JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

FACTORING POLYNOMIALS (PART II)

Module 2: Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials and
Factoring General Trinomials

MATHEMATICS 8
DEXTER CARPIO
 MODULE 2 | WEEK 4 – FIRST QUARTER: AUGUST 23 – 27, 2021
FACTORING POLYNOMIALS (PART II)

A. Factors completely different types of polynomials (polynomials with common monomial factor,
difference of two squares, sum and difference of two cubes, perfect square trinomials, and general
trinomials).
B. Solves problems involving factors of polynomials.

1. I can factor perfect square trinomials and general trinomials completely.

2. I can solve problems involving factors of polynomials.

Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials and Factoring General Trinomials

Textbook Device Writing materials Schoology Account

Dear guardian/parent,
As your child take this lesson, please ensure that he/she is taking this module seriously. You may participate
in the student’s work if necessary and possible. If you have concerns or questions, you can reach me on the
contact number that can be found at the end of this learning packet. Thank you and God bless!
- The Teacher

1 2 3
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING AM I PERFECT? CONCEPTS AND EXAMPLES
(10 minutes) (10 minutes) (45 minutes)

4 5
BREAK IT PERFECTLY ASSESSMENT
(15 minutes) (20 minutes)

PRAYER
() In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen
THE MATHEMATICIAN’S PRAYER
Heavenly Father, thank you for the blessings You gave unto us,
Add joy to the world, Subtract evil from our lives.
Multiply the good things for us. Divide the gifts and share them to others.
Convert badness to goodness. Help us raise our needs to You.
Extract the roots of immoralities and perform our different functions in life.
Tell us all that life is as easy as math. Help us all to solve our problems.
This we ask in Jesus’ name, the greatest mathematician who ever lived on earth,
Amen.
 Another factoring techniques that you are going to explore are factoring perfect square trinomials and
factoring general trinomials. Before you will start learning this topic, recall the pattern to square a binomial as
this is very important in understanding this factoring technique. Do the following activity (ENGAGE) to refresh
your learning in squaring a binomial.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Direction: Using the concepts of squaring a binomial that you have learned before, fill-in the missing term.

1. (x + 3)2 = ____ + 6x + 9

2. (m + 5)2 = m2 + ____ + 25

3. (w – 4)2 = w2 – 8w + ____

4. (2k + 2)2 = ____ + 8k + 4

5. (3n – 1)2 = 9n2 – ____ + 1

Processing Questions:
1. What did you do to find the first term of the product? the second term? the
last term?
Answer: _______________________________________________________
2. What do you call the product of squaring a binomial?
Answer: _______________________________________________________

AM I PERFECT?
Direction: Determine whether the given expressions are perfect square trinomials. Write P if it is a perfect square
trinomial and N if not.

1. x2 + 12x + 36 Answer: __________

2. y2 + 9y + 20 Answer: __________

3. m2 – 6x + 9 Answer: __________

4. k2 – 10k + 25 Answer: __________

5. n2 + 4n – 21 Answer: __________
 Processing Questions:
1. How did you determine whether the given expression is a perfect square trinomial?
Answer: _______________________________________________________
2. Did you encounter difficulties in determining it?
Answer: _______________________________________________________
3. Do you see pattern in determining perfect square trinomials?
Answer: _______________________________________________________

4. What are your observations on the terms of a perfect square trinomial?

Answer: _______________________________________________________

CONCEPTS AND EXAMPLES

Perfect Square Trinomial Patterns:

Perfect Square Trinomial is the result of (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

squaring a binomial. A perfect square trinomial has (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
first and last terms which are perfect squares and
the middle term is twice the product of the first and
last terms.

To factor perfect square trinomials:

1. Get the square root of the first and last terms.

2. List down the square root as sum/difference of two terms as the case may be.

You can use the following relationships to factor perfect square trinomials:

(First term)2 + 2(First term)(Last term) + (Last term)2 = (First term + Last term)2
(First term)2 – 2(First term)(Last term) + (Last term)2 = (First term – Last term)2
 EXAMPLES
1) Factor n2 + 16n + 64
Solution:
a. Since n2 = (n)2 and 64 = (8)2, then both the first and last terms are perfect squares.
And 2(n)(8) = 16n, then the given expression is a perfect square polynomial.
b. The square root of the first term is n and the square root of the last term is 8.
The polynomial is factored as (n + 8)2.

