrigee
Erysipelas Visarspa
Erjdhema nodozum Granthi visarpa
Excoriated wound Ghruta
Exenthymeta Visphoda
Extra tooth Khalivardhan Akladad
Facial paralysis Aeirditha Lakua
Fatty tumour Medorbuda
Fever (emotional) Kama-bhaya-krodha-soka Jwara
Fever (Hayfever) Obshadhicandhaajwara
Fever (pyrexia) Jwara Bukhar
Fever Chronic Jeema jwara Purana bukhar
Fever Hectic Pralepaka jwara
Fever inflammatoiy Vidaha jwara
Fever malaria Vishama jwara Kaamboo taap
Fever malarial
(intermittent) Santata jwara
Fever Malignant tertian Tritiyaka Viparyaya
Fever of evil spirits Bhootabhishana Bhootna taap
jwara
Fever of lactation Sthanyottha jwara
Fever puerperal Sootikaa jwara Prasoota jwar
Fever quarton Chaturthaka jwara Chothia taap
Fever quotadian Anyedyu jwara Vaari daa taap
Fever Traumatic Abhighata jwara
Fever typhoid Saannipatika jwara Sirsam
Fistula Bhagandhara
Fracture Asthibhagna
Fracture green stick Asthichallika
Fracture Impacted Majjageda
Fracture spiral Aswakama
Gastralgokenosis,
Hungerpain Parinaamasoola
Gastritis Gulma
Giddiness Bhramaroga Chakkar
Glycosuria Ikshumeha
Goitre Galaganda Kantamala
Gonorrhoea Ushnavaatha Sujak
Gout Vaatharakta
Granular conjunctivitis Vartmarsha
Gravel Sarkara Ret
Gray hairpremature Psdita
Guinea worm Snayuk
Gum boil Danta pupped shoushir
Haematemesis Oordhwaga rakta pitta
Haematocele Raktaja vriddhi
Haematuria Raktameha Khooni prameha
Haemoptysis Moukhikaratkapitta
Haemorrhoids Bhavaseer
Headache Sirassoola
Hemicrania Ardhavabhed
Hemiplegia Parshavata Paasa mama
Hepatitis Yakrudvikar Peelya
Hernia—Inguinial Antra vriddhi
Herpes Zoster Kaksha Kachraili
Hiccup Hikkaa Hichkee
Hoarseness Svarabhanga Gala Bhaitna
Hunchbacked Kubja
Hurt Chot
Hydrocele Andavriddhi
Hypochlorhydrea
Hysteria Yusaapasmara Sthriyonki mrigee
Idiopathic ulcer Sareera vrana
Impetigo Visphotaka
Incontinence Mootrateet
Indigestion Ajeema Badhajmi
Infantile erythema of
jacquet Ahipootana
Inflammation Vrana shodha
Inflammation of the ear Karnashodha
Inflammed knee Kroshtu ka seersha
Influenza Sleshmakajwara Kaphkajwar
Insanity Unmada Paagalpan
Insomnia Nidranaash Neend na aana
Jaundice Kaamalaa Kamlaa
Kala azar
Lachrymal fistula Netranadi
Lechen Alsaka
Leprosy Mahakushta
Leucoderma Kilasaa Swetakustha
Leucorrhoea Raktapradara
Lipuria Lala, Vasaa
Lock jaw Dant Baitna
Long sight Dooradrishti
Loss of sensibility
to taste Rasajnana
Loss of appetite Agnimandya Ajeema
Loss of smell Ghraananaasa
Malignant tumour Arbuda
Malpresentation of
the Foetus
or difficult labour Moodhagarbha
Mammory abscess Sthanaroga kopa
Mastitis or inflammation of breasts
Measles Romanthika Peet
Melcna Adhog raktapitta
Menstruation Aartava
Metiarism
Metrorrhagia Raktpradara
Mico-colitis Aamaatisaara Kachcha dast

Miscarriage Garbhapaata
Mixed calculus Pittasmari
Mole Mashaka
Mucus in urine Sandrameha
Mumps (fever) Kamamoolikajwara Hachappu
Muscular spasm of
hand and feet Khalli Khalli
Myoma Mamsarbuda
Night blindness Sleshma vidagdha
Numbness of feet Paadaharsha Pyeronka sona
Nyctalopia Drishti
Obesity Medovriddhi
Obstructed micturition Mootraghata Mootra band hona
Odontitis Dantaharsha
Onychia Nakhabhed Nakoon phatna
Ophthalmia Abhishyanda
Ophthalmia in children Kukoonaka
Opistonos Baakyayaama
Orchitis—Acute Pittaja vriddhi
Orchitis—Chronic Vaataja vriddhi
Osteoarthritis of the
shoulder Amsasosha
Otitis, otalgia Kamasoola Kan ka d2ird
Ovarian tumour Rakta guima
Ovaritis Pratyashteela
Ozaena Peenasa Naakadurgandhi
Palpitation Hridkampa Hridapa dhataken
Pappiloma of skin Padmini kantak
Paralysis agitans Kampavaat Kamban vaa
Paralysis of the tongue Jihvasthambha Javaan bandi
Paraphimosis Parivartika
Paraplegia Pangu Lulapan
Parasitis KimigTcinthi
Peritonitis due to perforation of the bowel
Pestilence Mahamari
Phimosis Niruddhaprakasa
Phlegm Kaph
Phthisis, consumption Rajayakshma Tapedik
Pulmonary tuberculosis
Piles Arga Bavaseer
Piles (bleeding) Raktarsa Khooni bavaseer
Pining Parigarbhika
Plague fever Granthikajwara Mahamaari
Plenosthotonos Dandapatanaka
Pneumonia Sannipaathika
Polypus Tedukantaka
Ponnus Sirotpat
Presentation Gati
Presentation of the head with two hands
Prolapsins or head
with both hands Pratikhura
Prolapsus Gudabhamsa
Psoriasis Kitibha
Pterigium Arm
Ptosis Vatahata vartma
Ptyriasis versicolor Sidhma
Puerperal fever Soothikaajwara
Pulmonary cavitation Urakshata Urakshat
Pustule in the nose
(Suppurative rhinitis) Nassapak
Pyorrhoea Pooyadantha Peep daant
Quarten fever Chaturthajwara
Quotidian, Double Sathata jwara
Quotidian fever Anyodyauksha jwara Dusredin ka bukar
Radio ulcer paralysis Viswachee
Rats bite fever Aakhuish
Renal calculus Asmari (stone in kidneys)
Retention of urine Vaatavasthi
Rhagades
(crack in the sole) Vaipadaik kusth
Rheumatic fever Sandhikajwara
Rheumatism Amovaatha Gatiyaa
Ring worm Dadru Daad
Scabies, itch Kachhu Dad visesh
Sciatica Grudhrasee Dadrasie
Scorpion poisoning Vrischikavisha
Scrofula Gandamaalaa
Scrotal enlargement Virddhi
Scurvy Raktapitta
Seminal calculus Sukrasmaree
Short-sight Alpadrishti
Sinus, fistula Naadi vrana
Sinus Nassoor
Sinus in the gums Dandanaadi
Sleeping sickness Nidraavyadhi
Smallpox Seethala, Masoorikaa
Snake poisoning Sarpavisha
Sneezing Kshavadhu Cheenk
Soft Chancre Upadamsa
Sore buttocks
Spasmodic stricture Vaatakundalikaa
Spermatorrhoea Prameha
Spiral fracture Aswakama
Spittle Thook
Spongy gums Seetada
Sprain Nas chatakna
Sprue Samghrani Pechis
Squint-eyed Aincha
Sterility, barrenness Vandhyatwa
StifTneck Manyastambh
Stomatitis Mukharoga
Stone Patthari
Stone of phosphotes Slaishmikasmaree
Stricture of rectum Sanniruddha guda
Stricture of urethra Mootrotsangh
Stye Anjananaka
Sublingual abscess Allas
Sunstroke Athapavyaapad Amshughata
Suppression of urine Mootrakshaya
Suppuration of the ear Karnapaak
Suppurative gingivitis
Synocope Morrchcha Behoshi
Syphilis Phirangopadamsa Gharme
Tartar Dantasarkara
Tarticolis
Tear in the prepuce Avapathikaa
Tertian fever Thriteeyaka jwara
Tetanus Dhanushtambha
Thirst Trishnaa Pyas
Tinea tarsi Pakshmasaat
Trachoma Pothakee Kukre
Transverse Parigha
Traumatic erysipelas Visarpa
Traumatic fever Abhigatajwara
Traumatic wound Sadyovrana
Trichiasis Pakshmakop
Trismus (Lockjaw) Hanugrah Hanuka jakdahat
Tubercle Testes Kaphaja Vriddhi
Tumour Arbuda Nasvikar
Tumour of the bladder Mootragranthi
Tympanitis Aadhmaan Aphaara
Typhilitis Vaatasheetla
T^^hoid fever Sannipaathikaanthrika jwara
Ulceralion of the bowel Kshatodar
Urates in urine Sikatameh
Urinaiy anomalies Prameha Prameha
Vomiting Chherdi Ulti
Warts Lingarsha Karmakeela
Wax in the ear Kamaguthak
Whitlow Chippala Chhipki
Worms Krimi
Worms in the ear Krimikamaka
Wound contused Katha
Wound crushed Pinchata
Wryneck
Yawning Jhrimbha Jambhayi
Zerodirma Charm akushta
DISEASES OF THE EYES
Eyelids
Sanskrit English
Anjananaka Stye
Artma Kardama Swelling of lids with mucoid discharge
(conjunctivitis)
Arvuda Tumour of lid
Ashruvartma Trachoma
Bahala vartma Vegetation of small pustules on eye lid
Klishtavartma Inflammatory swelling of lid
Kumbhika Blepharitis
Lagana Big cyst
Nimesha Blepharospasm
Pakshmakopa Trichiasis, Entropion, Ectrapion
Parvani Alaji Small Phylectanular Keratitis
Bigger Phylectanular Keratitis
PathaJd Herpes Zoster (a number of red pustules
resembling red mustard seeds)
Pitta Srava, Rakta Srava Ephiphora, watering
Puyaalasa, Puya Srava Chronic dacryocystitis
Shleshma-Srava Dacryocystitis with mucoid discharge
Shonitarsa Soft and fleshy growth on inner lid
Shuskrsas Follicles
Utsangini Syphilis of eyelid, suppurative chalasion
Vaatahata vartma Ptosis
Vartma-Bandha Oedema of the lid
Vartmasharkara A large pustule surrounded by other
small pustules covering the entire lid
Visha vartma Eczema-sweUing with minute holes in it,
carbuncle
Diseases of Sclera and Conjunctive

