Physical Science

Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Concept of Atomic Number Led
to the Synthesis of New
Elements in the Laboratory
Personal Development
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Concept of Atomic Number Led to the Synthesis of New
Elements in the Laboratory
First Edition, 2020

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 Physical Science
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Concept of Atomic Number Led
to the Synthesis of New
Elements in the Laboratory
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on Concept of Atomic Number Led to the Synthesis of New Elements in the
Laboratory!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
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In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
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This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

ii
For the learner:

Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on Concept of Atomic Number Led to the Synthesis of New Elements in the
Laboratory!

The hand is one of the most symbolic parts of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
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lesson to take. If you get all the answers
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answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

iii
 What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank
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We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
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iv
 What I Need to Know

This module is especially designed for you. It will help you track the
development of your understanding on how the concept of atomic number led
to the synthesis of new elements in the laboratory.

To make learning easy for you, the module provides activities that will soon
develop your curiosity on how the concept of atomic number led to the
synthesis of new elements in the laboratory

The scope of this module permits it to be used in different learning situations.

The language used recognizes the numerous vocabulary levels of students. The
lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the
order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook
you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. explain how the concept of atomic number led to the synthesis of
new elements in the laboratory;
2. identify the different elements formed after the process of synthesis;
3. realize the importance of the atomic number in identifying the new
elements identity in the periodic table.

1
 What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen
letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is a device that is used to speed up the protons to overcome the

repulsion between the protons and the target atomic nuclei by
using magnetic and electrical fields.
a. Spectroscopy c. Particle Accelerator
b. Particle Decelerator d. Microscope

2. He created a classification of elements based on their atomic

weight.
a. Rutherford c. Millikan
b. Dalton d. Mendeleev
3. It is a one-dimensional point which contains a huge mass in an
infinitely small space.
a. Nucleosynthesis c. Singularity
b. Dilation d. R-process
4. He noticed that shooting electrons at elements caused them to
release x-rays at unique frequencies.
a. Mendeleev c. Moseley
b. Millikan d. Serge

5. He synthesized element with atomic number 43 using a linear

particle accelerator.
a. Ernest Rutherford c. Dmitri Mendeleev
b. Ernest Lawrence d. John Dalton

6. This is known as the origin and production of heavy elements.

a. Stellar Nucleosynthesis c. R-Process
b. Primordial Nucleosynthesis d. Supernova Nucleosynthesis

7. This is known as the origin of light elements.

a. Stellar Nucleosynthesis c. R-Process
b. Primordial Nucleosynthesis d. Supernova Nucleosynthesis

2
8. Process that can produce elements up to #83 - Bismuth.
a. Nuclear Fission c. S Process
b. R-Process d. S Process

9. This is also known as Nucleosynthesis.

a. S Process c. Nuclear Fission
b. R-Process d. Proton-Proton Reaction

10. This occurs in the main sequence of stars.

a. Stellar Nucleosynthesis c. R-Process
b. Primordial Nucleosynthesis d. Supernova Nucleosynthesis

11. It is also known as nuclear fusion and the formation of new

nuclei actions in the early stages of development of the universe.
a. Nucleosynthesis c. R-Process
b. S-Process d. Singularity

12. In this process, there’s a buildup of a VERY heavy isotope, then

as beta-decays occur, you march up in atomic number and
produce heavy product.
a. S Process c. Nuclear Fission
b. R-Process d. Proton-Proton Reaction

13. He successfully carried out a nuclear transmutation reaction, a

process of transforming one element or isotope into another
element.
a. Chadwick c. Mendeleev
b. Moseley d. Rutherford

14. It was created by bombardment of molybdenum by deuterons

(heavy hydrogen, H12), by Emilio Segre and Carlo Perrier in
1937.
a. Oxygen c. Technetium
b. Helium d. Uranium

15. These are elements with atomic numbers beyond 103.

a. Super Heavy Elements c. Lightest Element
b. Gases Elements d. Halogens

3
Lesson Physical Sciences: Concept of Atomic

6 Number that Led to the Synthesis

of New Elements in the Laboratory
Elements are made up of tiny particles, the neutron, proton and electron. H
and Helium are the elements that exist in the early beginning. Early in the Big
Bang, it was a tiny elementary particle. As the Universe expanded and cooled,
there was a period of proton-proton chain reaction wherein protons were fuse
into Helium. The Universe ran into a problem. Red giant cores get past this
via the Triple-Alpha process, but the Universe expands right through this
possibility and the density/temperature are quickly too low to synthesis any
additional elements.

