A Technical seminar report

on

IOT BASED SMART AGRICULTURE

In partial fulfillment of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

in

Computer Science and Engineering

by

NIDUMOLU HARINI
(18RA1A0512)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

KOMMURI PRATAP REDDY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Accredited by NBA, NAAC
Permanently Affiliated to JNTUH.
 KOMMURI PRATAP REDDY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Accredited by NBA,NAAC
Permanently Affiliated to JNTUH

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Seminar Report entitled with "IOT BASED SMART AGRICULTURE "
is a record of bonafide work carried out by the NIDUMOLU HARINI with bearing hall ticket number
(18RA1A0512) during the academic year 2018-22 in partial fulfillment of the award of the degree
of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering.

Seminar Coordinator Head of Department

Dr.C.Veena G.Sujatha
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I wish to express our deep and sincere feeling of gratitude towards our
great institution, KOMMURI PRATAP REDDY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY for
providing us with opportunity of fulfilment of our long cherished goal of becoming
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING. I
am very much thankful for our HOD Sujatha having provided me an excellent academic
atmosphere in the institution.

I also thank all the staff members and friends who assisted me.

N.HARINI

(18RA1A0512)
 ABSTRACT

Nowadays Internet of Things (IoT) technology is one of the fastest growing fields in
different domains including agriculture. IoT improves the quality of our lives by bringing and
fostering changes in many fields of activities to make them become handy, smart and endowed
by sufficient artificial intelligence. Thanks to this technology, Smart farming systems know a
cultural change toward modern agriculture which is more productive, consuming less water and
even cheaper.
The main goal of my project is to use IoT in the agriculture field in order to collect data
instantly (soil Moister, temperature…), which will help one to monitor some environment
conditions remotely, effectively and enhance tremendously the production and therefore the
income of farmers. The present prototype is developed using Arduino technology, which
comprise specific sensors, and a Wifi module that helps to collect instant data online. Worth
mentioning the testing of this prototype generated, highly accurate data because while we were
collecting them remotely any environmental changes were detected instantly and taking in
consideration to make decisions.
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

Fig. 1 Design Diagram 6

Fig.2 NodeMcu ESP8266 7-8

Fig. 3 LM35 9

Fig. 4 Soil Moister Sensor 10

Fig. 5 RTC Module DS 1302 10

Fig.6 LCD Module 11

Fig.7 Connectors 11

Fig.8 Circuit 13

Fig.9 Arduino IDE 13

Fig.10 ERD Diagram 14

Fig.11 Firebase Diagram 15

Fig.12 Flowchart 16

Fig.13 Output Graphs 17

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No’s
ABSTRAC i
LIST OF FIGURES ii
1. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION 1

2. INTRODUCTION 2-3
2.1. IOT CONCEPT AND DEFINITION
2.2.IOT ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES

3. IOT APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE 4

4. DEFINITION AND METHODOLOGY 5-6
4.1. DEFINITION OF IOT IN AGRICULTURE
4.2. METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN

5. HARDWARE COMPONENTS 7
6. SOFTWARE COMPONENTS 13
7. DATABASE MODULE 14-15
7.1. DATABASE IMPLEMENTATION

8. ALGORITHM & FLOWCHART 16

9. MERITS AND DEMERITS 18
10. CONCLUSION 19
11. FUTURE SCOPE 20
12. REFERENCES 21
 1. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
.

The traditional agriculture and allied sector cannot meet the requirements of modern
agriculture which requires high-yield, high quality and efficient output. Thus, it is very
important to turn towards modernization of existing methods and using the information
technology and data over a certain period to predict the best possible productivity and crop
suitable on the very particular land.

With the exponential growth of world population, according to UN Food and Agriculture
Organization, the world will need to produce 70% more food in 2050, shrinking agricultural
lands, and depletion of finite natural resources, the need to enhance farm yield has become
critical. Limited availability of natural resources such as fresh water and arable land along
with slowing yield trends in several staple crops, have further aggravated the problem.
Another impeding concern over the farming industry is the shifting structure of agricultural
workforce. Moreover, agricultural labor in most of the countries has declined.