2) Factor x2 + 6x + 9
Solution:
a. The square root of the first term (x2) is x and the square root of the last term (9) is 3.
Then, check if the given is PST by multiplying the square root of the first and last term by 2.
2(x)(3) = 6x, since the product is the same to middle term of the given means the
given expression is a perfect square polynomial.
b. Then, the factored form of x2 + 6x + 9 is (x + 3)2.

3) Factor x2 – 10x + 25
Solution:
a. Square root of the first term (x2) is x. Square root of the last term (25) is 5.
Check if the given is PST, 2(x)(5) = 10x.
b. Therefore, the factored form of x2 – 10x + 25 is (x – 5)2.

4) Factor 4x2 – 12x + 36

Solution:
a) Square root of first term (4x2) is 2x. Square root of the last term (36) is 6.
b) Factored form: (2x – 6)2.

Just the Two of Us

Think of two numbers whose sum and product are given in the table below. Write your
answers on your answer sheet. Item 1 is done for you.

Item Sum Product The two numbers

1 6 8 2 and 4
2 9 20
3 –7 12
4 4 – 21
5 11 24
6 –5 – 14
 Processing Questions:
1. Was it easy to find the two numbers?
Answer: _______________________________________________________
2. Did you recognize a pattern or technique on how to find the two numbers given
its sum and product? What is it?
Answer: _______________________________________________________

Factoring General Trinomials

Factoring Trinomials (when a = 1)
Steps:
1) Identify a, b, and c in the trinomial ax2 + by + c.
2) Write down all factor pairs of c.
3) Identify which factor pair from the previous step (sums up to b).
4) Substitute factor pairs into two binomials.

Examples:

a) x2 + 5x + 4

Solution:
1. Identify a, b, and c in the trinomial ax2 + by + c.
x2 + 5x + 4

a=1 b=5 c=4

2. Write down all factor pairs of c. The value of c is 4.

Factors of 4 (as pairs)

(1)(4)
(-1)(-4)
(2)(2)
(-2)(-2)

3. Identify which factor pair from the previous step (sums up to b). The value of b is 5.

Factors of 4 (as pairs) Sum of factors (must equal to 5)

(1)(4) 1+4=5
(-1)(-4) (-1) + (-4) = -5
(2)(2) 2+2=4 Apply the rules in adding integers
(-2)(-2) (-2) + (-2) = -4
 4. Substitute factor pairs into two binomials.

(x + 1)(x + 4) or (x + 4)(x + 1)

Therefore, the factored form of x2 + 5x + 4 is (x + 1)(x + 4).

b) x2 + 5x + 6

Solution:
1. Identify a, b, and c in the trinomial ax2 + by + c.
x2 + 5x + 6

a=1 b=5 c=6

2. Write down all factor pairs of c. The value of c is 6.

Factors of 6 (as pairs)

(1)(6)
(-1)(-6)
(2)(3)
(-2)(-3)

3. Identify which factor pair from the previous step (sums up to b). The value of b is 5.

Factors of 6 (as pairs) Sum of factors (must equal to 5)

(1)(6) 1+6=7
(-1)(-6) (-1) + (-6) = -7
(2)(3) 2+3=5 Apply the rules in adding integers
(-2)(-3) (-2) + (-3) = -5

4. Substitute factor pairs into two binomials.

(x + 2)(x + 3) or (x + 3)(x + 2)

Therefore, the factored form of x2 + 5x + 6 is (x + 2)(x + 3).

c) x2 – 6x + 8

Solution:
1. Identify a, b, and c in the trinomial ax2 + by + c.
x2 – 6x + 8

a = 1 b = -6 c = 8

2. Write down all factor pairs of c. The value of c is 8.

Factors of 8 (as pairs)

(1)(8)
(-1)(-8)
(2)(4)
(-2)(-4)
 3. Identify which factor pair from the previous step (sums up to b). The value of b is -6.