(White part of the eye)
Adhimaanasarma Pterygium symblepherdu

Arjuna Selaritis
Lohitarma Fleshy growth
Prastaryaarma Early Pterygium
Pish taka Vesicle on conjunctiva
Shirapidaka Phylectanular conjuctiva
Shuklaarma Zerosis conjunctiva white-pterygium
Sirajala Extensive redness
Snavarma Pinguicula
Suktikaa Sub conjunctival haemorrhage
DISEASES OF THE EYES 253
Diseases of Cornea
A-vrana sukra Keratitis, opacity cornea
Ajaka Staphyloma
Akshipaakaatyoga Panophthalmitis
Sa-vrana sukra Ulcer cornea
Disease of the Whole Eye-ball

A-sopha Akshipaaka Without swelling opaque-cornea
Abhishyanda Ophthalmia
Adhimantha Ch. Ophthalmia, excruciating pain deve
lops, headache, reflex pain, Hemicrania
Amladhyashita Drishti Swelling of eye due to acid fruits or
acid reaction
Anyato vata Neuralgic pain
Hataadhimantha Loss of sight, silent glaucoma,
Optic Atrophy, etc.
Sasopha Paaka Acute iritis. Acute inflammatory
glaucoma, Early Panophthalmitis
with swelling
Shiraaharsha Redness in the eye with complete loss
of vision, higher grade of Paunus
Shirotapaata Deep inflammation, iritis, Cyctitis,
Uveitis
Shushkaakshipaaka Vision cloudy and difficulty in opening
the eyelids, lids dry and hard
Diseases of Pupil
Dhuma Drishti Smoky vision
Gambhirikta Contracted, deformed pupilno reaction
pupil, Anterior Synechia,
Posterior Synechia
Hrasa Jaadya Small things dim in daytime while
clearer in night or cold atmosphere
Linga-maasha Cataract-glaucoma
N akulaandhya Multicoloured objects in daytime
Pitta Vidagdha Drishti Objects appear yellow
Shleshma Vidagdha Night blindness
Drishti
INDEX TO DISEASES AND TREATMENT
Abscess: Apply hot water fomentation in the early

stage. If there is pus apply rice or wheat flour poultice.
Amenorrhoea (Menstrual Discharge, Suspension or
irregularity): Aloes. Hip bath with sesamum seeds.
Asokamritam.
Appetite, loss of: Chiretta, sweet flag root, Neem
bark or Gulancha, capsicum, cloves, cinnamon, country
sarsaparilla.
Asthma: Camphor, asafoetida, inhalation of the
fumes of nitre paper or Datura, a cup of hot, strong
coffee, careful regulation of diet.
Bites: Venomous and stings of scorpion, wasps and
centipedes. Apply vinegar or alum or a strong solution of
salt and water. Apply a thick ipecacuantia paste.
External application of brown sugar is useful in scorpion
sting and wasp sting. Soda also is beneficial. Liquor
Ammonia is useful.
Bladder, painful affection and irritable states:
Decoction of Abelmoschus, isafgul seeds or rice conjee;
hot bath. Extracts of Gulancha is useful in chronic
inflammation of the bladder.
Bowel Lower, descent of: Wash the protracted part.
Replace it by gentle pressure with the hand. Lubricate
the fore-finger with some oil and push the protracted
part into anus. Remain in the recumbent posture. Apply
cloth saturated with decoction of galls or Babul bark with
some alum powder. Avoid all straining when you pass
motions. Wear a pad in the anus.
Breathing Difficulty: Camphor and asafoetida
pills, turpentine stupes or mustard poultice to the chest;
external application of a bag of heated salt or betel leaves
smeared with some oil.
Bronchitis, chronic: Decoction of sweat flag,

country ipecacuantia, asafoetida, internally. Externally
rice poultice, turpentine stupes, croton liniment. Inhale
the vapour of hot decoction of abelmoschus.
Burning of feet: Apply Henna or Mehandi
(Maruttani) poultice.
Burns and Scalds: Apply lime liniment or carron oil,
honey or soda-bi-carb solution soon after the accident
has occurred. Apply gingily oil. Dust rice flour thickly
over the skin. Prevent access of air to the burnt surface.
Carbolic oil is beneficial.
Catarrh or cold: Take hot infusion of ginger,
decoction of Abelmoschus, country ipecacuantia. Inhale
the fumes of burning tuniieric.
Children, debility of: Milk, orange juice, country
sarsaparilla.
Cholera: Omum water, infusion of sweet flag, ice to
suck if there are vomiting and thirst. Turpentine stupes
to the abdomen, hot water bottle to the feet and hands,
diligent friction of the hand and feet. Infusion of
Jatamansi.
Colic: Omum water, infusion of ginger, dill seeds or
cloves, asafoetida, hot water fomentation on the
abdomen; turpentine stupes to the belly; enema of
turpentine or asafoetida, a dose of castor oil.
Constipation: Castor oil and Senna for children and
delicate females. Aloes for women suffering from
. irregularity or suspension of the menstrual discharge;
myrobalans and Kaladana for healthy persons. Croton
pills or Croton oil when strong and quick purgation is
indicated. Habitual constipation is treated by Aloes and
sulphur. Constipation of hysterical females is best
treated by Aloes and asafoetida pills.
Cough: Country ipecacuantia, cubebs, syrup of
liquorice.
Debility: Chiretta, sweet flag root, country

sarsaparilla, Kariyat, Neem bark, Gulancha.
Diarrhoea: Isafgul seeds with a dose of castor oil.
Catechu, alum, decoction of Babul bark, infusion of
sweet flag, bael, Butea gum, galls, decoction of
pomegranate, omum water, capsicum.
Dropsy: Purgatives like Kaladana in the young and
strong persons. Then give medicines as infusion of
Pedalium, decoction of Asteracantha which increase the
flow of urine.
Drunkenness: To allay the craving for alcohol give
omum water.
Dysentery: Hot fomentation or turpentine stupes to
the abdomen. In the early stage give country
ipecacuantia, isafgul seeds or sesamum leaves. In
chronic dysentery give bael, infusion of Kariyat,
decoction of pomegranate rind, decoction of sweet flag,
galls, Mudar, soups containing mucilage of
Abelmoschus.
Fever: Commence treatment with a purgative,
castor oil or myrobalans. Give Tulasi tea with a little
black pepper, a little dried ginger. During convalescence
give one of the following tonics, Chiretta, Atees, bonduc,
Kariyat, Neem bar, Gulancha or cinchona febrifuge. A
combination of Chiretta or sweet flag root is very
beneficial.
Flatulence: Give omum water, infusion of ginger or
Jatamansi. Give turpentine stupes externally. Give an
enema of asafoetida.
Gleet (Chronic gonorrhoea): Give cubebs, galls,
sandal wood oil, gurjan balsam. Alum injection
externally.
Gonorrhoea: Give decoction of Abelmoschus,
isafgul. Rice conjee for allaying the pain and burning in
passing urine. Pedalium is useful. When the
inflammation subsides, give cubebs, gurjan balsam.
sandal wood oil or galls. To relieve chordee (painful

erection at night) give camphor 2 or 3 grains with a glass
of milk.
Gums, ulceration and sponginess; Decoction of
Babul bark, alum, Catechu, or lime juice for gargling.
Haemorrhage or bleeding from cuts: Apply cold
water, ice, alum solution. Apply pressure with finger.
Hoarseness of voice: Inhalation of the vapour of hot
vinegar, or decoction of Abelmoschus, gargles containing
capsicum, black pepper or moringa root, chewing ginger
or Catechu.
Hysteria: Asafoetida, aloes and asafoetida pills,
Jatamansi, omum water, Kariyat.
Indigestion or dyspepsia: Chiretta, Sweet Flag
root, country sarsaparilla, and Gulancha with cloves or
cinnamon, capsicum and omum water, Kariyat.
Kidney irritable state: Plenty of diluents as
decoction of Abelmoschus, isafgul seeds or rice conjee,
hot hip bath.
Leprosy: Internally chaulmugra oil, gurjan balsam,
Hydrocotyle, Mudar; externally, poultice of Hydrocotyle
or Neem leaves.
Leucorrhoea (Whites): Cubebs, gurjan balsam;
externally vaginal injections containing Babul bark,
alum, galls.
Lice on the hair: Paste of veronia seeds.
Milk, for increasing the secretion; leaves of castor
oil plant or of physic nut plant. For diminishing or
arresting the secretion betel leaves or jasmine flowers.
Mosquito Bites, to relieve irritation: Lime juice or
vinegar.
Piles: Enema of decoction of Babul bark or galls,
alum.
Ringworm; Apply borax, vinegar, cassia, alata
ointment, unripe Papaya fruit.
Salivation; Use gargles of alum or borax or Catechu.