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 2. INTRODUCTION

The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances and
other objects to connect and items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, a ctuators,
and connectivity which enables these exchange data. Each thing is uniquely identifiable
through its embedded computing system but is able to inter-operate within the existing
Internet infrastructure.

Agriculture uses 85% of available freshwater resources worldwide, and this percentage will
continue to be dominant in water consumption because of population growth and increased
food demand. There is an urgent need to create strategies based on science and technology for
sustainable use of water, including technical, agronomic, managerial, and institutional
improvement. Hence there is need to implement modern science and technology in the
agriculture sector for increasing the yield. Most of the papers signifies the use of wireless
sensor network which collects the data from different types of sensors and then send it to
main server using wireless protocol. The paper aims at making agriculture smart using
automation and IoT technologies.

2.1.IOT: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION

Internet of things IOT consists of two words Internet and Things .The term things in IOT
refers to various IOT devices having unique identities and have capabilities to perform
remote sensing , actuating and live monitoring of certain sort of data.IOT devices are also
enable to have live exchange of data with other connected devices and application either
directly or indirectly , or collected data from other devices and process the data and send the
data to various servers. The other term internet is define as Global communication Network
connecting Trillions of computers across the planets enabling sharing of information .Thus
the IOT can be define as :”A dynamic Global Network Infrusture with self configuring
capabilities based on standard and inter operable communication to protocol where physical
and virtual things have identities, physical attributes ,and virtual personalities and use
intelligent interfaces and are seamlessly integrated into the information network ,often
communicate data associated with user and their environment.”

An ideal IoT device consists of various interfaces for making connectivity to other devices
which can either be wired or wireless.

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Any IoT based device consists of following components:

• I/O interface for Sensors.

• Interface for connecting to Internet.
• Interface for Memory and Storage.
• Interface for Audio/Video.

IoT devices can be of various forms like wearable sensors, smart watches, IoT smart home
monitoring, IoT intelligent transport systems, IoT smart health devices etc.

2.2.IOT ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES

Internet of Things has a strong backbone of various enabling technologies Wireless Sensor
Networks, Cloud Computing, Big Data, Embedded Systems, Security Protocols and
Architectures, Protocols enabling communication, web services, Internet and Search Engines.

• Wireless Sensor Network (WSN): It consists of various sensors/nodes which are

integrated together to monitor various sorts of data.

• Cloud Computing: Cloud Computing also known as on-demand computing is a type

of Internet based computing which provides shared processing resources and data to
computers and other devices on demand. It can be in various forms like IaaS, PaaS,
SaaS, DaaS etc.

• Big Data Analytics: Big data analytics is the process of examining large data sets
containing various forms of data types—i.e. Big Data – to uncover hidden patterns,
unknown correlations, market trends, customer preferences and other useful business
information.

• Communication Protocols: They form the backbone of IoT systems to enable

connectivity and coupling to applications and these protocols facilitate exchange of
data over the network as these protocols enable data exchange formats, data encoding
and addressing.

• Embedded Systems: It is a sort of computer system which consists of both hardware

and software to perform specific tasks. It includes microprocessor/microcontroller,
RAM/ROM, networking components, I/O units and storage devices.

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 3.IOT APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE

With the adoption of IoT in various areas like Industry, Homes and even Cities, huge
potential is seen to make everything Intelligent and Smart. Even the Agricultural sector is
also adopting IoT technology these days and this in turn has led to the development of
“AGRICULTURAL Internet of Things (IoT)”

• Crop Water Management:

