MODULE 1.

1
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF INDUSTRIAL SECURITY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Commonwealth Act No. 1 is the original policy basis of the national security program
of the Republic of the Philippines. That act mandated the establishment of a Council
of National Defense to advise with the President on all matters of national defense
policy, with membership consisting of the President, all living former Presidents, the
Vice President, the head of each executive department, the Chief of Staff, and six
other members to be designated by the President.
Subsequent to World War II, which included a period during which the
Commonwealth government operated as a government in exile, and subsequent to
the recognition of the Republic of the Philippines as a sovereign nation, President
Elpidio Quirino established the National Security Council as a body so named.
The 1987 Constitution mandates civilian control of the military and establishes the
president as commander in chief of the armed forces. The President also heads the
National Security Council, ostensibly the policy-making and advisory body for
matters connected with national defense. Former President Corazon Aquino
reestablished the council in 1986 through an executive order that provided for a
National Security Council director to advise the president on national security
matters and for a National Security Council Secretariat. The council itself is
composed of the president and at least nine others: the Vice President; the AFP
chief of staff; National Security Council director; the Executive Secretary; and the
Secretaries of Foreign Affairs, National Defense, Interior and Local Government,
Justice, and Labor and Employment (called ministers before 1987). By the end of
1990, however, the National Security Council had only convened twice
Responsibility for national security was vested in the Department of National
Defense. The principal functions of the department in 1991 were to defend the state
against internal and external threats and, through the Philippine National Police, to
maintain law and order. The Secretary of National Defense, by law a civilian, was
charged with advising the president on defense matters and developing defense
policy.
In 2002, Philippines President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo won crucial backing from her
cabinet and the Congress for the deployment of US soldiers in the country as part of
the war on terrorism. The President convened a meeting of the country's National
Security Council during that time, in a bid to pull wavering officials, including her
vice-president into line and smooth over differences in her administration over the
issue. Arroyo insisted her oppositions to marshal support for her stance to back a
U.S.-led campaign against terrorism, not only to implement a unanimous UN
Security Council resolution calling on U.N. members to bring the perpetrators to
justice but also the Philippines' strategic alliance with the United States and to assist
the global campaign to end the scourge of terrorism.
National Security Advisor (NSA) and Director-General serve as Chief of Staff and
adviser for Special Concerns in National Security to the President. The NSA has a
Cabinet rank in the government. The current Director-General and National Security
Adviser is Sec. Hermogenes Esperon. The NSC's function is to advise the President
with respect to the integration of domestic, foreign, and military policies relating to
the national security. It is also said that it serves as the President's principal arm for
coordinating these policies among various government departments and agencies in
matters involving the national security.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Philippines)
INDUSTRIAL SECURITY It is a concept that refers to a series of security activities
that protect resources and minimize risk and loss to prevent leakage of key
technologies and confidential information at the enterprise level, and affect national
problems as well.
It is the status reached when the appropriate measures and procedures are
implemented to gain access to, handle or generate Classified Information during the
performance of a classified contract or program.
A comprehensive workplace security is very important because it will reduce
liabilities, insurance, compensation and other social security expenses to be paid by
the company to the stakeholders. Thus, you increase your business revenue and
reduce the operational charges that incur on your business budgets. non-stock
private organization, and it was formed in May 1958.
R.A. 5487 – It is an act that regulates the organization and operation of the private
detective, watchmen or security guard agencies. it is known as Private Security
Agency Law.
- Before R.A. 5487 there is no law, what they need is only a permit from the city or
municipal mayor to hire a security guard.
- PCSUSIA – Philippine Constabulary Supervisory Unit for Security and Investigation
Agencies
- was formed as a result of the approval of R.A. 5487, which directs the Chief PC to
issue rules and regulations concerning the implementation of R.A. 5487.
- later was change to PNPSOSIA- when the Philippine Constabulary was dissolved
and the personnel was merged to the PNP.