Scurvy: Lime juice, orange, tamarind.
Skin Diseases: Country sarsaparilla, Mudar.
Externally, cassia alata, chaulmugra lime ointment,
myrobalan ointment, sulphur ointment, turpentine,
kerosene oil or petroleum.
Spermatorrhoea: Camphor in milk at bed time.
Remove thread worms and constipation. The discharge
may be due to irritation set up by thread worms and
constipation.
Spleen Enlargement: Papaya juice. Extract of
Gulancha.
Syphilis: Country sarsaparilla, Hydrocotyle, Mudar.
Throat, dry and irritable state; Inhale vapour of
hot decoction of Abelmoschus. For relaxed or ulcerated
sore throat use gargle of alum, capsicum, moringa, black
pepper or pomegranate rind. Catechu, ginger, omum
seeds, inhalation of hot vinegar or simple hot water.
Tongue fissures or cracks: Use borax or alum
gargle.
Urine, to relieve pain and burning: Rice conjee,
decoction of Abelmoschus or of isafgul seeds, barley
water. Give hip bath.
Vaginal Discharges: Give injection of alum,
decoction of Babul bark, galls.
Worms; For tape worm give Kamala, pomegranate
root bark, or turpentine. For round worm give Butea
seeds, veronia seeds or papaya juice. For thread worm
give enema of lime water, asafoetida, salt or turpentine.
AYURVEDIC QUOTATIONS
Ayurveda is said to be endless and to have three

main branches. Ayurveda has two purposes. (Charaka
Sutrd^
AYURVEDIC QUOTATIONS 259
A physician who cannot enter into the innermost

Soul of the patient with the aid of the bright lamp of his
own knowledge (of Yoga according to a different reading)
cannot successfully treat any disease. (Charaka Vimandj
The fragrance of a garland of flowers or a
handkerchief impregnated with certain drugs is made
use of as a purgative for a king with soft bowels. (Charaka
Kalpa Sthanam, Sudha Kalpani^
On account of the multifarious complex
combinations of the three Doshas the methods of
medical treatment may also become complicated.
(Charaka Vimana, Charaka Sutra]
Good health is the vital cause for the practice of
Dharma (virtue), Artha (wealth), Kama (desires) and
Moksha (liberation). (Charakd]
The essential constituents of the human body
consists of Doshas, Dhatus and Maias.
The constituting elements of the human body are
innumerable because they consist of minute particles
(minute cells) which are so numerous and so minute that
they cannot be seen by the naked eye or other sense
organs. (CharakaSareerd]
The action of Vayu, again, is due to the Eternal
Energy (Karma) which by its own nature causes the
changes of integration and disintegration. (Charaka
Sareera]
Having first made the Doshas exhibit themselves as
loose and fit for easy elimination by the previous
administration of suitable Sneha (lubrication), massage
etc., and Sneha (sweating and fomentation etc.) the
Pancha Karmas are to be administered after carefully
studying the appropriate time and the suitable dose.
(Charaka Sutra]
A good bath improves appetite, generates vigour,
prolongs life, creates enthusiasm and gives strength. It
destroys itching, dirt, fatigue, sweat, sleepiness, thirst.
burning sensation and sin, which, is considered as an

impurity of the heart or mind. (Vagbhatd^
Bathing the head with hot water is injurious to
eye-sight and that bathing the head with cold water
improves eyesight.
Physicians who practice Ayurveda for making a
living only give up the heap of gold and run after the heap
of dust. (Charakd^.
Langhanam Param Oushadham—Fasting is
foremost of all medicines.
AYURVEDIC JOTTINGS
1. No hot drink or warm water should be taken

either before or after taking honey.
2. Health according to Ayurveda indicates a normal
condition of the Doshas, Agni (digestive fire), Maias,
Dhatus, as well as a serene state of the body, mind and
sense-organs.
3. Vata, Pitta and Kapha are the causes of all bodily
diseases. The qualities of Rajas and Tamas are the
causes of mental diseases.
4. The three Doshas, the seven Dhatus and the
various Maias such as stool and urine and the 6
Rasas—these in the normal state hold together the
corporal frame.
5. The minimum age of a girl and a man for a
conceivable coitus is 16 and 20 respectively.
Bones in the Body

Sushrutha considers the number of the bones in the
body to be three hundred. Charakacharya holds them to
be three hundred and sixty. The difference is perhaps
due to the counting of teeth and nails.
Just as the trees exist by the strength of the main
stem and roots, so also man exists in health by the
AYURVEDIC JOTTINGS 261
strength of the bones. It is a known fact that even when

the skin and fleshy part of the body is dried up or injured
accidentally, it is seen that man gets back his original
strength by the strength of the bones in course of time.
Flesh and skin are seen to grow once again.
Bones are of five kinds. They are Kapal, Ruchak,
Tarun, Valaya, Nalak. Kapal bones are those above the
feet, lower jaw, upper jaw, Sankh (bones by the side of
the ears), and bones of the head. Ruchak are those of the
teeth and those on which teeth are set. Tarun bones are
those of the nose and ear, gullet and eyes. Valaya are
bones of the ribs and the back. Nalak pervades the
remaining parts of the body.
Ayurvedic Doctors
At the time of Atharva Veda there were hundreds of
physicians and an elaborate pharmacopoeia.
Akasagotto, a surgeon made surgical operations (Sattha
Kamma) on fistula in anus (Bhagandara).
Jivaka studied medicine in the Takshasila
University under Atreya.
Ayurveda can cure certain diseases for which the
Allopathic Pharmacopoeia has no remedy.
Mirapagandha is a very good substitute for quinine.
The Ayurvedic physician of yore knew ages ago
many things which are nowadays being brought to light
as new discoveries.
Classification of drugs
In Ayurveda drugs and edible articles are classified
under five heads according to their food value, chemical
and physical properties. They are Guna, Rasa, Veeiya,
Vipaka and Prabhava. Great emphasis is laid on the
heating and cooling properties, specific and remote
action after digestion. This classification helps the
physician very much in the treatment of diseases. The
action of the food materials depends largely upon the

taste (Rasa) and Prabhava, the specific or dynamic action
of the drugs.
Modem scientists too have acknowledged the
efficacy of certain drugs like Punarnava, Kutaja and
Sarpagandha by scientific analysis. A large number of
drugs used in Ayurveda are still awaiting research and
discovery. In these days when great importance is given
to organo-therapy, vitamins, antibiotics, bacteriophages
and shock therapy, a critical study of Ayurvedic
preparation will be highly useful.
Yeast and Penicillin

Yeast and penicillin enter into the preparation of a
large number of Ayurvedic drugs both for internal and
external use. Powdered lac (Laksha) with goat’s milk has
been strongly recommended in consumption.
Some Useful Remedies

1. Seeds of the marking nut (Bhallataka—
semicorpus anacardium) soaked and ground well in
cow’s urine and the milk of Snuhi (Euphorbium) is
strongly recommended internally and externally in
leucoderma.
2. In cough with a predominance of Pitta i.e.,
increased metabolism, the juice of the dung of an infant
calf of a cow (drinking its mother’s milk) has to be
administered with honey.
The above samples of treatment show the power of
observation and the spirit of research of the Ayurvedic
scholars.
Surgery in Ayurveda
The scientific attitude of Sushruta as a surgeon is
astounding. The instruments used for operation were
made of best steel. They were very sharp. They could split
even a hair. Sushruta’s antiseptic precautions during

and after a surgical operation cannot fail to excite the
admiration of the present-day surgeons.
Laparotomy was performed for the removal of
foreign bodies from the intestines. Operation was
performed very successfully for taking out a living child
from the uterus of pregnant mother in distress by
skilfully operating the abdomen. Grafting of skin and live
flap of a tissue as in plastic surgery are described in
detail. Dissection of the dead human body was very
systematically conducted.
In surgical operation Anaesthesia was used. Bhoja
Prabandha refers to a cranial operation performed on
King Bhoja in 927 A.D. He was rendered insensible by a
fine powder called Sammohini. Jeevaka, the personal
physician of Buddha, practised cranial surgery with
success. It is said that Emperor Bimbisara sent Jeevaka,
the brain surgeon, to Ptolomy, the King of Egypt. The
principle of neuro-surgery, namely of cutting the nerve at
its root for a quick and radical cure of the disease, was
recognised.
Some Important Herbs