In order to perform agriculture activities in inefficient manner, adequate water is essential.
Agriculture IoT is integrated with Web Map Service (WMS) and Sensor Observation Service
(SOS) to ensure proper water management for irrigation and in turn reduces water wastage.
• Agricultural Drones:
An agricultural drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle used to help optimize agriculture
operations.It is used to monitor tasks like Increase crop production, Monitor crop growth
Improve spraying accuracy and Report on crop health.
• Green house Automation:
Automated greenhouse is to ease people when they wish to grow plants. It helps to monitor
the situation, when they are not at home. It is used to monitor tasks like Vents, Tempature,
Irrigation, Lighting, Cooling and Heating.
• Livestock Monitoring:
Live stock monitoring means raise of farm animals with good feeding , sanitation and
medication.It is used to monitor tasks like Monitoring health levels , Monitoring reproductive
cycle ,Location tracking ,Maximizing livestock livelihood.

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 4.DEFINITION AND METHODOLOGY

4.1 DEFINITION IOT BASED SMART AGRICULTURE SYSTEM

IoT based SMART FARMING SYSTEM is regarded as IoT gadget focusing on Live
Monitoring of Environmental data in terms of Temperature, Moisture and other types
depending on the sensors integrated with it. The system provides the concept of “Plug &
Sense” in which farmers can directly implement smart farming by as such putting the System
on the field and getting Live Data feeds on various devices like Smart Phones, Tablets etc.
and the data generated via sensors can be easily shared and viewed by agriculture consultants
anywhere remotely via Cloud Computing technology integration. The system also enables
analysis of various sorts of data via Big Data Analytics from time to time .

4.2.METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN

The design of the project comes right after we are done with the project’s analysis. Our
system will be implemented based on many small functions. These functions should be
capable to perform specific tasks. The whole system is the sum of all those functions.
Therefore, our strategy is to use the function oriented design. DFD design process can be
used to depict how functions change data and state of the entire system functions.

The implementation will go along with the testing to make sure that all functions are
implemented properly. Still we are going to test in a field with pre-existing data and compare
these results to ours, using our new system. We can then go further and test in different fields
to see the level of accuracy in different types of soils. Given that we have several functions,
several tests can be performed, so we may have to test each function at a time to make sure
that all of them work correctly and give accurate outputs. Finally, we will test all of them
together at the same time in a single system, knowing that some functions can be related to
others so we may not separate them in the testing.

By implementing this system, agricultural lands, parks, gardens, golf courses and AUI’s
gardens can be irrigated in a more automated and efficient way. In addition, our system will
be cheaper and safe, compared to other automated systems. While implementing this project,
the user requirements and specifications will be taken in consideration, as well as respecting
the design method and the testing strategy would be concisely developed

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DESIGN:

The Diagram of the overall process:

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 5. HARDWARE COMPONENTS
Components and Modules

1. NodeMcu ESP8266:
The ESP8266 NodeMcu is a microcontroller that allows connecting to Wi-Fi. The
ESP8266 can be programmed in several ways:

• With Lua scripts, interpreted or compiled, with NodeMCU firmware

• In C ++, with the Arduino IDE
• In JavaScript, with the Espruino firmware
• In MicroPython, with MicroPython firmware
• In C, with the Expressive SDK or with the esp-open-sdk3 SDK.

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 Fig 2. Nodemcu

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 2.LM35:
The LM35 sensor is a precision integrated-circuit temperature device, contains an output
voltage compatible with the Centigrade temperature. It is:

• Calibrated Directly in Celsius

• Linear
• 0.5°C Ensured Accuracy (at 25°C)

• −55°C to 150°C Range

• Suitable for Remote Applications
• Low-Cost
• Operates From 4 V to 30 V
• Low Self-Heating

Fig.3 LM35

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 3.Soil Moister Sensor:

The soil moisture sensor composed of two probes used to measure the volume of water in
the soil. These two probes permit the current to cross the soil, and then measure the
moisture value from the resistance value. More electricity will be conducted from the soil
if there is a big amount of water. Therefore, the resistance would decrease and the moister
level would increase. If the soil is dry, the conducted electricity is poor, which means
there are more resistance and therefore less moist level.