PNPSOSIA – PNP Supervisory Office for Security and Investigation Agencies
- Before it is responsible for the issuance of implementing orders regarding the rules
and regulations affecting security agencies operation.
 PNPSAG/SD – PNP Security Agency Guards/ Supervision Division – for national
 PNP FE/SAGS – PNP Firearm and Explosives/ Security Agency Guard Services –
for local
- it directs the Chief of PNP to issue rules and regulations concerning the
implementing rules of R.A. 5487.
- Effectivity date – Oct. 3, 1972 and Jan. 17, 1975 and amended by P. D. # 11 and
11A
- and again amended in 2003 with Title 2003 Revised Rules and Regulations
Implementing R.A. 5487 as amended.
Private Detective Agency - is any person who for hire or reward or on commission
conducts or carries on or holds himself out as conducting or carrying on a detective
agency or detective service.
Private Detective - any person who is not a member of a regular police agency or
armed forces who does detective work for hire, reward or commission.
PADPAO - Philippine Association of Detective and Protective Agency Operators.
Watchmen/Security Guard - person who offers or renders personal service to
watch or secure either residential or business establishment or both or any building,
compound or area for hire or compensation or as an employee thereof. Security
Agency - any person, association, partnership or corporation who recruits,trains,
muster ,furnishes, solicit individuals or business firms, private or government owned
or controlled corporation to engage his services or those of its watchmen.
Who May Organize Security Agency
1. Any Filipino Citizen or a corporation, partnership or association.
2. With a minimum capital required by law.
 In case of corporation, association, or partnership - must be 100 % owned and
controlled by Filipino citizen.
 No person shall organize or have interest in more than one agency.
Qualification of an Operator or Manager of a Security Agency:
1. At least 25 years of age
2. College graduate and/or commissioned officer in the inactive service of the AFP
3. Good moral character
4. No previous record of any conviction of any crime/offense involving moral
turpitude
5. Not suffering from any of the following disqualifications:
 dishonorably discharged or separate from the AFP
 mentally incompetent
 addicted to the use of narcotic drugs
 habitual drunkard
 An elective or appointive government employees who may be called upon on
account of the function of their respective offices in the implementation and
enforcement of the provision of RA 5487 and person related to such government
employees by affinity or consanguinity in the third civil degree shall not hold any
interest, directly or indirectly in any security guard agency.

Basic Qualification of a security Guard

1. Filipino citizen
2. High school graduate
3. Physically and mentally fit
4. Not less than 21 nor more than 50 years old
5. At least 5'4" in height
6. Not suffering from any disqualification under RA 5487
 Veterans shall be given priority in employment as security guard or private
detective.
 Person convicted of any crime involving moral turpitude shall not be employed as
security guard or private detective.
 Private detective, detective agency, security guard, security agency must first
obtain license from the PNP.
 Employees employed solely for clerical or manual work need not be licensed.
 The license shall be displayed at all times in a conspicuous and suitable place in
the agency office.
 The PNP shall exercise general supervision over the operation of all private
detective and security guard agencies.
 The City/Municipal Mayors has the power as director of the City/Municipal civil
defense to deputize private detective and security guards to help maintain peace and
order or prevent or arrest law violators in case of emergency or in times of disaster
or calamity. They shall take orders from the Chief of Police for the duration of the
fire, inundation, earthquakes, riots or other emergency.
 A security guard or security agency is entitled to possess firearms.
 Firearm must not be higher than .45 caliber.
 Agency is entitled to possess firearm not exceeding one firearm for every security
guard in its employ.
 Security guard is entitled to possess not more than one riot gun or shotgun.
 Firearms shall be carried by the security guard only during his tour of duty in proper
uniform within the compound of the establishment except when he escorts big
amount of cash or valuables in or out of said compound.
 The Chief PNP shall prescribe the uniform, ornaments, equipment and
paraphernalia to be worn by the security guards.
 Uniforms must be different from the PNP/AFP.