India abounds in herbs. The uses of herbs are
manysided and highly effective in curing diseases. They
are called Moolikas. The following are some of the
commonly seen herbs in India particularly near about
the city of Chennai (Madras)—1. Jeevanti, 2. Bala, 3.
Apamarga, 4. Punarnava, 5. Changeri. 6. Matyakshi, 7.
Kuppakoora and 8. Mudakathan. The last mentioned of
them is reputed to be a remedy for rheumatic pains by
internal use. They check Vata, Pitta and Kapha. A curry
prepared from a mixture of these leaves is very tasty at
the same time. They are very good for health.
Even if all the books of Ayurveda are lost today, the
practical utility of Ayurveda is so deeply rooted in the soil
that the science cannot be rooted out of the country.
Elderly women of the village are keen observers of nature

and its various useful gifts. It is they who supply
traditional information for research workers today.
Broad Principles in Ayurveda

According to the science of Ayurveda, there is not a
substance which is not a medicine in the broadest sense
of the term. Every substance has some property of the
five elements called Bhutas. Heaviness or lightness,
heating or cooling and such other qualities are pointers
in practical treatment.
Ayurvedic scientists formulated certain theories
based on their observations. They framed laws by the aid
of which the herbs, articles of diet and the factors of time
and space exhibiting dissimilar properties may be
grouped into several categories. They deal with their
effect on Tridoshas—Vata, Pitta and Kapha. These
constitute the physical and mental basis of man.
To explain certain definite factors observed by the
authors of Ayurveda, they have enunciated certain
hypotheses. One of the purposes of science is to classify
the accumulated knowledge. It consists of a number of
disconnected observations. They are to be systematised
and laws framed which are applicable to them generally.
Some of these hypotheses are shared in common with
allopathy. Some of them are not yet adopted by the
modem scientists. Their gross materialistic and
mechanistic attitude do not allow them to do so. Modem
science, with all the delicate apparatus handled by the
scientists, is unable to evaluate the subtle theories of
Ayurveda. These instruments can only measure the
properties of inert objects with accuracy. But when they
have to deal with living matter, perhaps they fail to give
correct information. The delicate processes of life are
very likely to alter by the very existence of light or even
the gentlest pressure exerted by the manipulation of the
instmments.
Ayurvedic Dictionary
The power of the special senses, such as taste and
smell, has not been so finely developed in the West as is
in the East. The ancient Ayurvedic physicians have been
able to differentiate very delicate differences in tastes
and smell. They were able to classify almost all the
articles of diet according to the taste and smell, their
heating and cooling properties. They actually published
dictionaries called Nighantus codifying the results of
their observations.
Pitta-prakriti (constitution) is diagnosed by raw
meatish smell and pungent and acid taste and so on.
Sweet fragrance (Sugandha) improves the digestive
power. In olden days in certain cases purgatives and
emetics were administered through smell or the
fragrance of a medicated flower or a medicated
handkerchief.
Refined Methods
Usually a garland of flowers was fully saturated with
powerful purging agents. When the patient happens to
be of a very delicate constitution such as a king with soft
bowels these methods are resorted to. History says that
Buddha was given a lotus to smell when his physician
wanted to administer a purgative to him.
Modem science has not reached such a stage of
perfection that different tastes and fragrances may be
analysed by the chemistry or measured by any
instmment devised by science.
It is stated in the Ayurvedic texts and we know by
clinical experience that drugs having bitter taste (Tikta
Rasa), are Jwara Hara or capable of relieving suffering
due to fever. The bitter substance may be Chirata,
Guduchi or Nimba. It may be also quinine or such other
drugs. Mere bitterness, let it be of any drug or even of an
article of food, is recognised, according to Ayurveda, as
having the property of reducing fever. This is an

acknowledged clinical observation. Unless modern
science advances further, so as to analyse taste and
smell, we have to be guided only by Ayurvedic
observations.
Combination of Tastes (Rasa)

Ayurveda is more than a science. It is a fine art.
Ayurvedic experts found that there is some order in the
apparently dissimilar substances having different tastes.
They found that substances having a sweet taste are
generally more nutritious than sour and saltish
substances. They have also found that substances which
are bitter, pungent and astringent in taste are the least
nutritious.
Let us take the analogy of the mango in the various
stages of its development. We observe that in the very
tender stage, the mango is at first tasteless. Then it is
astringent. It is then slightly bitter and then gradually
develops a sour taste and finally a sweet taste. Even the
bitter Neem brings forth a sweet fruit in the end. We thus
notice a progressive evolution in nature culminating in
sweetness. The fruit utilises more and more of the sun’s
rays and more nourishment from the soil and air from
day to day and so on.
It is no surprise therefore, that mango as a fruit with
sweet taste has more energising elements in it than in
early stages of astringency, bitterness and sourness.
Modern chemical, biological or pharmacological
experiments may or may not throw light on this subject,
but these facts are well known. Experience is a better
guide in such matters.
Charaka is of the opinion that an able physician who
can plan the combinations of Rasas (articles having
different tastes) in suitable proportions and who can
correctly estimate the correct proportions of the
combinations of the Doshas and who can apply the
suitable Rasas in such a way as to bring about the

harmony of the Doshas, cannot fail to determine the
causes, symptoms or treatment of the several diseases.
The Tridoshas
Individual constitution, Sareera-prakriti, is an
inherited condition that can hardly be altered. It is a
life-long concern. It is of very great significance in
determining the conditions of health and disease in man.
From the moment of conception some are equi
balanced in respect of the Tridoshas—Vata, Pitta and
Kapha. Those who have an equilibrium of the Doshas
enjoy perfect health. Others have delicate health and are
ever easily liable to disease.
Those who have the equilibrium of the Doshas may
use any article having any of the six Rasas. But, those in
whom any one of the Doshas is predominant have to
keep up the Tridosha equilibrium. In so doing, they have
to take care to use such of the articles having Rasas
which are the antidotes of the predominant Dosha that is
natural to them.
The future constitutional type of an individual is
thus determined for him even at the time of fertilisation
of ovum in the mother’s womb.
Constitutional Tendencies
Charaka holds the view, that those who live a hard
life generally keep good health in spite of certain
irregularities that occur in their life. Their very mode of
life keeps the Doshas in a subdued state.
The difficulty of the use of purgatives etc., to keep up
health arises in the case of the lazy and ease loving.
Medicine is a double-edged sword with its own injurious
effects affecting the particular system.
The constitutional tendencies of the Tridoshas
which are natural to every man do not ordinarily harm
an individual because they are habituated to the changes

of increase or decrease of these Doshas from birth. For
example we see that the poison in which an insect lives
all its life does not injure it, although it may be a deadly
poison to others. But when the time of death comes those
Doshas exhibit themselves in a disproportionate manner
and cause his end. They subsist with his life and end
with his life.
Diet
Those who are used to regular manual labour have a
keen appetite and their food is also not fatty (Rooksha).
They keep good health. The good effects of manual labour
keeps their Doshas subdued by their exposure to sun, air
and heat. They do not suffer from diseases ordinarily
even if they take wrong food, excessive food. Their power
of digestion is very good due to their physical exertion.
They are not affected by diseases to which others of
sedentary habits easily fall a prey to. The usual
purificatory processes such as purgatives, etc., are not
necessary for them. They need only the use of oils
occasionally to protect them for the exposure to heat and
air.
Four Important Constitutions

A knowledge of the constitution or the personality
factors is very important both in physiology as well as
pathology. All the traits and qualities of the individuals
are due to these inherited tendencies. This can be said to
be the result of Poorva Samaskaras of the individual.
These constitutional factors affecting one’s personality
are classified into four types in Ayurveda. They are: 1.
Sama constitution or balanced-type; 2. Predominantly
Vata constitution or nervous type; 3. Predominantly Pitta
constitution or catabolic type; 4. Predominantly Kapha
constitution or anabolic type. In this there are
innumerable permutations and combinations. In fact.
every man or woman is a type of his or her own. Their

mental factors depend upon their Sattvic, Rajasic and
Tamasic natures which go to make up their
constitutional make-up. Sattva is light or purity. Rajas is
emotion or activity and Tamas is depressing
bewilderment or stupefication.
Doctor’s Personality
The physician should develop to a high degree his
personality by steady concentration and by the
acquisition of the superior knowledge. This will enable
him to command the respect and confidence of his
patients. The success of the physician depends mainly
on this. The same medicine which works very effectively
in the hands of an able doctor does not do so well in the
hands of his assistants. The patients develop a superior
faith and confidence in the doctor which they cannot in
the case of others who might be equally qualified. It is
here the faith and confidence of the patients work. This
faith goes a long way in the curing of a disease. Instances
of such cures are numerous. Every doctor will know this
for himself. If the experience of such doctors and patients
eire recorded, it will cover the pages of big volumes.
The Patient’s ConHdence