Fig.4 Soil Moister Sensor

4. RTC Module DS1302:

RTC Module is a real-time clock that allows getting the instant date (day, month, and year) and timing
(hours, minutes, and seconds).

Fig.5 RTC Module

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5.LCD Module:

The LCD display screen with the I2C communication interface. It is able to display 2 lines
and 16x2 characters. Arduino LCD display projects usually run out easily of pin resources,
and its wiring connection is also quite difficult. The I2C LCD display contains only 4 pins:
VCC, GND, SDA, and SCL. It will save at least 4 digital/analog pins on Arduino.

Fig.6 LCD Module

6. Connectors:
I used different wiring types and connectors to build this prototype and link all my components
together.

Fig.7 Connectors
 KPRIT 11

7. Power supply :

For the power or the energy source, I choose to use a solar renewable clean energy as a source
of power for my prototype. A solar panel is used as an additional source of electricity (solar
energy EP-0606A), with the following characteristics.

Description of Circuit:
Circuit is programmed NodeMcu grid is connected with all different components: soil
moisture sensor, temperature sensor, LCD screen, RTC module, and Relay modules.
NodeMcu is also used as a Wi-Fi module. This model works based on collecting data from all
the sensors and sending them to the NodeMcu. The NodeMcu gives the updates of data in
web server through cloud computing. The real time data comes through Wi-Fi to the web
server which we can access by typing the address IP given to the Wi-Fi module (NodeMcu)
in any web browser. The Nodemcu also send data to the LCD and to the two relays. One relay
is connected to the pump and the other to the fan.
KPRIT 12

6.Software Component

Smart Farming system was developed using the Arduino Software (IDE) which enable to
write the code and upload it to a microcontroller board (Arduino Uno or NodeMcu…). It can
be installed and run in Windows, Linux or Mac OS. This environment is written in languages
C and C++.

Fig.9 Arduino IDE

KPRIT 13

7. THE DATABASE MODULE:

This is the ERD for the smart farming system:

• Entities: Nodemcu, Soil Moister Sensor, LM35, LCD, Relay1, Relay2, Database.
• The cardinality: Many to many

Most importantly, the Database table have 3 attributes that represents the data stored which
are: The soil moister (result1), the temperature ( result2), and the time & date (result3). For
this later, we can select, modify or add the data.

Fig.10 ERD Diagram

KPRIT 14

DATABASE IMPLEMENTATION:

Smart Farming System Database is implemented using Firebase, because it is a real time
database

I used Nodemcu Firebase. I created a new project in my firebase account. To store the data in
firebase, I went through the following process:

• I downloaded new libraries in the Arduino IDE : (FirebaseArduino.h),

(ArduinoJson.h).

• For user authentication to Firebase, I used the secret code (from firebase account) ,
and the firebase host (https://arduino-d7791.firebaseio.com/), I defined them in my
code then call them in the setup for authentication.

I created the variables I need in the firebase project, then in the code I can set the values of
those (similar) variables to be instantly store

Fig.11 Firebase
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8. ALGORITHMS & FLOWCHART & OUTPUT GRAPHS

ALOGORITHM:

STEP 1: START THE PROCESS

STEP 2: CONNECTED TO WIFI
STEP 3: READ TEMERATURE AND HUMIDITY
STEP 4: GET TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY VALUE S FROM ANOLOG PINS
STEP 5: SEND DATA TO THINGSPEAK API
STEP 6: DELAY TO 10 SECONDS
STEP 7: REPEAT STEP 4, 5 & 6 UNTIL THE PROCESS END
STEP 8: END

FLOWCHART:
KPRIT 16

OUTPUT GRAPHS:

Fig13.1 Live Data of Temperature with Date and Time

Fig 13.2 Live Data of Soil Moisture with Date and Time
KPRIT 17

9. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF IOT IN AGRICULTURE:

MERITS:

1. IoT enables easy collection and management of tons of data collected from sensorsand
with integration of cloud computing services like Agriculture fields maps, cloud
storage etc., data can be accessed live from anywhere and everywhere enabling live
monitoring and end to end connectivity among all the parties concerned.