Factors of 8 (as pairs) Sum of factors (must equal to -6)

(1)(8) 1+8=9
(-1)(-8) (-1) + (-8) = -9
(2)(4) 2+4=6 Apply the rules in adding integers
(-2)(-4) (-2) + (-4) = -6

4. Substitute factor pairs into two binomials.

(x – 2)(x – 4) or (x – 4)(x – 2)

Therefore, the factored form of x2 – 6x + 8 is (x – 2)(x – 4).

d) x2 – 3x – 10

Solution:
1. Identify a, b, and c in the trinomial ax2 + by + c.
x2 – 3x – 10

a = 1 b = -3 c = -10

2. Write down all factor pairs of c. The value of c is -10.

Factors of -10 (as pairs)

(1)(-10)
(-1)(10)
(2)(-5)
(-2)(5)

3. Identify which factor pair from the previous step (sums up to b). The value of b is -3.

Factors of -10 (as pairs) Sum of factors (must equal to -3)

(1)(-10) 1 + (-10) = -9
(-1)(10) -1 + 10 = 9
(2)(-5) 2 + (-5) = -3 Apply the rules in adding integers
(-2)(5) -2 + 5 = 3

4. Substitute factor pairs into two binomials.

(x + 2)(x – 5) or (x – 5)(x + 2)

Therefore, the factored form of x2 – 3x – 10 is (x + 2)(x – 5).

Factoring Trinomials using ac method (a = greater than 1)

If the trinomial is of the form ax2 + bx + c, there is a little extra effort to find the factors using
this method. Here are the steps:
1. Identify the a, b, c, and ac.
2. Find two integers whose product is ac and whose sum is b.
3. Let’s call the two integers r and s.
4. Rewrite the trinomial as a 4-term polynomial as below.
ax2 + rx + sx + c
 5. Use “grouping by pairs” to factor. Take the GCF out of the first two terms and out of the second two
terms and get a common parenthesis.

Examples:

a) 12x2 + 17x + 6

Solutions:
1. Identify the a, b, c, and ac.
a = 12 b = 17 c=6 ac = (12)(6) = 72

2. Find two integers whose product is ac and whose sum is b.

Factors of 72 (as pairs) Sum of factors (must equal to 17)

(1)(72) 1 + 72 = 73
(2)(36) 2 + 36 = 38
(4)(18) 4 + 18 = 22 Apply the rules in adding integers
(6)(12) 6 + 12 = 18
(8)(9) 8 + 9 = 17

3. Let’s call the two integers r and s.

r = 8 and s = 9

4. Rewrite the trinomial as a 4-term polynomial as below.

ax2 + rx + sx + c 12x2 + 8x + 9x + 6
5. Use “grouping by pairs” to factor. Take the GCF out of the first two terms and out of the second two
terms and get a common parenthesis.

Given: 12x2 + 17x + 6

= 12x2 + 8x + 9x + 6 Group into two parentheses.

= (12x2 + 8x) + (9x + 6) Factor out the two parentheses

using the GCF.
= 4x(3x + 2) + 3(3x + 2)

= (3x + 2)(4x + 3) or (4x + 3) (3x + 2)

Therefore, the factored form of 12x2 + 17x + 6 is (3x + 2)(4x + 3).

b) 6x2 + 7x + 2

Solutions:
1. Identify the a, b, c, and ac.
a=6 b=7 c=2 ac = (6)(2) = 12

2. Find two integers whose product is ac and whose sum is b.

Factors of 12 (as pairs) Sum of factors (must equal to 7)

(1)(12) 1 + 12 = 13
(2)(6) 2+6=8 Apply the rules in adding integers
(3)(4) 3+4=7
3. Let’s call the two integers r and s.
r = 3 and s = 4

4. Rewrite the trinomial as a 4-term polynomial as below.

ax2 + rx + sx + c 6x2 + 3x + 4x + 2

5. Use “grouping by pairs” to factor. Take the GCF out of the first two terms and out of the second two
terms and get a common parenthesis.

Given: 6x2 + 7x + 2
= 6x2 + 3x + 4x + 2 Group into two parentheses.

= (6x2 + 3x) + (4x + 2) Factor out the two parentheses

using the GCF.
= 3x(2x + 1) + 2(2x + 1)

= (2x + 1)(3x + 2) or (3x + 2)(2x + 1)

Therefore, the factored form of 6x2 + 7x + 2 is (2x + 1)(3x + 2).

c) 8x2 – 10x + 3

Solution:
1. Identify the a, b, c, and ac.
a=8 b = -10 c=3 ac = (8)(3) = 24

2. Find two integers whose product is ac and whose sum is b.

Factors of 24 (as pairs) Sum of factors (must equal to -10)

