WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM

OUTCOME-BASED EDUCATION
Science, Technology and Engineering (STE) Program
GRADE
ELECTRONIC 10

LEARNING QUARTER 3

MODULE WEEK 3

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)

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 MODULE IN
ELECTRONICS
Science, Technology and
Engineering (STE) Program

QUARTER 3
WEEK 3
DAY 1-4

Principles of Signal Transmission

and Reception

Development Team

Writer: Richard F. Aison

Editor / Reviewer: Hamilton C. Remigio Ponciano S. Raspado

Flenie A. Galicinao

Lay-out Artist: Hamilton C. Remigio

Management Team: Vilma D. Eda, CESO V

Arnel S. Bandiola Lourdes B. Arucan

Juanito V. Labao Flenie A. Galicinao

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 What I Need to Know

This module in Electronics contains information and suggested learning activities

that provides you understanding on the knowledge, skills and desirable attitudes required in
the principles of signal transmission and reception.

In order to benefit much from this module, you should learn about RADAR and
LASER.

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Explain the principles of signal transmission and reception.

Learning Objectives:
1. Differentiate RADAR from LASER and describe their principles of operations on
signal transmission.
2. Describe the features and explain the principles of operations of a radio receiver.

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a sheet of paper. Do not
write anything in this module.

1. It is the process of extracting the original information-bearing signal from a carrier wave.
A. Demodulation C. Modulation
B. Model D. Remodel

2. Which of the following processes refers to the changing of the parameters of the carrier
signal in accordance with the instantaneous values of the modulating signal?
A. Form Modular C. Modulation
B. Demodulation D. Remodulation

3. What do you call the distance between successive crests of a wave?

A. Waveform C. Wavelength
B. Wave Frequency D. Wave Parameter

4. It is a system that uses radio waves to detect and to fix the position of targets at a
distance that works on the principle of radio echoes.
A. LASER C. RADAR
B. Microwave D. Wavelength

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5. What do you call this device that emits light through a process of optical amplification
based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation?
A. LASER C. Waveform
B. RADAR D. None of the choices

What’s In

CROSSWORD PUZZLE
Directions: Look for the words integrated to the principles of signal transmission and
reception. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

P W E D A R R E N D T T A N K
R A D I O S H O R A U R M M Y
O V M I W A E S O U N A I O T
D E A L A N A E I D E N C D S
E L A S E R T B L T R A C K S
T E C I E A I R I O Q M O L Y
E N A N F D N O N A U I P A H
C G R T A I W A V E E T H T E
T T R E M O D U L A T I O N T
O H I R P W R C P N C L N O E
R A E C L A G A V T Y W E N R
I R R E I V U S I E N A L N O
E S T P F E K T N N P O T G D
D P E T I S R M A N C E H F Y
O T S S E A K E R A D I O R N
G M U S R E C E I V E R A N E

What’s New

Introduction to the Principle of Radio Transmission and Reception

The Classic Paper by John Howard Dellinger published almost 80 years ago, is
perhaps the only earliest record available in the literature that describes the basic nature of

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radio waves along with the design principles and performance of “antenna and coil aerials”
used for transmission and reception of such waves in free space. In modern terminology, the
terms “antenna and coil aerials” in the title of the paper are nothing but the two basic linear
and loop antenna elements. The paper essentially summarizes the state of the art in radio
technology circa 1919. To the best of the writer’s knowledge, it is the first lucid description of
antenna theory and design, radio waves and their transmission, and reception in free space
by one of the pioneers in the area. Dellinger was associated with a number of contributions
in radio science and development of a variety of innovative radio navigation systems.

What is It

Lesson
Principles of Radio
1 Transmission and Reception

The transmission and interception of a transmitter and receiver’s radio waves is used
to generate and receive information-carrying signals. Radio wave functions as an
information-bearing signal carrier, and the information may be encoded directly on the wave
by interrupting its propagation regularly or impressed by a technique called modulation. The
actual information in a modulated signal is contained in the sidebands or the frequencies. It
is also added to the carrier wave rather than in the carrier wave. When the radio waves
reach the receiving antenna, it induces a very small electromotive force (emf) fed to the
radio receiver. Here, the radio waves are first amplified, then the process of demodulation
that extracts the signal. The signal is amplified by audio amplifiers and then fed to the
speaker for reproduction into sound waves.

Principles of RADAR

RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) is a device that tracks and fixes the location
of targets at a distance using radio waves and operates on the theory of radio echoes. These
radio echoes are like the soundwaves used by bats and dolphins that bounce back once the
wave hits an object and reflects on the animals. This process is called echolocation.

