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    Assignment 5

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    Shreya Raut
    1. Entropy and spontaneity are related through the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of a system and its surroundings must increase for a spontaneous process. An increase in temperature also increases the entropy of a substance by increasing the disorder or kinetic energy of its particles. 2. Exothermic reactions release heat to the surroundings, making the products more stable than the reactants. Endothermic reactions absorb heat from the surroundings, making the products less stable than the reactants.

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    Assignment 5

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    1. Entropy and spontaneity are related through the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of a system and its surroundings must increase for a spontaneous process. An increase in temperature also increases the entropy of a substance by increasing the disorder or kinetic energy of its particles. 2. Exothermic reactions release heat to the surroundings, making the products more stable than the reactants. Endothermic reactions absorb heat from the surroundings, making the products less stable than the reactants.

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    1. Entropy and spontaneity are related through the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of a system and its surroundings must increase for a spontaneous process. An increase in temperature also increases the entropy of a substance by increasing the disorder or kinetic energy of its particles. 2. Exothermic reactions release heat to the surroundings, making the products more stable than the reactants. Endothermic reactions absorb heat from the surroundings, making the products less stable than the reactants.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views4 pages

    Assignment 5

    Uploaded by

    Shreya Raut
    1. Entropy and spontaneity are related through the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of a system and its surroundings must increase for a spontaneous process. An increase in temperature also increases the entropy of a substance by increasing the disorder or kinetic energy of its particles. 2. Exothermic reactions release heat to the surroundings, making the products more stable than the reactants. Endothermic reactions absorb heat from the surroundings, making the products less stable than the reactants.

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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    BMI-102 Applied Chemistry

    Internal Assignment V

    1. Explain how entropy and spontaneity are related. Also discuss the effect of increases
    temperature on the entropy of a substance. Give suitable example.
    The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of the system and its
    surroundings (universe) increases in a spontaneous process. Thus, second law of
    thermodynamics is expressed as:
    Suniverse = Stotal = Ssys + Ssurr > 0

    Consider

    2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

    ∆S = -327 J K-1, and ∆H = -572 kJ (both at 298 K)

    To find ∆Stotal, we need to know ∆Ssurr. ∆H for the reaction is -572 kJ. When 2 moles of H2 and 1
    mole of O2 gas combine to form 2 moles of liquid water, 527 kJ of heat is released which is
    received by surroundings at constant pressure (and 298 K). The entropy change of surroundings
    is

    ∆Ssurr =Qrev = 572 × 103 J = 1919 J K-1

    T 298K

    ∆Stotal = ∆Ssys + ∆Ssurr

    = -327 J K-1 + 1919 J K-1

    = + 1592 J K-1

    ∆Stotal > 0.
    The reaction is thus spontaneous. It follows that to decide spontaneity of reactions, we need to
    consider the entropy of system and its surroundings.The total entropy increases during a
    spontaneous process that finally reaches equilibrium. The equilibrium corresponds to maximum
    total entropy. The total entropy change, ∆Stotal must be zero for a process at equilibrium. From
    above,

    i. ∆Stotal > 0, the process is spontaneous

    ii. ∆Stotal < 0, the process is non-spontaneous

    iii. ∆Stotal = 0, the process is at equilibrium

    Entropy increases on increase in temperature. An increase in temperature means that the particles
    of the substance have greater kinetic energy. The faster moving particles have more disorder than
    the particles that are moving slowly at a lower temperature.

    For example:The thermal decomposition of solid calcium carbonate:

    CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

    Since in the above reaction, solid is converted into gas. Hence entropy increases.

    When ice(00C) melts to form vapour temperature increases and hence, entropy increases.

    Ice(s) Water(l) Water Vapour(g)

    2. What do you understand by the terms:


    a. Exothermic Reactions
    A reaction which takes place with evolution of heat which in turn increase the
    temperature of the surrounding is called an exothermic reaction. In this reaction products
    are more stable than the reactants.
    In an exothermic reaction, enthalpy of products is less than enthalpy of reactants. Hence,
    H is negative.
    For example:

    (i) C(s) + O2 (g) CO2(g) H = -393.5 kJ


    Transition state
    Enthalpy(H)

    Reactants
    - H

    Products

    Reaction co-ordinate

    (Progress of reaction)
    b)Endothermic Reaction:
    A reaction which takes place with absorbtion of heat and increase in enthalpy is called an
    endothermic reaction.
    In an endothermic reaction, enthalpy of products is higher than enthalpy of reactants.
    Hence, H is positive. For example:
    N2 (g)+ O2(g) 2NO(g) H= +180kJ

    Transition state

    Products
    Enthalpy change

    + H

    Reaction co-ordinate

    (Progress of reaction)

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