(1)(24) 1 + 24 = 25
(2)(12) 2 + 12 = 14
(3)(8) 3 + 8 = 11
(4)(6) 4 + 6 = 10
(-1)(-24) -1 + (-24) = -25 Apply the rules in adding integers
(-2)(-12) -2 + (-12) = -14
(-3)(-8) -3 + (-8) = -11
(-4)(-6) -4 + (-6) = -10

3. Let’s call the two integers r and s.

r = -4 and s = -6

4. Rewrite the trinomial as a 4-term polynomial as below.

ax2 + rx + sx + c 8x2 – 4x – 6x + 3

5. Use “grouping by pairs” to factor. Take the GCF out of the first two terms and out of the second two
terms and get a common parenthesis.
 Given: 8x2 – 10x + 3
= 8x2 – 4x – 6x + 3 Group into two parentheses.

= (8x2 – 4x) – (6x – 3) Factor out the two parentheses

using the GCF.
= 4x(2x – 1) – 3(2x – 1)

= (2x – 1)(4x – 3) or (4x – 3)(2x – 1)

Therefore, the factored form of 8x2 – 10x + 3 is (2x – 1)(4x – 3).

Problems Involving Factoring Polynomials

Example:

The area of a square is given by the expression 4x2 – 20x + 25. Find an expression that will represent the
measurement of its side.

Solution:
Since, the formula for the area of square is A = s2, let us represent the s2 as 4x2 – 20x + 25.

If we factor the s2 to get the one side of square, therefore, we need to factor the 4x2 – 20x + 25.

The given area is trinomial where the value of a is greater than 1. Let’s use the steps that we
learned from the previous discussion.

Step 1: Identify the a, b, c, and ac.

a=4 b = -20 c = 25 ac = (4)(25) = 100

Step 2: Find two integers whose product is ac and whose sum is b.

Factors of 100 (as pairs) Sum of factors (must equal to -20)

(1)(100) 1 + 100 = 101
(2)(50) 2 + 50 = 52
(4)(25) 4 + 25 = 29
(5)(20) 5 + 20 = 25
(10)(10) 10 + 10 = 20 Apply the rules in adding integers
(-1)(-100) -1 + (-100) = -101
(-2)(-50) -2 + (-50) = -52
(-4)(-25) -4 + (-25) = -29
(-5)(-20) -5 + (-20) = -25
(-10)(-10) -10 + (-10) = -20

Step 3: Let’s call the two integers r and s.

r = -10 and s = -10

Step 4: Rewrite the trinomial as a 4-term polynomial as below.

ax2 + rx + sx + c 4x2 – 10x – 10x + 25
 Step 5: Use “grouping by pairs” to factor. Take the GCF out of the first two terms and out of the second
two terms and get a common parenthesis.

Given: 4x2 – 20x + 25

= 4x2 – 10x – 10x + 25 Group into two parentheses.

= (4x2 – 10x) – (10x – 25) Factor out the two parentheses

using the GCF.
= 2x(2x – 5) – 5(2x – 5)
= (2x – 5)(2x – 5) or (2x – 5)(2x – 5)

Therefore, the measurement of each side of square is 2x – 5.

BREAK IT PERFECTLY
Direction: Factor the following completely by writing each of the perfect square trinomial as the square of a
binomial. Show your solutions in a separate sheet of paper.

1. x2 + 14x + 49 = ______________________
2. y2 + 18x + 81 = ______________________
3. n2 – 16n + 64 = ______________________
4. 16a2 + 24a + 9 = ______________________
5. k4 – 10x + 25 = ______________________

ASSESSMENT
Direction: Solve each of the following. Show your solutions in a separate sheet of paper. (Rx5)

1. What does it mean when we say to completely factor a polynomial?

2. Discuss how you will factor 𝑥2 + 22𝑥 + 121.
3. Explain why 16 − 8𝑥 + 𝑥2 can be factored as (x – 4)(x – 4).
4. Is 6𝑥2 + 22𝑥 + 20 factorable? If yes, how will you do it?

• Mathematics for the 21st Century Learner, DIWA LEARNING SYSTEM, INC.,
Robelyn F. Alagano, et. al
REFERENCES • Slide Share online site
Link: https://www.slideshare.net/albert0202/math-learner-module-k-to-12-grade-
8?from_action=save

Teacher Dexter Carpio

Contact Number 0916-763-5085
Email Address jonalynbasuel@gmail.com
Consultation Time 8 A.M. to 5 P.M.