To detect the target, the radar transmitter’s job is to produce radio waves. It is
possible to classify the transmitters into oscillators and power amplifiers, while the radar
receiver’s role is to accept weak target signals and amplify them to a functional level and
convert the information stored in them from the radio frequency (RF) to the baseband.

The power amplifier’s output is delivered to the antenna by the duplexer that will
radiate it into space. The duplexer is a device that produces a short circuit at the input to the
receiver. This happens when the transmitter is operating so that high power flows to the
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antenna and not the receiver. In nature, the receiver is superheterodyne, which implies that
it combines two high frequencies and generates a low RF frequency then sent to the mixer
and LO (local oscillator) that converts it to an intermediate frequency then amplified by the IF
amplifier. The IF amplifier maximizes the output signal to peak ratio, then followed by the
demodulator that extracts the signal. The signal at the output of a detector or modulator is
amplified to provide sufficient gain to the signal.

Figure 1. Block Diagram of a RADAR System

Source: Perez, Arnel C., Pineda, Marl Albert T., Soriano, Ferdinand J. Amplitude and Frequency Modulation

Principles of LASER

A LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is a device that

emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of
electromagnetic radiation, which consists of three main components: a lasing medium (solid,
liquid, or gas), a stimulating energy source (pump) and an optical resonator.

Lasing medium is a substance used to produce the stimulated emission of photons in

a laser. It can be in gas, liquid, or semi-conducting material. Laser gain media may vary from
extended-length glass fibers to the submicron-length semiconductor material. Stimulated
emission (pump), in laser action, is the release of energy from an excited atom by artificial
means. When more atoms occupy a higher energy state than a lower one under normal
temperature equilibrium, it is possible to force atoms to return to an unexcited state by
stimulating them with the same energy as mirrors facing each other so that light emitted
along the line between the mirrors is reflected back and forth.

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 Figure 2. Principles of LASER
Source: Perez, Arnel C., Pineda, Marl Albert T., Soriano, Ferdinand J. Amplitude and Frequency Modulation

The process of transmission and reception of light where in the LASER transmitter
contains a circuit for signal processing and a LASER that is used to produce the LASER
signal. To ensure consistent performance, LASER diodes provide photodiodes for feedback.

Figure 3. LASER Transmission Block Diagram

Source: Perez, Arnel C., Pineda, Marl Albert T., Soriano, Ferdinand J. Amplitude and Frequency Modulation

The receiver includes a signal processor and a detector (photodiode or

phototransistor) that can catch and read the incoming laser signal. LASER communications
are actually ousting radio waves as visible light wavelengths are even more packed and
tighter, which can relay more information with a stronger signal per second. Instead of
telephone wires, LASERs are used in contact with optical fibers.

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 Today, LASER have become one of the world’s most significant innovations used in
different industries ranging from information technology to telecommunication, medicine,
consumer electronics, law enforcement, military equipment, entertainment and
manufacturing.

Terms and Concept Captured

1. Electromagnetic waves are usually holders of energy formed by the movement of
charged particles such as electrons.
2. Amplitude is the maximum displacement or distance moved by a point on a vibrating
body from its resting position.
3. Wavelength is the distance between successive crests of a wave.
4. Wave Frequency is the number of waves that pass a fixed point in each amount of time.
A higher-frequency wave has more energy than a lower frequency wave with the
same amplitude.
5. Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the
electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light. They range from the length of a
football to larger than our planet.
6. Transmission is the process of sending and propagating an analog or digital signal using
wired, optical, or wireless electromagnetic medium.
7. Transmitter a set of equipment used to generate and transmit electromagnetic waves
carrying messages or signals, especially those of radio or television.
8. Modulation is the process of changing the parameters of the carrier signal in accordance
with the instantaneous values of the modulating signal.
9. Demodulation is extracting the original information-bearing signal from a carrier wave.
10. Receiver uses electronic filters to separate the desired radio frequency signal from all
the other signals picked up by the antenna, an electronic amplifier to increase the
power of the signal for further processing, and finally recovers the desired information
through demodulation.
11. RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) is a system that uses radio waves to detect
and to fix the position of targets at a distance that works on the principle of radio
echoes.
12. LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is a device that
emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated
emission of electromagnetic radiation.

Radio Receiver Circuit

Radio wave has the most wavelengths among the members of the Electromagnetic
Spectrum and one of the most studied members of the Spectrum in the 19th century. The
early studies conducted by scientist Heinrich Hertz contributed to the nature of radio waves.