One may argue that the gastro colic reflex was
responsible for causing the action. How is the reflex
produced? The patient’s mind has been influenced by the
personality of the doctor. One may like to term this as
personal magnetism. It removes fear and infuses faith.
Such an unshakable faith can cause even organic
changes in the patient’s body. It has the power to control
the vasomotor system of the patient. It can raise or
reduce blood-pressure. It is said that a paralytic patient
could be made to walk in the state of what is called
hypnotic trance. If at the present moment it is not
functioning so efficiently now the doctor is not
developing his superior personality by training his mind

and senses. A doctor with a working knowledge of the
Yoga system of the ancient seers can do this more
effectively than others who merely place more confidence
in mere personality. In the present the doctor depends
more on his instruments, laboratories and drugs than
the development of his intuition and soul-force. Ancient
Ayurvedic doctors were highly advanced in soul-force.
They were very regular in their daily Sandhya, Pooja and
Svadhyaya.
Glamour of Science
Influenced by the glamour of the Western science
many doctors look down upon the ancient system of
Ayurveda. They are blinded by the modem scientific
researches and scientific inventions. Of course the help
of science can be taken to a certain extent for certain
obsenz^ation. The instruments that we use should be our
servants but not our masters. We should realise that the
science of Ayurveda is Adhyatmic in effect. In other
words it points to the science of the soul through the
upkeep of the physical body in perfect order. It is the
science of sciences. When one develops the power of
intuition, diagnosis and treatment become very, very
easy. When one realises the importance of the
equilibrium of the Doshas i.e., the harmony of the body
and the mind, he is able to find mainy ready-made
prescriptions with the few drugs that he has at hand. He
may succeed in treating many diseases with nominal
medicines or even no medicines.
In the Yoga science we have what is called Pranic
healing and Sakti-sanchar. The doctor or the Guru sends
Pranic currents by his mere Sankalpa and effects a cure
for many diseases. Only advanced Yogins can do this.
MAHARSHI CHYAVANA AND CHYAVANAPRASH
Those devoted to the Science of Ayurveda and

followers of this great science look upon Maharshi
Chyavana with great respect and adoration. It was he
who invented the unrivalled, unprecedented tonic
Chyavanaprash for the good of humanity. This tonic is
one of the excellent gifts of Rishi Chyavana unto
mankind.
Once Maharshi Chyavana practised severe
unbroken penance for a very long time. At one stage he
found that his body was weak due to the great penance.
His desire for penance was still fresh in him. So he
thought of finding out some method by which he could
improve his health. With this object in view he invoked
the divine Aswini Ku maras.
Pleased with the invocation of the Rishi, the Aswini
Kumaras appeared before the Rishi and enquired him of
the reason for his summoning them. The Rishi paid
homage to the Kumaras and said, “O Divine healers! I did
great penance and acquired great mental powers but my
body is weak. Kindly prescribe for me some such
medicine by taking which my body will resume its
original strength and may live long to pursue the purpose
of my life.”
Hearing this the Aswins after deep thought replied,
O great one of excellent virtues and unrivalled penance!
We shall give you a prescription for a rare tonic. By this
the entire humanity will be benefited. This medicine will
acquire world-fame and will be famous by your name. By
taking this medicine your body will be rejuvenated in 30
days. There will be new flow of blood. You will be filled
with new vigour and vitality. You will be free from old
age.” So saying the Kumaras disappeared.
The time for the preparation of this Rasayana is
winter and spring seasons. During these seasons the
medicines will be fresh and highly beneficial in their
effects. Fresh Myrobalan (Amla) forms the prominent
Q.1Q. PRACTICE OF AYURVEDA
ingredient in Chyavanaprash. This keeps the three

humours in equilibrium. Pure sugar, pure honey, ghee,
Vamsaksheeri, Pippali, cardamom, Nagakesar, Darusita,
kishmish, Ashtavarga, Dashamool, sandal, etc., form the
important ingredients in this tonic. This is a wonderful
preventive tonic. It wards off a number of diseases. It
keeps the person in good health. It is very useful in
Asthma, difficulty in breathing, bronchitis and
consumption. It wards off debility and builds the body
wonderfully.
Maharshi Chyavana prepared this tonic as per the
instructions of the Aswins. After administering the
medicine on himself the great Rishi regained his health.
He became a youth once again.
The Charaka Samhita (1-22) says: “Asi/a Prayogai
Chyavanah Suuriddho’bhoot Punaryuva.” “By the use of
this. Rishi Chyavana, though old, once again regained
his youth.”
By the use of this wonderful drug Chyavana never
became old. By the spreading of the knowledge of this
wonderful tonic, Chyavana did a great service to
humanity. A detailed description of this tonic can be had
from Charaka Samhita.
THE BILWA TREE: ITS PROPERTIES AND LSES
The Bilwa (Bael) tree grows in almost all parts of

India irrespective of the nature of the soil.
Properties: The Bilwa is bitter, astringent and dry,
causes constipation but promotes digestion. It cures all
diseases caused by Vata (wind) and gives strength to the
body.
Though the above mentioned are some of the general
properties of the Bael, certain portions of the tree
possess special properties. The unripe fruit cures Vata,
Kapha, indigestion, stomach-ache and dyspepsia. This is
stomachic to a higher degree and causes constipation
THE BILWA TREE: ITS PROPERTIES AND USES 273
more tJian the root. The leaves possess the excellent

property of alleviating diseases caused by Vata and
Kapha. The flowers of the tree are found to cure
diarrhoea, vomiting and thirst.
Parts Used: The root of the tree is the most
important. The fruit, flowers and the leaves are also
medicinal. In Kerala, the roots are used for medicine
after casting away the bark on it.
Uses: There are various medicinal preparations
making use of the root, leaves, fruits and flowers out of
which some of the simple preparations may be
enumerated.
A decoction made out of the root of Bael with dried
ginger and roasted paddy if taken in small doses will cure
vomiting. A decoction made out of the root of Bael with
the tuberous root of Padha (cissempelos pereira} will be
efficacious in persons suffering from piles. The very same
preparation is found to be useful in cases of dysentery
and diarrhoea. Take a well cleaned root of Bael and at
one of its tips roll a piece of silk and after dipping that
portion in oil, set fire to the tip of the root holding it in
such a way as to allow drops of the oil from the burning
part to fall down. Such drops of oil, if collected, cooled
and poured into the ears will cure ear-ache. Eight ounces
of oil mixed with 32 ounces of the express juice of Bilwa
leaves, the mixture boiled till the water is completely
evaporated and the oil got out of it, will have splendid
results if applied on the head of persons suffering from
nasal catarrah and diseases of the ear. The same oil
warmed and poured into the ear will cure earache,
suppuration that is caused in the ear and deafness. The
decoction of the root is useful in intermittent fever. The
fresh juice of the leaves is given with the addition of
black-pepper in anasarca with costiveness and jaundice;
and when diluted with water or honey, it is a
highly-praised remedy in catarrah and feverishness.
There are many preparations that could be made out

of the fruits also. Though in almost all cases the fruits of
the plants are found to be with the best results while they
are ripe, the unripe are more medicincd. The unripe
fruits, if sun-dried will be far better. The pulp inside the
fruit taken and a confection made out of it in
combination with Amrita (Tensopora cordifolia] with a
little honey will suddenly stop vomiting. Milk boiled with
the pulp of the fruits taken in according to digestion will
cure dysentery.
KUPPAMANI
( Indian Acalypha, Cat’s Struggle )

Telugu: Kuppi chettu Malayalam: Kuppamani
Sanskrit: Arittamanjaree Hindi: Kuppi
Canarese: Kuppigida Latin: Acalypha Indica
There are many indigenous drugs which will work
wonders and of which we are quite ignorant. They
possess very many medicinal properties which are
astonishing.
One of the very commonest and very useful drugs
which grows in abundance everywhere is Acalypha
Indica. It is a valuable laxative, Laghu Sodhanam. Its
root is cathartic (that which causes violent purge).
Therapeutic Uses: The juice of the fresh leaves is a
reliable emetic and is used in Group (cough with guru,
guru). It can be used as Varthi for a free motion to
children. The Varthi is to be made out of the leaves, i.e.,
the leaves are to be turned into a cigarette and to be
inserted into the anus of the child. When the juice is used
as Nasyam it relieves insanity. Mix rock salt (Saindhava
Namak) with one teaspoonful of this juice and put it into
the nose or ear of the patient. This possesses hypnotic
effect.
It cures snake-bite or insect poison. This was for a
long time a Yogic secret.
CANCER 275
The important thing to note is its effect on scorpion

poisons. Apply the juice of the leaves with
Ananthavairava and Seethamsurasa (both Ayurvedic
Preparations) and take three or four fresh leaves
internally. You will have a radical cure.
CANCER
(Rakta Janya Arbud)

