ABSTRACT

Airborne radar platforms have played an increasingly important role in advancing

our understanding of storms that are either too remote or occur too infrequently for ground-based
radars. Radar is a system or technique for detecting the position, movement, and nature of a
remote object by means of radio waves reflected from its surface. Although most radar units use
microwave frequencies, the principle of radar is not confined to any particular frequency range.
There are some radar units that operate on frequencies well below 100 megahertz (megacycles)
and others that operate in the infrared range and above. The term radar, an acronym for radio
detection and ranging, is also used to denote the apparatus for implementing the technique.
These RADARS have wide applications in several fields and this works on the simple concept of
production and reflection of a RF signal in the target direction. There are several types of radars
developed for different purposes. A subject is also developed on this radar. Now a day it became
necessary for all military purposes. As radar is one of the difficult methods of detecting target, a
new technology developed called as STEALTH TECHNOLOGY, by making further
developments in RADARS making the method comfortable. However, RADARS are one of the
greater achievements of the present day technology.

RADAR:

RAdio Detection And Ranging

It is a Measuring instrument in which the echo of a pulse of microwave radiation is
used to detect and locate distant objects.

DEVELOPMENT OF RADAR:
Radar was developed (c.193540) independently in several
countries as a military instrument for detecting aircraft and ships. One of the earliest practical
radar systems was devised (193435) by Sir Robert Watson-Watt, a Scots physicist. Although the
technology evolved rapidly during World War II, radar improved immensely following the war,
the principal advances being higher power outputs, greater receiver sensitivity, and improved
timing and signal-processing circuits.

Main components:
(1) RF source (pulse generator)
(2) Receiver of RF signal (dish antenna)
(3) Cathode-ray oscilloscope

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
A RF signal is generated and released in the target direction. Detection in that
reflected RF energy is recovered from an initiated source and thus detecting the target
distance.
The range of target is measured using the of the time taken to detect the reflected
RF signal and known velocity of RF signal.
2

 But the condition here is the target should be an intended illuminated object.

UNIQUE CAPABILITIES:
1) Increased accuracy and sensitivity by averaging more independent samples in
the radar pulse volume
2) Higher spatial resolution in the along-track direction by using a faster rotation
rate of the antenna
3) A large unambiguous velocity measuring interval by means of a dual pulse
repetition frequency.
Working:
Radar involves the transmission of pulses of electromagnetic waves by means of a
directional antenna. Some of the pulses are reflected by objects that intercept them. The
reflections are picked up by a receiver, processed electronically, and converted into visible form
by means of a cathode-ray tube. The range of the object is determined by measuring the time it
takes for the radar signal to reach the object and return. The object's location with respect to the
radar unit is determined from the direction in which the pulse was received. In most radar units
the beam of pulses is continuously rotated at a constant speed, or it is scanned (swung back and
forth) over a sector, also at a constant rate. The position of the object is measured by applying the
DOPPLER PRINCIPLE.

Doppler principle:
If the object is approaching the RADAR UNIT, the frequency of the returned signal
is greater than the frequency of the transmitted signal.
If the object is receding from the radar unit, the returned frequency is less
If the object is not moving relative to the radar unit, the returned signal will have the
same frequency as the transmitted signal.
Calculation of range of target:
3

Distance= (T*V)/2
T=time taken to detect reflected RF signal
V=speed of signal
Speed of light (signal) for all intensive purposes is taken as100km/s or 186kmi/s

Receiver:
Its nothing more than a CRT with the electron beam sweeping from a position
designating the antenna array and having the RF tied to the intensity control such that an echo
gives a mark on the screen proportional to the return energy. Then the range is read on an
overlaid scale like an Oscilloscope. Thus, obtaining the time taken for the signal to return.