Way back in the golden era of radio, most Filipinos were delighted by the information
and entertainment they experienced from listening to the radio. Hence, radio became a part
of their everyday lives. Radio communication has two vital elements, namely: a radio
transmitter and a radio receiver. The two parts transmit and receive radio signals.

A radio receiver is the opposite of a radio transmitter. It uses the following

components:
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Antenna: It is a piece or length of wire. It captures radio waves. When exposed to radio
waves, the wave induces a minimal alternating current in the antenna.
RF amplifier: It is a sensitive amplifier that amplifies the very weak radio frequency (RF)
signal from the antenna to be processed by the tuner.
Tuner: It extracts signals of a particular frequency from different frequencies. The antenna
captures radio waves of all the frequencies and sends them to the radio frequency
(RF) amplifier, which amplifies them all.
Detector: It is for the audio information to be separated from the carrier wave. A rectifying
diode rectifies the alternating current signal in the AM signals. A direct current signal
that feeds to an audio amplifier circuit is what remains on the alternating current once
passed into a rectifying diode. The detector circuit is a bit more complicated for FM
signals.
Audio amplifier: The weak signal that comes from the detector is amplified by this
component using a simple transistor amplifier circuit.

Figure 4. Basic AM Radio Receiver Diagram

Source: Perez, Arnel C., Pineda, Marl Albert T., Soriano, Ferdinand J. Amplitude and Frequency Modulation

There are numerous variations in the design of basic radio receivers. Some receivers
include extra filtering and tuning circuits to better lock on to the intended frequency or to
produce better-quality audio output and exclude other signals. In most receiver circuits,
these basic elements are found. Despite the many designs of the radio receiver circuit, they
share common but important features. These are sensitivity, selectivity, and fidelity.
Selectivity measures a radio receiver's performance to respond only to the radio signal tune
in (such as a radio station) and to reject other signals nearby, such as another broadcast on
an adjacent channel. Receiver Sensitivity identifies and amplifies signals at the input of the
receiver. It tells us the weakest signal that a receiver will be able to identify and process. The
fidelity of a receiver is the ability to accurately reproduce, in its output, the signal that
appears at its input. The wider the band passed by the frequency selection circuit, the
greater is the fidelity.

There are different types of a radio receiver, but the features and principles of
operations are classified into two, namely: the tuned radio frequency receiver (TRF) and
the Supersonic heterodyne radio receiver.

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Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF): This was the first radio receiver used. It consists of a tuned
circuit and a detector. Tune radio frequency was used in the early years of wireless
technology. The Tuned Radio Frequency receiver consists of three main sections:
Tune radio frequency stages, a signal detector, and an audio amplifier.

 Tuned Radio Frequency Stages: These consist of one or more amplifying

and tuning stages. Early sets often had several stages, each proving some
gain and selectivity.
 Signal Detector: The detector enables the audio from the amplitude
modulation signal to be extracted. It uses a diode to rectify a signal.
 Audio Amplifier: This is where the audio signal amplifies.

Figure 5. Tuned Radio Frequency Receiver (TRF) Block Diagram

Source: Perez, Arnel C., Pineda, Marl Albert T., Soriano, Ferdinand J. Amplitude and Frequency Modulation

The TRF receiver gained popularity in 1920’s; however, the tuning took a little while
for each stage in the early radios requires separate adjustment. Later superheterodyne
receiver gained more popularity.

In the previous diagram, it shows here the antenna captures radio waves, and these
waves pass through a series of RF amplifiers. The RF amplifier is composed of a resonant
circuit, a combination of an inductor and a capacitor. The resonant circuit is also known as a
tuned circuit. Through the process of ganged tuning, all RF amplifiers tuned to signal a
single frequency.

Tuning changes the frequency through mechanical or electrical means. Adding one
more tuned circuit allows the selection of one station at a time. Increasing one or more
turned circuits will increase the selectivity of the radio receiver. Tuned amplification includes
increased sensitivity and increased selectivity.

The detector reconstructs the information carried by the radio waves. The process of
extracting the original information from the carrier wave is called demodulation. A diode, a
capacitor, and a resistor make up the detector circuit. It removes high-frequency
components. The AM demodulation has two stages. First is the rectification of the amplifier
by a diode. Second, the capacitor smooths out the amplitude of the rectified signal. The
audio signal is the result of the two stages that will be sent to the audio amplifier to further
amplify in the audio frequency amplifier (AF).

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 The signal is further amplified in an audio frequency (AF) amplifier after detection.
The AF amplifier amplifies the weak signal drives, the signal to the loudspeaker or an output
device. The signal is increased high enough to drive loads of devices. A speaker is used to
hear the audio signal in the form of sound.