2. IoT is regarded as key component for Smart Farming as with accurate sensors and
smart equipment’s, farmers can increase the food production by 70% till year 2050 as
depicted by experts.

3. With IoT productions costs can be reduced to a remarkable level which will in turn
increase profitability and sustainability.

4. With IoT, efficiency level would be increased in terms of usage of Soil, Water,
Fertilizers, Pesticides etc.

5. With IoT, various factors would also lead to the protection of environment.

DEMERITS:

1. IoT – smart farming continually requires internet connectivity. The developing

countries ‘rural portion did not follow those criteria and the internet is slower.

2. The IoT related equipment allows the farmer to understand the use of technology and
to learn. It is the biggest challenge for the large-scale implementation of smart
agricultural framing across the continues.

3. Given any security measures, the system offers little power and can lead to various
kinds of network attacks.

4. It is very complicated to plan, build, manage and allow the broad technology to IoT
framework.

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 10. CONCLUSION

This gave me the chance to learn new technologies and work with new tools, this was a real
proof that AUI has taught us to be long-life learners and to master self learning before
teaching us other class materials. Of course, this project is a combination of what I learned
from all my computer science classes, the programming languages, the database systems and
the engineering process that is important in any engineering project, all together with what I
learned from other disciplines and also by myself about IoT and the use of Arduino helped
me to build an embedded system.

The sensors and microcontrollers of all Nodes are successfully interfaced with NodeMCU and
thingspeak is achieved between various Nodes. All observations and experimental tests
proves that project is a complete solution to field activities, irrigation problems, and smart
irrigation system and a smart warehouse management system respectively. Implementation of
such a system in the field can definitely help to improve the yield of the crops and overall
production.

IoT based SMART FARMING SYSTEM for Live Monitoring of Temperature and Soil
Moisture has been proposed using Arduino and Cloud Computing . The System has high
efficiency and accuracy in fetching the live data of temperature and soil moisture. The IoT
based smart farming System being proposed via this report will assist farmers in increasing
the agriculture yield and take efficient care of food production as the System will always
provide helping hand to farmers for getting accurate live feed of environmental temperature
and soil moisture with more than 99% accurate results.
6
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11. FUTURE SCOPE

Future work would be focused more on increasing sensors on this system to fetch more data
especially with regard to Pest Control and by also integrating GPS module in this system to
enhance this Agriculture IoT Technology to full-fledged Agriculture Precision ready product

For future work there are many features to develop or add to the prototype:

• Adding a Mobile Application for Android to make it easier to access data remotely
and where data can be stored easily.

• Develop an IOS version of the previous application.

• Add other Arduino components or increasing sensors for more features, and to fetch
more data that can be collected.

• Add an artificial intelligent system to predict the production of goods.

• Add an artificial intelligent system to predict the production of good.

KPRIT 20

12. REFERENCES

[1] CircuitsToday. Arduino and Soil Moisture Sensor -Interfacing Tutorial. Retreived from
http://www.circuitstoday.com/arduino-soil-moisture-sensor

[2] Dfrobot. I2C 16x2 Arduino LCD Display Module. Retreived from
https://www.dfrobot.com/product-135.html

[3] Lastminuteengineers. Insight Into ESP8266 NodeMCU Features & Using It With Arduino
IDE. Retreived from
https://lastminuteengineers.com/esp8266-nodemcu-arduino-tutorial/

[4] Meola, A. (Jan 24, 2020). Smart Farming in 2020: How IoT sensors are creating a more efficient
precision agriculture industry. Retreived from
https://www.businessinsider.com/smart-farming-iot-agriculture

[5] Team, D. (JUN 17, 2019). Is IoT the Future of Agriculture. Retreived from
https://www.digiteum.com/iot-agriculture

[6] TexasInstriments.(2017). LM35 Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensors. Retreived from

http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm35.pdf
KPRIT 21