Cancer is a very painful disease. This is called
Sanghatika or Raktajanya Arbud. This is caused by the
impurity of blood and various other diseases. There are
six kinds of cancers. This is seen to affect mostly the
private parts, the tongue, the breasts of women and the
armpit.
When cancer affects the fatty portion of the body it is
known by the name Fatty Tumour and when the flesh is
affected it is called Myoma. It is also called Malignant
tumour when it is acute.
Acharya Sarangadhara, one of the foremost
exponents of Ayurveda describes it thus:
On account of the unbalancing of the three humours
in the body (Vata, Pitta and Kapha—wind, bile and
phlegm) and by the contraction (Sankocha) of blood there
arises a kind of stiff fleshy growth in the particular place.
This boil remains stiff as well as soft. In the latter case
there is bleeding. The bleeding continues and it assumes
a serious condition giving rise to enormous pain.
Thus the cancer patient loses much of his blood and
gradually he becomes pale in colour.
Susrutacharya has described cancer thus:
The patient whose sex organ is covered by boils of
black colour and small pimples of red colour attended
with severe pain then it should be known that he is
suffering from cancer.
Treatment
It is advisable to treat the disease in the early stages.
At first the patient should be given a purgative.
The cancer should be cleaned at first with a
decoction of Triphala. In the absence of Triphala the juice
of Bringaraj can also be used for cleaning. Take one tola
of Rasanjan (Rasaut), one tola of seed of sirees, one tola
of Harad (Myrobalan). Powder these well. Mix it in 5 tolas
of honey. Keep it in a glass vessel and apply it to the
cancer twice daily.
Darwee tel is also very useful. It is prepared as
follows. Take 4 tolas of Daru Haldi, 4 tolas of Tulasi
leaves, 4 tolas of Mulati and 4 tolas of Haldi. Powder
them well. Prepare decoction in 64 tolas of water. When
the decoction is reduced to 16 tolas get it down from the
fire. Filter it. Mix 4 Chataks of pure gingily oil. Heat it in
slow fire. When the water is evaporated bring it down and
preserve it in a glass vessel. Apply this oil twice or thrice
daily with cotton wool.
Chandanadi lepan is also another effective
medicine. Take half a tola Mulati, Sariva, Doorva, and
Raktachandan each. Make a fine powder of all these.
Take 22 tolas of honey and mix the powder well. This will
become an ointment. Clean the cancer with Triphala
water first. Then apply the above ointment twice daily
morning and evening.
A decoction of Triphala or margosa leaves (Neem) if
drunk both morning and evening is very useful. It kills
germs. There will be no pus in the wound.
Diet
Great care should be taken in respect of diet. It
should be pure and Sattvic. Take barley, old rice, moong
(green gram), fresh mooli, parval, karela, Sendanamak,
kakdi, anar, apple. Avoid jaagery (gud), oil, chillies, arbi,
pickles, onions, garlic, meat, wine, curd, black gram. Do
LUMBAGO 277
not sleep in day time, do not wake at night. Do not

suppress calls of nature.
Bhallataka with milk and ghee and with grape juice
as diet has been found to be very useful in cases of
inoperable cancer.
LUMBAGO
Of the three humours Vata, Pitta and Kapha, Vata

(wind) sets the first place. Eighty different types of
diseases are seen to arise out of Vata alone. In the
development and growth of the body, Vata functions by
dividing itself into five different branches. They bestow
health and longevity. Every movement of the body is
related to the vibration of Vata. Vyana (one of the five
branches) takes a prominent part in the development
and growth of the organs. Lumbago is one of the eighty
diseases due to Vata.
Lumbago is seen to affect the back hip portion of the
body where there is a combination of several Nadis. This
particular part is called Trikasthan. Three different
bones join at this point. Here, the Nadis carrying the
different kinds of air (Vata) are disturbed in their normal
function and cause the pain. Lumbago.
Cause
Irregular and wrong diet and living cause the
disturbance of the three humours and rheumatic pain
takes hold of the body.
By excessive fasts, by taking in stale and cold foods,
by excessive vigil, by restraining calls of nature, by loss of
semen, by constant sitting in one and the same posture,
by cares, worries and anxieties, by over-exertion, by
exposure to cold-draughts, by accidentcd hits on vital
parts, by excessive jumping and activity, by old age, by
cold water baths and by excessive fat in the body,
lumbago is caused.
This trouble is seen to be aggravated in rainy season

and winter and autumn as well. It is also caused by
carelessness after the cure of any chronic disease. The
condition of a convalescing person after a particular
disease becomes very delicate. By wrong diets, change of
climate etc., the digestion gets impaired and this is
followed by rheumatic disorders. Lumbago is an
immediate effect of this. This annoying disease gives
more trouble in old age.
Symptoms
General pain all over the body, laziness, aggravation
of pain in the hip region, mild pain as the limbs move, a
decrease in the vigour of the senses, sleeplessness,
tastelessness are some of the common symptoms.
Treatment
The patient should avoid exposure to cold and
excessive walking. Regular sleep at night and ample
sweating gives relief. Cold and sour articles that have a
tendency to aggravate rheumatism should be avoided.
Fresh fruits and light and easily digestible food should be
taken. The patient should have good rest and maximum
relaxation.
Wheat bread, Dalia, green gram, peas, massor gram,
arhar dal, parval, palak, tomato, dry fruits like grapes
and dates, honey, ghee, milk, and old jaggery can be
given. Drinking cold water during meals is harmful.
External Treatment: Apply ‘Mahanarayana Taila’
to the affected part and massage thrice daily. After
massage, the affected part should be well wrapped with a
woolen cloth. Hot fomentation with cotton pad can also
be given, thrice daily. During this treatment the patient
should completely relax in bed.
Alternate Treatment: Vishagarbha Oil 9 tolas, and
Mahanarayana oil 2 tolas, both mixed together can be
LUMBAGO 279
used for massage, twice a day, in the morning and at bed

time. Massaging at bed time is veiy effective, since only
at night, the patient gets severe attacks of lumbago.
Simha Vasa Treatment: Warm half to one tola of
Simha Vasa (Lion’s Fat) over a gentle fire. Massage the
affected part and wrap it as before preventing exposure.
Vapour treatment: Boil to three-fourth 8 ozs. of
fresh Akasavalli herbs in one and half seers of water in a
lead-coated vessel. Ask the patient to lie down with the
painful part facing downwards. Cover the lead vessel
(after removing from fire) with another clean vessel and
make the steam coming out of the boiled leaves to strike
the affected parts. Two such decoctions can be prepared
so as to keep the vapour treatment continuous. Repeat
the process once in three hours.
Treatment by sea-salt: Powder half a seer of
sea-salt and heat it in an iron pan. Tie the hot salt in a
woolen cloth and foment the affected part slowly.
Continue the treatment for two to three days. This is
useful in all pains arising out of rheumatism and
phlegm.
Internal Treatment: Administer Mahayograj
Guggulu, morning and evening, three hours prior to
food. Give one pill each time with one pav of hot cow’s
milk. It can also be given with two tolas of fresh cow’s
butter or one ounce of pure honey. This cures the eighty
different types of diseases arising out of Vata. This
should be continued for at least a week
Pure Shilajit Treatment: Administer 4 to 8 rattis of
pure Shilajit, morning and evening, with one pav of pure,
cow’s milk. Apply a coating of Shilajit over the affected
part. Shilajit quickly reduces pain. Shilajit is powerful
enough to cure the rheumatic affections of the bones
even. This is a very effective remedy.
Fomentation with Castor-leaves: Collect old and
new leaves and apply fresh cow’s ghee on them. Mildly
heat them over a gentle fire in an iron pan. When the
leaves become hot enough, apply them to the affected

part. Have a number of leaves and continue the
fomentation for half an hour. Tie the hot leaves over the
affected part. Then apply cotton fomentation over it.
Cover the part well with a blanket.
Milk Treatment: Heat on a mild fire three seers of
fresh goat’s milk. Add to the boiling milk a tola of Pippal
powder, half a tola of Kesar and half a Masha of Sont
powder. Remove the boiling milk from the fire and filter.
Add sugar. Keep the milk in a lead coated vessel. Take
this instead of the usual food, little by little, for the whole
day. Do not take any other food. Continue this treatment
for two weeks. This rejuvenates the tired nerves. It brings
fresh strength to the body and cures lumbago without a
trace.
SALTLESS DIET
The Pathyam or saltless diet was intended by our old

doctors of antiquated ages for men of robust
constitution, good physique, and an enduring frame,
who were like Rakshasas. The Pathyam is no doubt of
much use and advantage in certain cases. To cite an
instance, in gout and rheumatism certain salts as urea
and uric acid accumulate in the blood in enormous
quantities. How to get rid of these excess of salts? Reduce
your daily allowance of common salt, withhold it. Let the
patient be put on saltless diet. The excess will be
appropriated and made use of in the economy of nature.
In these cases Pathyam is an incalculable boon and a
blessing.
The native doctors of the present age have entirely
failed to comprehend the spirit underlying it and as a
routine treatment they prescribe Pathyam invariably in
almost all cases. The men of this age, we all know, are
puny, lifeless, living skeletons. To prescribe a saltless
diet for a long period for men of such nature is really a
torture. You must know that salt is an indispensable
CAUSES OF DISEASES 281
requisite to keep up a healthy condition of the body and