TRF receivers are easier to design. It has high sensitivity allowing broadcast
frequency from 535 kHz to 1705 kHz. Problems of TRF receivers include difficulty in
designing at very high frequency, poor audio quality, instability, and poor selectivity.

Supersonic Heterodyne Wireless Receiver

It was developed to provide an additional level of selectivity. This uses a heterodyne

or mixing process to convert signals done to a fixed intermediate frequency.

Tuning of this radio is through the effective changing of the local oscillator. Broadcast
radio receivers, televisions, short wave receivers, and commercial radios have used the
superheterodyne principle as the basis of their operation. It was one of the most successful
forms of radio being used almost exclusively as the RF circuit design. It was Invented in
1918 and overcoming the selectivity issue making it popular for nearly 100 years.

The superheterodyne was used in every form of radio from domestic broadcast
radios to walkie talkies, television sets, through to hi-fi tuners, and professional
communications radios, satellite base stations, and much more.

Figure 6. Superheterodyne Receiver System Diagram

Source: Perez, Arnel C., Pineda, Marl Albert T., Soriano, Ferdinand J. Amplitude and Frequency Modulation

The figure above shows the diagram of a superheterodyne receiver. The receiving
antenna captures and transforms radio waves to an intermediate frequency (IF). Through an
RF amplifier, the IF signal transmits. The RF amplifier amplifies the signal and sends it to the
mixer. Ganged tuning is used to tune amplifiers that will tune a single IF. There is a local
oscillator that provides a signal to mix with signals coming from the antenna. The mixer is
the circuit that generates an output signal which contains the sum and difference of the
frequency of the two inputs. The only signal of interest is the difference frequency or the IF.
All frequencies or signals received must be converted into IF. The conversion process is
called mixing or heterodyning. The mixer's output signal, which is equal to or very near to the
IF, reaches the detector. The detector reconstructs the information brought by the IF signal.
Some frequencies are rejected, due to the selectivity in the IF amplifier. AM broadcast band
has the standard IF is 455 kHz. FM broadcast and television broadcast bands have standard

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IFs of 10.7 MHz and 44 MHz, respectively. The output from the detector may need
amplification. A speaker is required to listen to the speech or music carried by the signals.

LASERs Are Everywhere

LASERs can be tiny constituents of microchips or as immense as NIF, which is ten

stories high and as wide as three football fields. LASERs are found in a dazzling range of
products and technologies, including CD and DVD players, metal-cutting machines,
measuring systems, and eye and cosmetic surgery. Early LASERs could produce peak
powers of some 10,000 watts. Modern LASERs can produce pulses that are billions of times
more powerful. Scientists have demonstrated NIF’s ability to generate more than 500 trillion
watts of power.

Some LASERs, such as ruby LASERs, emit short pulses of light. Others, like helium–
neon gas lasers or liquid dye LASERs, emit light that is continuous. NIF, like the ruby
LASERs, emits pulses of light lasting only billionths of a second.

LASER light does not need to be visible. NIF beams start out as invisible infrared
light and then pass-through special optics that convert them to visible green light and then to
invisible, high-energy ultraviolet light for optimum interaction with the target.

Other Use of RADARs

RADARs today are used to detect and track aircraft, spacecraft, and ships at sea as
well as insects and birds in the atmosphere; measure the speed of automobiles; map the
surface of the earth from space; and measure properties of the atmosphere and oceans.
Principles of RADAR have led to the development of other similar technologies such as
SONAR, SODAR, and LIDAR (laser RADAR) that permit detection of phenomena and
targets in the oceans and in the optically clear air.

What’s More

Jumbled Words

Directions: Arrange the jumbled words in a correct form.

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1. SERLA 6. ENGTHLEVAW
2. ADRAR 7. MITERTRANTS
3. IONUDLATOM 8. MOISSINSNRT
4. VERCEIRE 9. IODRA SAWEV
5. NALUDOMIOTED 10. AWVE CYFRENUEQ

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 What I Have Learned

For the propagation and interception of radio waves, a transmitter and receiver are
employed. A radio wave acts as a carrier of information-bearing signals; the information may
be encoded directly on the wave by periodically interrupting its transmission (as in dot-and-
dash telegraphy) or impressed on it by a process called modulation. The actual information
in a modulated signal is contained in its sidebands, or frequencies added to the carrier wave,
rather than in the carrier wave itself.

What I Can Do

ERROR CORRECTION TEST ITEM:

LEARNING COMPETENCY: (U)

Students are expected to be able to:

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Explain the principles of signal transmission and reception.