The range equation:

Energy from a source radiates on a spherical front Point source of radiation supposed
to be spherical fronts. As the radiating sphere gets bigger, the same amount of energy that is on
that surface is spread over a greater area, so the energy per unit area is decreasing as the sphere
gets larger or further from the source.
The power density on the sphere can be mathematically related by:

Prad=PT/ (4(pR)2)
Where, Prad is the power at a point whose distance
from the source is R (radius).
So, as the radius of the sphere gets bigger, the power at a point on that sphere gets smaller and
smaller by the inverse radius squared. So far every unit distance away you move from the source,
the relative power compared to the transmitted decrease by 1/(distance)2 .so the signal becomes
weak and needs a big antenna for those weak signals.
Reflected energy is:
Prfl = (s/ (4(pR)2)(Prad/(4(pR)2)
Where, s is a measure of the reflectivity of the target
(always less than 1)
So the energy we are looking for in our radar has diminished by 1/R4
4

Note: This is why radar detectors (indeed any ECM) are effective. The circuit response signal is
a 1/R2 power vs. a 1/R4 power for the radar gun

For the target at larger distances, we cant use it because the return energy is undetectable as it becomes very weak by traveling to larger distances.

Make the Rx extremely sensitive for the power provided Painful and impossible

AZIMUTH INDICATION:
If the target is not in alignment with the beam from the directional antenna
We need Azimuth indication, some way to rotate the beam
Rotate the whole set up, to rotate the antenna use a rotary joint, another art

into

itself.
So that the transmitter and receive antenna rotates and panning the compass with
energy.
We display the beam using a deflection device on the neck of the CRT display
ROTATED in sync with the antenna, thus giving accurate azimuth indication.
Early in late 30s actually some rocket scientist in England came up with a way to make
extremely high power, rather long duty cycle, stable, RF oscillators. In fact, some thought
reaching power levels desired was impossible, and it was with Conventional technology.

MAGNETRON:
Principle:
Magnetron is a cross-field device it is so called because both electron and magnetic
field are used. It needs a circulating cloud of electrons. Finally, another use for the right hand
rule. Give a thumb up sign. The thumb indicates the magnetic field orientation. The fingers
indicate the electron field rotation (yes, there is movement) Looking at the magnetron cross
section
5

If an electron source (a red-hot filament configured as a cathode) is in axial position

with the center of the cylinder, and a STRONG magnetic field is applied axially also, assuming it
is in a high vacuum, Electrons boil off the cathode (like in every vacuum tube there ever was). In
the presence of a magnetic field, they will rotate, according to the RHR. On the ID of the
cylinder are a series of circular grooves in line with the magnetic field lines. Due to biasing on
the anode, the rotating electron cloud sweeps past each opening, inducing RF energy into each
cavity structure. So, we have a circulating E field past tuned cavities, effectively inducting
oscillating charges in the cavities. A pickup is placed in a cavity and this huge narrow band
resonance RF energy is coupled out.
When this device was demonstrated, it was deemed so important. It was secretly sent to
America to be incorporated in the radar development program away from potential destruction or
capture.

WORKING:
The magnetron is a crossed-field device in the industry because both magnetic
& electric fields are employed in its operation, and they are produced in perpendicular directions
so that they cross. The applied magnetic field is constant and applied along the axis of the
circular device. The power to the device is applied to the center cathode which is heated to
supply energetic electrons which would, in the absence of the magnetic field, tend to move
radially outward to the ring anode which surrounds it.

Electrons from a hot filament would travel radially to the outside ring if it were not for
the magnetic field. The magnetic force deflects them in the sense to move in between the circular
path of anode and cathode. They PUMP the natural resonant frequency of the cavities the
currents around the resonant cavities cause them to radiate electromagnetic energy at that
resonant frequency.

Electrons are released at the center hot cathode by the process of thermonic emission and have an
accelerated field which moves them outward toward the anode. The axial
7

Magnetic field exerts a magnetic force on these charges which is perpendicular to their initially
radiant motion, and they tend to be swept around the circle. In this way, work is done on the
charges and energy from the power supply given to them. As these electrons sweep toward a
point where there is excess negative charge that charge tends to be pushed back around the
cavity, imparting energy to the oscillation at the natural frequency of the cavity. This driven
oscillation of the charges around the cavities leads to the radiation of the electromagnetic waves,
the output of the magnetron.