 Salary of security guard - not lower than the minimum wage prescribed by law.
Limitations and Prohibitions on a Security Agency
1. No agency operating in the City of manila and suburbs may employ more than
1000 watchmen or security guards.
2. No agency operating in other cities and first class municipalities may employ more
than 500 watchmen or security guards.
3. No agency operating in municipalities other than first class may employ more than
200 watchmen or security guards.
4. No person, corporation, partnership or association may organize more than one
agency in any one city or municipality.
5. No agency shall offer, render or accept services to gambling dens or other illegal
enterprises.
6. The extent of the security service being provided by any security agency shall not
go beyond the whole compound or property of the person or establishment
requesting the security service except when they escort big amount of cash.
THE CONCEPT OF SECURITY Historically, criminology has explored security by
focusing its attention on what one might think of as “hitting and taking” harms,
typically thought of as “crimes”, that threaten peaceful coexistence along with the
governance processes, particularly criminal justice, that have been developed to
respond to them.
SECURITY – It is freedom from, or resilience against, potential harm caused by
others. Beneficiaries of security may be of persons and social groups, objects and
institutions, ecosystems or any other entity or phenomenon vulnerable to unwanted
change. (Wikipedia)
Security - the predictable state or condition which is free from harm, injury,
destruction, intimidation or fear. Freedom from fear or danger or defense against
crime.
Purpose of Security – is to protect the establishment from any form of losses as a
result of theft, robbery, pilferage, sabotage, espionage, accident, fire and subversive
activities.
Purpose/Goals of Physical security
1. deter potential intruders - ex. warning signs, perimeter markings
2. distinguish authorized from unauthorized people - ex. using pass card
3. delay or prevent intrusion attempt - ex. wall, door lock, safe
4. detect intrusion and monitor/record intruders - e. CCTV, intrusion alarm
5. trigger appropriate incident responses - ex. security guards
Physical Security System - a barrier or system of barriers placed between the
potential intruder and the matter to be protected. Protective device against hazards,
threats, vulnerability and risks.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PHYSICAL SECURITY
1. Active- by using different types of barriers.
2. Passive- by using psychological approach
3. Communication Security – is the protection resulting from the application of
various measures which prevents or delay the enemy or unauthorized person in
giving information through the communication system.
4. Hotel Security – is the protection resulting from the application of various
measures which safeguards hotel guests and personnel, hotel property, and
functions in hotel restaurants, bars and clubs.
5. Bank Security – is the protection resulting from the application of various
measures which safeguards cash and assets which are in storage in transit and
during transactions.
6. Document Security – is physical security that involves the protection of
documents and classified papers from loss, access to unauthorized person, damage,
theft and compromised through disclosure.
7. Personal and VIP Security – involve in the protection of top ranking official the
government, visiting persons of illustrious standing and foreign dignitaries.
8. Crisis Security - is the protection of the rich person, industrial magnates, political
leaders against kidnapping for economic, political, emotional or nationalistic
purposes.
9. Industrial Security - various measures to safeguard factories, manufacturing
establishment, etc.
10. Operational Security - is physical which deals with the protection of processes,
formulas, patents and other activities.
11. Other special type of security - these type of security are adaptations,
variations, innovations and modifications of physical security which are follows;
* Air cargo security - Under the Aviation Transport Security Act of 2004, air cargo is
defined as goods, other than baggage or stores, that are transported by aircraft. ...
Air cargo security measures aim to protect cargo from theft, but they also secure
cargo against incoming materials such as bombs or drugs.
* Supermarket - service, which is used by grocery stores for various safety
purposes. Our supermarket security services prevent shoplifting and internal theft,
help secure deliveries, and watch for suspicious activity during non-business hours.
* School Security - encompasses all measures taken to combat threats to people
and property in education environments. One term connected to school security is
school safety, which is defined as the sheltering of students from violence and
bullying, as well as exposure to harmful elements such as drugs and gang activity.