Learning Objectives:
1. Differentiate RADAR from LASER and describe their principles of operations on
signal transmission.
2. Describe the features and explain the principles of operations of a radio
receiver.

DIRECTIONS:

The following test has been answered for you. Your job is to check the
answers for errors. If there are errors do the following in the table below the test
sample:

1. Identify the error. Explain why the answer is wrong.

2. Write a correction of the identified error.
3. Then explain why your correction is right.

ANSWERED TEST WITH ERRORS:

Directions: Read the following questions and their answers. Identify the error in the given
answers. Put your answers on a medium size bond paper.

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Sample: LASER is a device that tracks and fixes the location of Answer: True
targets at a distance using radio waves and operates on
the theory of radio.
1. The power amplifier’s input is delivered to the antenna by the Answer: True
duplexer that will radiate it into space.

2. Wavelength is the distance between successive crests of a wave. Answer: False

3. Modulation is the number of waves that pass a fixed point in Answer: True
each amount of time.

4. Electromagnetic waves are usually holders of energy formed by Answer: False

the movement of charged particles such as electrons.

5. Detector is a piece or length of wire. It captures radio waves. Answer: True

6. Tuner extracts signals of a particular frequency from different Answer: False

frequencies.

7. Modulating changes the frequency through mechanical or Answer: True

electrical means.

8. Modulation is extracting the original information-bearing Answer: True

signal from a carrier wave.

9. Transformation is the process of sending and propagating an Answer: True

analog or digital signal using wired, optical, or wireless
electromagnetic medium.

10. The signal detector enables the audio from the amplitude Answer: False
modulation signal to be extracted.

Identified Error Correction of Error Explanation of Correction

RADAR is a device that tracks and fixes the
Sample: True False location of targets at a distance using radio
waves and operates on the theory of radio.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

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 Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a sheet of paper. Do not
write anything in this module.

1. It extracts signals of a particular frequency from different frequencies.

A. Antenna C. Receiver
B. Detector D. Tuner

2. It is the process of extracting the original information-bearing signal from a carrier wave.
A. Form Modular C. Modulation
B. Demodulation D. Remodulation

3. What do you call a system that uses radio waves to detect and to fix the position of
targets at a distance that works on the principle of radio echoes?
A. LASER C. Waveform
B. RADAR D. None of the choices

4. It is the process of changing the parameters of the carrier signal in accordance with the
instantaneous values of the modulating signal.
A. Form Modular C. Modulation
B. Demodulation D. Remodulation

5. What do call a set of equipment used to generate and transmit electromagnetic waves
carrying messages or signals, especially those of radio or television?
A. Antenna C. Receiver
B. Detector D. Transmitter

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 Answer Key

WHAT I KNOW JUMBLED WORDS ASSESSMENT

1. A 1. LASER 6. WAVELENGTH 1. D
2. C 2. RADAR 7. TRANSMITTER 2. B
3. C 3. MODULATION 8. TRANSMISSION 3. B
4. C 4. RECEIVER 9. RADIO WAVES 4. C
5. A 5. DEMODULATION 10. WAVE FREQUENCY 5. D

WHAT’S IN

P W E D A R R E N D T T A N K
R A D I O S H O R A U R M M Y
O V M I W A E S O U N A I O T
D E A L A N A E I D E N C D S
E L A S E R T B L T R A C K S
T E C I E A I R I O Q M O L Y
E N A N F D N O N A U I P A H
C G R T A I W A V E E T H T E
T T R E M O D U L A T I O N T
O H I R P W R C P N C L N O E
R A E C L A G A V T Y W E N R
I R R E I V U S I E N A L N O
E S T P F E K T N N P O T G D
D P E T I S R M A N C E H F Y
O T S S E A K E R A D I O R N
G M U S R E C E I V E R A N E

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WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10)
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References
Tan, M. Q., Gantalao, F. T., & Lasala, R. M. (2004). Simple electronics. Andes Mountain
Printers.
Enriquez, M. T. (2003). Electronics technology iv. Souvenir Publications, Inc.

Goldberg, J. (1994). Troubleshooting electronic devices. Delmar Publishers, Inc.

Perozzo, J. (1992). Practical electronics troubleshooting. Delmar Publishers, Inc.

Perez, A. C., Pineda, M. A. T., & Soriano, F. J. Amplitude and frequency modulation.

https://lasers.llnl.gov/education/how_lasers_work

https://www.nap.edu/read/10394/chapter/3

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Laoag City

Curriculum Implementation Division
Brgy. 23 San Matias, Laoag City, 2900
Contact Number: (077)-771-3678
Email Address: laoag.city@deped.gov.ph

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