the absence of it in food soon leads to a morbid state of
the body. These native doctors are practicing the ancient
Dutch custom of killing prisoners guilty of capital
offenses by feeding them on food which contained no
salt. But these poor innocent persons have not
committed any serious crime at all, save that of
contracting a disease, serious or otherwise.
CAUSES OF DISEASES
Immoderate drink, excessive venery, sleep by day

and wake by night, overloading the stomach, putting off
answering Nature’s call, these are the causes of illness.
Alcohol is a poison and proves highly deleterious to
health by its injurious action on the liver, nerves, blood
vessels and stomach.
Sexual excess shatters the nervous system
altogether. The passion wastes the nervous powers.
Sleeping in the day-time is unnatural and it
interferes with the sleep that naturally supervenes after
day’s hard labour.
Being aware at night is a strain on the nervous
system.
Overloading the stomach upsets digestion and
causes loss of tone.
Failure to answer the calls in time poisons the
system and exerts as bad an effect on the health of man
as an obstructed drain or a sewer and retention of solid
refuse of a town on the health of the community at large.
When the Dhatu and Rasa are disturbed,
When their equilibrium is upset.
Disease manifests.
The seven Dhatus support this body;
They are blood, chyle, semen, etc.
Rasa is chyle;
Vaishamya is disturbance.
When Vata (wind). Pitta (bile)
And Sleshma (phlegm) are disturbed,

When their equilibrium is upset,
Disease manifests.
Pitta is Sattwa (fire); Vata is Rajas;
Sleshma (Kapha) is Tamas.
This is according to Ayurveda.
THE THREE PILLARS IN AYURVEDA
Rishi Charaka has drawn our special attention to

the three important pillars of the body. They are food,
sleep and Brahmachaiya. All the three are very
important for health.
Food is veiy important for the growth and
maintenance of the body. For a child there is the
mother’s milk to live upon. Some months after birth the
child begins to take solid food in addition to mother’s
milk. There are many schools of thought regarding diet.
But simple, juicy, sweet, easily digestible food builds up
the body and bestows long life. Rajasic and Tamasic
foods like meat, eggs, etc., make the body weak and an
easy prey to diseases.
Measured food maintains the body in good
condition. It is said, “Ya eva dehasya samaavivrid-
dhyaista eva doshaa vishamaa vadhaaya”—those
articles of food which go to build up the body when taken
in abnormal quantities become cause for its destruction.
The Sruti says, “Yuktaahara viharasya”—the food and
recreation should be moderate. Food has veiy great
connection with the building of body. In fact a man’s
nature itself is dependent on his food.
Rishi Charaka says; Those foods, which do not upset
the working of the organs and do not give room for
diseases to make their appearance, they are fit to be
taken. They build up the body and supply the necessary
vitamins, and keep the body strong. The digestive fire
remains active. The food is converted into blood and then
to what is Ccdled the Ojas Shakti. It is this Ojas Shakti
that is the greatest treasure of man. He can make himself
THE THREE PILLARS IN AYURVEDA 283
strong and full of vigour and vitality. Such a man

becomes famous in his life. He works wonders with the
strength of Ojas or the power of Brahmacharya.
Sleep
The second most important pillar of the body is
sleep. Sleep is considered to be evolved out of the power
of Vishnu Maya. Sleep confers joy and happiness and the
much needed rest. It acts as a tonic to the tired nerves.
You derive new strength, vigour and rest in sleep. It
removes the weariness of the hard day’s labour.
In old age, it is advisable to rest for half an hour after
food, because the digestive fire is weak at this age. By
sleep the old man finds it easier to digest his food. Much
of the digestive process takes place in sleep at night.
Those who are not regular in their sleep, who go to
bed at veiy irregular hours, they are subject to sorrow,
and various other diseases. They suffer from Prajagar,
torpor, swoon, fear, forgetfulness, head-ache, reeling of
the head, etc. They also suffer from tastelessness,
excessive flow of tears, weak digestion, pain in the eyes,
pain in limbs, breaking of voice, pain in the body, etc.
Brahmacharya
The preservation of the vital energy (semen) is
Brahmacharya. In Veeiya there is a predominance of
Sattva Guna (purity). With the preservation of Veerya,
man attains power, glow in the face and keen memory.
Veerya is the subtlest essence of food. By Veerya you can
increase your life-span. Bhishma, a Naishtika
Brahmachari (throughout his life), had death under his
control.
By the preservation of Veerya, you can keep up
youth. You can have mastery over old age. You will be
free from diseases. Loss of Veerya is the cause of many
diseases, early death, loss of vigour, power and vitality.
Such a man leads a miserable existence. He becomes

unfit for this world and also for the other world beyond.
The power to contract and expand in the various
parts of the body, digestion of food and all such functions
of the body derive strength from Veerya. There is no part
of the body where Veerya is absent. Just as butter is
pervading the entire milk, just as sugar (sweetness)
pervades the entire sugarcane, just as oil pervades in
seasamum seeds, in the same way Veerya pervades the
whole body. Pervading the entire body, strengthening it
from within, Veerya protects it from all diseases.
AYURVEDA
ALTHOUGH ANCIENT IT CAN BE

EVER NEW SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE
In addition to the methods of experiment and
observation, which are the sources of knowledge in the
Modern Sciences, Ayurveda accepts concentrated
meditation and intuition (Yoga) as a method of acquiring
knowledge. He who relies solely on observation, thinks
more of differences than of similarities. The methods of
investigation in Ayurveda are more synthetic leading to
oneness, Adwaita, whereas the tendency in Modem
Medicine is more analytical leading to dissipation of
ideas.
The mechanistic view of man prevailed progressively
during the last two or three centuries, and any disease
was considered to be a breakdown in the machine, which
should be set right by adjusting or repairing the damaged
parts. The attention to the part or organ assumes greater
importance than the consideration of the whole man.
Ayurveda considers man as a complex and inseparable
combination of the material body, the senses, the mind
and the soul.
Happiness in life depends upon the control of the
senses and contentment. (Charaka Sutra4)
AYURVEDA 285
The Factor of Personality

Unlike the machine, man has mind, Manas. Manava
is one who has a mind. He has the power of thinking and
deciding his future conduct. The decision depends upon
the personality of every individual, which is unborn in all
living creatures and persists as long as the organism
lives. It is often transmitted to the offspring.
Triguna Theory
Constitutional traits or inborn tendencies or
qualities are classified in Ayurveda into three categories
called Trigunas. The constitutional factors leading to
emotions are due to Rajoguna. The constitutional factors
leading to inertia are due to Tamoguna. The
constitutional factors leading to equilibrium or harmony
are due to Sattwaguna. The mental and physical
characteristics of every individual in health and disease
are determined by the predominance of one or the other
of these three qualities, Trigunas.
Tridosha Theory
Vata, Pitta and Kapha are the nutritive fluids that
feed the living organisms through the nervous, digestive
and lymphatic systems respectively. Vata is constituted
predominantly of Rajas, Pitta of Sattwa and Kapha of
Tamas. Their equilibrium is health and imbalance is
disease.
Clinically, these theories are very helpful to the
diagnosis and successful treatment of the multifarious
diseases of the mind and the body. These theories
represent the synthetic psychosomatic conception of
man, which deals with his mental and physical states
including the effects of the vitamins, hormones, toxins,
antibodies and all factors relating to the self and the
environments of time and place. The physiology of
Ayurveda begins where the physiology of Modern Science
ends. This means that the Ayurveda deals with both the
known and the unknown as well, through its philosophy.
The theories of Ayurveda have not been so far
verified by modem research, because the instruments of
Science have their own limitations, when they have to
deal with living matter. Further research is sure to
establish the truth of these assumptions, which are like
axioms as Ayurveda is concerned. Even the illiterate
people and particularly women in India understand
theories which they apply in their daily life. The
practitioner of Modem Medicine refuses to understand
them, because he has lost his moorings in the Indian
Culture on account of the bias that he has been taught to
acquire by his new education.
Domestic Medicine
It is not always that the aid of the physician is
sought in our country immediately after the appearance
of the first symptoms of disease. The people are able to
classify the symptoms of the predomincince of Vata, Pitta
and Kapha respectively and apply some domestic
remedies such as ginger, pepper, garlic, Neem,
asafoetida and musk, whose properties are well-known
to them, to check the respective fault in the earliest stage
(Kriyaakaala) of the disease. This brings about the
equilibrium which makes the invading agent powerless
to grow in the unsuitable soil. Immunity is thus acquired
in many instances. Modern Research should help to
enlighten us on the rationale of these domestic remedies,
some of which are not yet recorded in the text books on
Ayurveda.
According to Ayurveda, there is nothing in this world
which may not be used as a medicini ■Na Jagat
Anoushadham (Charaka). It all depends upon the
capacity of the physician to discover and utilise the
available material as a medicine or as an article of diet or
otherwise. Modern Medicine appears to be concerned
AYURVEDA 287
with advertisement of more and more medicines of

doubtful value to cure diseases, whereas the long term
purpose of the medical science should be to empty the
hospitals. For this reason, Ayurveda was traditionally
taught to every man and woman in India. Valuable aids
to health such as massage, sweating, oil baths, regulated
exercises and walks. Asanas, manual labour, games,
recreation and prayer are, in Ajrurveda, included in the
daily routine (Dinacharya) of every citizen. Physiotherapy
which promotes positive health is badly neglected in
modem hospitals.
Colossal Ignorance and Pride