What’s In

You learned earlier how all matter in the universe is made from tiny building
blocks called atoms. All modern scientists accept the concept of the atom, but
when the concept of the atom was first proposed about 2,500 years ago,
ancient philosophers laughed at the idea. It has always been difficult to
convince people of the existence of things that are too small to see. We will
spend some time considering the evidence (observations) that convince
scientists of the existence of atoms.

Do you have any idea how the different elements on the periodic table were
formed, known and identified? Let’s have a short review.

There is what we call Big Bang Theory that has some key stages: Singularity,
Inflation, Nucleosynthesis and Recombination: Let us differentiate them.
Singularity is a one-dimensional point which contains a huge mass in an
infinitely small space, where density and gravity become infinite and space-time
curves infinitely, and where the laws of physics as we know them cease to
operate. The basic homogeneity in distribution of matter in the universe was
established as a consequence of the first phase of inflation. Nucleosynthesis
was the nuclear fusion and the formation of new nuclei actions in the early
stages of development of the universe. Recombination - the formation of the
capture of free electrons by the cations in a plasma.

Notes to the Teacher

Let the student explore the process and the history on how
elements form using the4concept of atomic number.
 What’s New

Activity I.I Making Your Own Periodic Table

Make your own periodic table using the hypothetical elements that
are given in the clues. Explain the word/s that will be formed if you
arrange the symbols of the elements correctly.

a. P and Pr both have one electron each. Pr has a bigger atomic size.
b. Od, Ri, and E are in the same series as P, C, and I. In terms of
atomic size, P is the biggest while C is the smallest. E is a metal
while I is a non-metal. Od is smaller than Ri in atomic size.
c. O has a bigger atomic size than E in the same group. Y is also a
bigger atom than C in the same group. R is more nonmetallic than
Pe but more metallic than Ti.

What is It

Key Points

• The atomic number is the number of protons (positively charged

particles) in an atom.
• Henry Gwyn-Jeffreys Moseley was an English physicist who
demonstrated that the atomic number, the number of protons in
an atom, determines most of the properties of an element.
• In 1919, Ernest Rutherford successfully carried out a nuclear
transmutation reaction a process of transforming one element
or isotope into another element.
• In 1925, there were four vacancies in the periodic table
corresponding to the atomic numbers 43, 61, 85, and 87.
Elements with atomic numbers 43 and 85 were synthesized using
particle accelerators.
• A particle accelerator is a device that is used to speed up the
protons to overcome the repulsion between the protons and the
target atomic nuclei by using magnetic and electrical fields. It is
used to synthesize new elements.

5
• Elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 (atomic number of
uranium) are called transuranium elements They were discovered
in the laboratory using nuclear reactors or particle accelerators.

Dmitri Mendeleev created a classification of elements based on their atomic

weight. He found that organizing the elements at the time by their
calculated weight demonstrated a periodic pattern of both physical and
chemical properties, such as luster, physical state, reactivity to water, and
others.
Activity 1.1 Making Your Own Periodic Table shows how theoretical
elements where arrance accordiing to its atomic weight. For example, H has
an atomic mass of 1.00794 amu, which makes hydrogen the lightest
element on the periodic table. Hydrogen, H, was named by Laviosier and is
the most abundant element on the periodic table. It is followed by He, Li, Be
and so on and so fort because atomic weight is used to arrange elements
from lightest to heaviest.