* Personnel security - Personnel Security Program is to make a reasonable
determination that individuals granted access to classified information or assigned to
sensitive positions are and will remain loyal, trustworthy, and reliable. Protective
Security - measures taken by an installation or unit to protect against sabotage,
espionage or subversion and at the same time provide freedom of action in order to
provide the installation or unit with the necessary flexibility to accomplish its mission.
Three (3) Aspects of Security
1. Physical Security - measures taken to prevent physical access or entry to an
installation.
2. Personnel Security - measures taken to insure that only authorized personnel
have access to classified documents or information.
3. Document and Information Security - Information security is a set of practices
intended to keep data secure from unauthorized access or alterations.
(https://www.csoonline.com/article/3513899/what-is-information-securitydefinition-
principles-and-jobs.html)
Method used in Physical Security
1. Overt – surveillance is performed using devices that are visible and obvious. It
means visible or apparent. It can be observed.
2. Covert - also known as undercover or plain-clothes security, is a specialized
service that provides unsurpassed success in the apprehension of shoplifters,
fraudsters and dishonest employees. Covert security operatives pose as general
shoppers and ensure that only customers are exiting the stores. It means hidden or
concealed. It cannot be observed.
How to deter potential intruders install the following.
 Security warning signs - let workers and visitors in your facility understand the
system you have in place. This is especially crucial if there are emergency exit doors
that will trigger alarms if they're opened. Security warning signs can also deter
trespassing, theft, and other illegal or suspicious activities.
 Security fences - stating that it is fencing a piece of property to increase security.
 Vehicle barriers - A barrier meant to stop, disable, or destroy vehicles intentionally
driven into the perimeter of a protected area. These barriers may be active (movable
at the push of a button) or static (permanently in a vehicle-stopping posture) and be
located at gate entrances or along perimeters between vehicle access points.
 Vehicle height restriction - are designed specifically to allow access to a site for
cars and smaller, lighter vehicles. This bar then pre-warns the vehicles wishing to
gain access to the area that their vehicle may be too high.
 Restricted access point - t means that you can allow only a number of people
who will enter the facility or a building or institution.
 Sight lighting and trenches - security lighting is lighting that intended to deter or
detect intrusions or other criminal activity on a piece of real property. It can also be
used to increase a feeling of safety. Lighting is integral to crime prevention through
environmental design.
How to distinguish authorized from unauthorized people.
Access control at the following:
1. Security gates - shall be defined as any gate, door, or other barrier that limits or
restricts public access to or from a property.
2. Security doors - replace conventional doors and revolving doors in fence lines
and entryways. They are used to allow access only to authorized personnel and are
commonly used for high-security access control at construction sites, data centers,
military bases, and prisons.
3. Locks - A lock is a mechanical or electronic fastening device that is released by a
physical object (such as a key, keycard, fingerprint, RFID card, security token, coin,
etc.), by supplying secret information (such as a number or letter permutation or
password), or by a combination thereof or only being able to be opened from one
side such as a door chain.
How to detect intrusion
1. install alarms
2. install intrusion detection monitor
3. install video monitoring system - ex. cctv
Vigiles (in Rome) - origin of the watchmen although their principal duty was as a fire
brigade.
Frank Wills - detected the Watergate burglars ultimately leading to the resignation of
US president Richard Nixon.
Target hardening - the reduction in criminal opportunity, generally through the use
of physical barriers, architectural design and enhanced security measures of a
particular location.
Defensible Space - the range of mechanisms that combine to bring an environment
under the control of its residents. Demography - the study of the characteristics of
population groups.
Principles of Physical Security
1. An intruder must be able to acquire access to the property in order to benefit.
2. The type of access necessary will depend upon a number of variable factors and
therefore may be achieved in a number of ways.
3. There is no impenetrable barrier.
4. Security is built upon a system of defense in depth resulting to accumulated delay
time which may lead to the apprehension of the intruder.
5. Each installation is different from the others.