Even after the advance of Science, our ignorance of
the secrets of nature is colossal. Many medical
practitioners do not seem to realise the vastness of their
ignorance. Instead of feeling humilitated by his utter
powerlessness in many situations in his daily life, the
proud young doctor is full of egoism (Ahamkara), due to
his materialistic mentality.
Emotions Cause Disease

Emotions like anger, greed and hurry are potent
sources of disease. Desire produces anger. Anger results
in infatuation; both have their origin in Rajas (Gita). The
senses, mind and intellect are the seats for these
emotions. Therefore one should develop control over
these emotions which are the worst enemies of man.
Otherwise, all material and spiritual knowledge will be
useless—Jnana Vijnana Nashanam. In Ayurveda
prevention of disease is effected through strict discipline
of man to develop self-control. Ayurveda teaches not only
how to live a happy life, but also how to die a happy death
with detachment, contentment and peace.
Ayurveda advocates Vamashrama Dharma, a
system of organisation of the whole human life into
definite self- adjusting socio-economic units, so that, all
people may be happy without any strife for selfish ends

and may reach the supreme goal of spiritual
progress—Paramaartha. Every man has to strive his best
for the full attainment of the four values or aspirations of
life namely, Dharma—^Virtue or duty to self and society,
Artha—acquisition of
of wealth or power,
Kama—satisfaction of desires and Moksha—liberation
from the bondage or attachment. Life has thus the great
purpose of progressive spiritual evolution.
I have great respect for the truly scientific research
worker, untouched by commercial interests. But, I
shudder to think, that a third-rate practitioner of Modem
Medicine spreads into the villages of India, to replace the
ennobling system of Ayurveda by materialistic and
outlandish ideas quite unsuitable to our habits. It is the
spirit of Ayurveda that saves the Indian civilisation.
Diagnosis
The physician should develop an inquisitive outlook
towards the less obvious signs of ill-health so as to warn
the patients from getting ill.
The causes of diseases are beautifully summarised
in Ayurveda into three groups, viz., (i) Unsuitable use of
the senses—Asaalmya Indriyaartha Samyoga, (ii) faulty
judgement—Prajnaa Aparaadha and (iii) The effects of
time—Parinaama Research should be conducted on the
incidence of the seasons (Ritus) in India and their
influence on the onset of diseases and of the pharmaco
logical properties (Rasa, Guna, etc.) of food-materials
and drugs. Today, the methods of investigation of
diseases are lop-sided giving no real attention to the man
as a whole. The physician who depends too much on
instruments and laboratories is unable to develop the
most valuable faculty of intuition. Charaka says:
AYURVEDA 289
aTTgiPTRHTrrnq q H H 11
“A physician who cannot enter into the innermost
soul of the patient with the bright light of the lamp of his
n
own knowledge cannot successfully treat any disease.
(Charaka Vimana IV-14)
Methods of Research
We should conduct research in Ayurveda in order to
make it the best system of treatment in the world. As the
word Ayurveda implies, it is the Science of Life. It has no
limitation of race, climate or country. Its door is open to
all true knowledge from any source. The application of
Modern Methods of Pharmacological technique
conducted in collaboration with experienced Ayurvedic
scholars is sure to result in the advancement of both
Ayurveda and Modem Medicine. Literally,
pharmacological, biochemical, clinical, psychological
and philosophical research should all be conducted side
by side.
The methods of research in Ayurveda should not be
to imitate what is done in other countries. The research
should be based upon the fundamentals assumed by
Ayurveda. Ayurveda has a good working hypothesis
which has helped the successful practice of Ayurveda
through the centuries and it is still a living force today
with the Ayurvedic physician and the patient.
The Siddha and Unani systems also follow the same
fundamental principles and are popular with certain
sections of the people.
Conclusion
Herein, I have laid emphasis on four points which
are fundamental to the study of Ayurveda.
(i) Ayurveda is superior to modem science in some
respects and can incorporate all the advances of Modern
Science, but Modern Science, cannot adopt all that

Ayurveda teaches, unless it accepts the existence of the
soul in man as the Director of the several processes of
life.
(ii) Man is not to be treated as machine. The factor
of personality is greatly responsible for the happiness or
misery of the individual.
(iii) Modem Medicine should not be extended into
the villages, unless it is integrated with Ayurveda by
adopting its basic principles of self-control to prevent
disease
(iv) Research in Ayurveda should be conducted by
adequate personal of the right type, proficient in
A3rurveda, with the co-operation of modem Scientists.
The scope of Ayurveda is endless. Although ancient,
it has the capacity to grow and be ever new, Puranama
cha Punamauam(Charaka Siddhi).
Ayurveda is the Veda or knowledge of
Ayus or life. It has been classified as the fifth
Veda. There are three main branches of
Ayurveda and they deal with the causes,
symptoms and treatment of diseases.
Ayurveda serves as the best guide for the
healthy as well as for the sick.
Charaka, Sushruta, Vagbhata, Madhava

and Sarangdhara were the great Rishis or
Fathers of Ayurvedic medicine. They were
Yogis and had great power of observation,
generalisation and analysis. Their students
made wonderful researches. India’s fertility
for medicinal herbs and plants contributed a
great deal to the prosecution of their study
of medicine.
The principles of Ayurvedic treatment, in

the main, are the same as that of Allopathic
treatment. They consist of removing the inju
rious agent, soothing the infured body and
mind, eradicating the cause. The difference
lies in the methods of detail adopted by dif
ferent systems. Besides, in Ayurveda great
importance is given to the study of the vari
ous stages of variation of the three Doshas
or humours of the body—Vaata, Pitta and
Kapha.
I SUN 8 1 - 7052- 1 59- 9
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PRACTICE

CThe Divine Life Trust Society

Published by Swami Padmanabhananda for

Bom on the Sth September, 1887, in the illustrious

Sri Swami Sivanandaji Maharaj was a healer of the

Definitions in Ayurveda.................................. 224

The ancient intuitive India that brought to being the

system the very sources of their causation. This great

The Lxard Himself is the first divine physician. He is

When the body is afflicted with senility and diseases,

for the direful diseases that afflict mankind; I pray you,

Mdane Madhava Shreshthah, Sutra Sthane Tu Vagbhatah;

Sushruta in Surgery and Charaka in Therapeutics. In

Bhava Mishra, author of Bhava Prakasha lived in

The Glory of Ayurveda

medicines are able to produce a greater alleviating and

surgeons made the king insensible by a drug called

Ayurveda—The Fifth Veda

he created all beings. Ayurveda is really one aspect of the

treatment of diseases. He accurately diagnoses the

The Ayurveda or the Science of Life

this knowledge of medicine was reveeded by Brahma who

munificence would have been swept away altogether

science from his preceptor, Bharadwaja, who had again

The charge proceeds from erroneous conviction that

complete. Even when complete, mere theoretical

This glorious system of medicine fell into disuse

and power. It has a natural deep root in India. It can

into prominence and prove to be of incalculable benefit to

All-India Ayurvedic University

The establishment of an All-India Ayurvedic

According to Charaka the fruits of extremely wicked

Rebirth is entirely admitted by Charaka. He says

From the present deeds as seeds, their future effects as

In short, the three Doshas or bodily humours of the

often called the Tridoshas. When they serve as

harvesting season there is lowering of Pitta and collection

Health and Diseases

working of the system. Then they are considered as

The characteristics of Vata are Rooksha (dryness),

The seat of Kledaka is mouth and stomach. The seat

The seat of Prana is head, neck and chest. The seat

The whole human activities are controlled by these

function of sight, etc. It contributes courage, softness of

Vata is the most important of the three Doshas as it

Pitta is that secretion which turns all fatty matter

Kapha or Sleshma is that force which unites,

The five kinds of Kapha are: (1) Avalambaka Kapha

Symptoms When There Is Predominance

When Vata is predominant, body is light; there are

Rasa is the juice that is derived from the digested

Rasa is transformed into Rakta or blood at the end of

Mamsa is flesh. It is produced from blood. Mamsa is

Medas is fat. Fat is flesh digested by the natural fire.

Bone is fat digested by the natural fire and dried by

It is a tough juice of bones digested by the natural

This is the vital, generative fluid that originates from

Health and Diseases

Disease is the disturbance of the equilibrium of the

The body is a Samudaya or collection of the modification