Hello there, let me help you about how elements form

with the atomic concept.
By the way, He is Henry Moseley. He was an English
physicist whose experiment demonstrated that the
major properties of an element are determined by the
atomic number, not by the atomic weight, and firmly
established the relationship between atomic number
and the charge of the atomic nucleus.

Henry Moseley was a researcher at Rutherford’s laboratory.

In 1913, Moseley used Rutherford’s work to advance the understanding of

the elements and solve the problem with Mendeleev’s periodic table.

Moseley noticed that shooting electrons at elements caused them to release

x-rays at unique frequencies. He also noticed that the frequency increased by
a certain amount when the “positive charge” of the chosen element was
higher.

By arranging the elements according to the square root of the frequency they
emitted, he was able to draw out an arrangement of elements that more
correctly predicted periodic trends.

6
Mention the experimental evidence he gave to an existing hypothesis: that
the elements’ atomic number, or place in the periodic table, was uniquely
tied to their “positive charge”, or the number of protons they had. This
discovery allowed for a better arrangement of the periodic table, and
predicted elements that were not yet discovered. His method of identifying
elements by shooting electrons and looking at x-rays became a very useful
tool in characterizing elements, and is now called x-ray spectroscopy.

He used X-ray spectroscopy to determine the atomic number of an element.

He bombarded a beam of electrons to different elements and measured their
X-ray spectral lines. His results clearly showed that frequency of the X-rays
given off by an element was mathematically related to the position of that
element in the Periodic table. The frequency is proportional to the charge of
the nucleus, or the atomic number.

When the elements were arranged according to their atomic numbers, there
were four gaps in the table. These gaps corresponded to the atomic numbers
43, 61, 85, and 87. These elements were later synthesized in the laboratory
through nuclear transmutations.

Discovery of Nuclear Transmutation

In 1919, Ernest Rutherford successfully carried out a nuclear transmutation

reaction — a reaction involving the transformation of one element or isotope
into another element. The first nuclide to be prepared by artificial means was
an isotope of oxygen, 17O. It was made by Ernest Rutherford in 1919 by
bombarding nitrogen atoms with α particles:
+24α →
14N 17O + 1H
7 8 1
However, both alpha particles and atomic nuclei are positively charged, so
they tend to repel each other. Therefore, instead of using fast-moving alpha
particles in synthesizing new elements, atomic nuclei are often bombarded
with neutrons (neutral particles) in particle accelerators.

James Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932, as a previously unknown

neutral particle produced along with 12C by the nuclear reaction between
9Be and 4He:
9𝐵𝑒 +4𝐻𝑒 → 12𝐶 + 1𝑛
4 2 6 0

The first element to be prepared that does not occur naturally on the earth,
technetium, was created by bombardment of molybdenum by deuterons
(heavy hydrogen, H12), by Emilio Segre and Carlo Perrier in 1937:
2𝐻 +97𝑀𝑜→2 1𝑛 +97𝑇𝑐
1 42 0 43

The first controlled nuclear chain reaction was carried out in a reactor at the
University of Chicago in 1942. One of the many reactions involved was:
+ 0𝑛 →
235 1 87𝐵𝑟 + 146𝐿𝑎 + 31𝑛
92𝑈 35 57 0
7
The Discovery of the Missing Elements

Recall that in 1925, there were four vacancies in the periodic table
corresponding to the atomic numbers 43, 61, 85, and 87. Two of these
elements were synthesized in the laboratory using particle accelerators. A
particle accelerator is a device that is used to speed up the protons to
overcome the repulsion between the protons and the target atomic nuclei by
using magnetic and electrical fields. It is used to synthesize new elements. In
1937, American physicist Ernest Lawrence synthesized element with atomic
number 43 using a linear particle accelerator. He bombarded molybdenum
(Z=42) with fast-moving neutrons. The newly synthesized element was named
Technetium (Tc) after the Greek word "technêtos" meaning “artificial.” Tc was
the first man-made element.

The bombarding of Mo with deuteron formed technicium which is the first

artificially made element.