There are several types of radars. Following are some of the important radars
3d radar
Doppler radar
early warning radar
three-dimensional radar
weather radar

Applications:
The information secured by radar includes the position and velocity of the
object with respect to the radar unit.
In some advanced systems the shape of the object may also be determined.
Commercial airliners are equipped with radar devices that warn of obstacles
in or approaching their path and give accurate altitude readings.
Planes can land in fog at airports equipped with radar-assisted groundcontrolled approach (GCA) systems, in which the plane's flight is observed on
radar screens while operators radio landing directions to the pilot.
A ground-based radar system for guiding and landing aircraft by remote
control was developed in 1960.
8

 Radar is also used to measure distances and map geographical areas (shoran)
and to navigate and fix positions at sea.
Meteorologists use radar to monitor precipitation; it has become the primary
tool for short-term weather forecasting and is also used to watch for severe
weather such as thunderstorms and tornados.
Using radar data, a forecaster can determine the nature of any existing weather
systems and follow their movement and evolution. This is a valuable tool for
making short term weather predictions.
Radar can be used to study the planets and the solar ionosphere and to trace
solar flares and other moving particles in outer space.
Various radar tracking and surveillance systems are used for scientific study
and for defense.

STEALTH TECHNOLOGY:
Develostealth technology, designs and materials engineered
for the military purpose of avoiding detection by radar or any other electronic system. Stealth, or
anti-detection, technology is applied to vehicles (e.g., tanks), missiles, ships, and aircraft with the
goal of making the object more difficult to detect at closer and closer ranges. Since radar is the
most difficult form of detection to elude, avoidance is generally accomplished by reducing the
radar cross section (RCS) of the object to within the level of background noise; for example, the
reported goal of U.S. military designers is to make a fighter plane with an RCS the size of a bird.
The RCS is the area of an imaginary perfect reflector that would reflect the same amount of
energy back to the receiving radar antenna as does the actual target, which may be much larger or
even smaller than the RCS. A pickup truck, for example, with its flat surfaces and sharp edges
has an RCS of approximately 200 sq m, but a smooth-edged fighter jet has an RCS of only 2 to 4
sq m. The RCS of any given object, however, differs at various angles and radar frequencies.
Much about stealth technology remains classified, but among the anti-detection techniques used
in the U.S. Air Force F-117 Stealth fighter plane (which probably has an RCS of 1 sq m or less)
are a low profile with no flat surfaces to reflect radar directly back, the intensive substitution of
radar opaque composites in place of metals, and an overall coating of radar absorbing material.
9

The implementation of stealth technology usually requires such compromises as reduced payload
capacity, aerodynamic instability, and high design, production, and maintenance expenses.

ACHIEVEMENTS:
For the defense of North America the U.S. government developed (c.195963) a radar
network known as the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS), with radar
installations in Thule, Greenland; Clear, Alaska; and Yorkshire, England.
In 1946 radar beams from the earth were reflected back from the moon. Radar contact
was established with Venus in 1958 and with the sun in 1959, thereby opening a new
field of astronomyradar astronomy
A radar system known as Space Detention and Tracking System (SPADATS),
operated collaboratively by the Canada and the United States, is used to track earthorbiting artificial satellites.

Future Developments:

So far entomologists have used radar only as a research tool, but one possible
future development is that a new generation of automatic insect monitoring
radars may allow it to be incorporated into operational pest forecasting systems.

There is a rapid development of RADARS in the field of ASTRONOMY

Various developments are made for further usage if RADARS in the field of
weather forecasting and in navigation field.
Radar Entomology Observation Campaigns is a chronological list of all field
studies that have made significant use of entomological radars. The most
significant studies of insect echo detected with meteorological radars are also
included. The entries for the most recent years also serve to introduce
contemporary research interests.

Conclusion:
10

The above paper states that there is a vast contribution of Radars in the field of Astronomy,
Defense, Transport and some other fields. There is a rapid growth in the radar field in
order to apply in all other fields. This serves also in the security of the country. This can
be used to detect the enemy forces and some developments also made to get undetected.
One of such developed technology is stealth technology designed for use in the military
applications in order to get rid of detection by Radar. But the use of technology should
be used for the development of technology and Nation but not for the evil use. Thus
many developments can be further more made in order to use Radar in several
applications.

11