97
42𝑀𝑜 +21𝐻→ 97
43𝑇𝑐 + 10𝑛
In 1940, Dale Corson, K. Mackenzie, and Emilio Segre discovered element
with atomic number 85. They bombarded atoms of bismuth (Z=83) with fast-
moving alpha particles in a cyclotron. A cyclotron is a particle accelerator
that uses alternating electric field to accelerate particles that move in a spiral
path in the presence of a magnetic field. Element-85 was named astatine
from the Greek word “astatos” meaning unstable.

The two other elements with atomic numbers 61 and 87 were discovered
through studies in radioactivity. Element-61 (Promethium) was discovered as
a decay product of the fission of uranium while element-87 (Francium) was
discovered as a breakdown product of uranium.

The Synthesis of the Elements

The invention of the device called cyclotron paved the way for transmuting
one element into another artificially. The high-energy particles that are
produced from the cyclotron upon hitting heavy target nuclei produce
heavier nuclei.

The Universe ran into the Be problem. Red giant cores get past this via the
Triple-Alpha process, but the Universe expands right through this possibility
and the density/temperature are quickly too low to synthesis any additional
elements.

8
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

• The oldest stars in the Galaxy are deficient in the abundance of elements
heavier than Helium (but show the predicted amount of He)
• The current record holder has Fe/H about 130,000 times smaller than
the solar value.
• Not quite down to Big Bang abundances, but we are getting pretty close
and still looking.

Chemical Evolution of the Universe

So we need to find the sources of the vast

majority of elements in the Periodic Table
of elements.
We already know about some of the
sources.

Chemical Evolution

• Low-mass stars synthesize `new’ He, C, O during the main-

sequence, RGB, HB and AGB phases.
• These freshly minted elements are brought to the surface via
convection and redistributed via stellar winds and planetary
nebulae into the interstellar medium to be incorporated into later
generations of stars.

Chemical Evolution II
• For more massive stars, `equilibrium’ fusion reactions produce
elements all the way up to Fe.
• Freshly made elements are delivered via stellar winds or,
sometimes more spectacularly via supernova explosions

Chemical Evolution III

What about the trans-Fe elements?
• Equilibrium fusion reactions of light elements don’t proceed past
Fe because of Fe’s location at the peak of the curve of binding
energy.
• However, in certain circumstances, supernovae for example, non-
equilibrium reactions can build elements beyond Fe in the Periodic
Table. Many of these are radioactive, but some are stable.

9
Neutron Capture Elements

• There are two principle paths to building the elements heavier

than Fe. Both use the addition of neutrons to existing `seed’ nuclei
(neutrons have no charge so are much easier to add to positively-
charged nuclei).
S-process (slow addition of neutrons)
R-process (rapid addition of neutrons)
The S-process

• The S-process stands for the Slow addition of neutrons to nuclei.

The addition of a no produces heavier isotope of a particular
element. However, if an electron is emitted (this is called beta-
decay), the nucleus moves one step up the periodic table.
• `Slow’ here means that rate of no captures is low compared to the
beta-decay rate.
• It really is slow. Sometimes 100’s of years go by between neutron
captures.
The s-process acting in the range from
Ag to Sb.

Here a neutron
changed into a
proton by emitting
an electron

• The S-process can produce elements up to #83 - Bismuth. There

are peaks in the Solar System abundance of heavy elements at
38Sr, 56Ba and 82Pb. These are easily understood in the context
of the S-process and `magic’ numbers of neutrons.
• The site of the S-process is AGB start during and between shell
flashes. The no source is a by-product of C13+He4 -> O16
• 43Tc is an s-process nucleus and proof that it is in operation in
AGB stars.

The R-process

• The R-process is the Rapid addition of neutrons to existing nuclei.

Rapid here means that many neutrons are added before a beta-
decay occurs.
• First build up a VERY heavy isotope, then, as beta-decays occur,
you march up in atomic number and produce the REALLY HEAVY
STUFF.
• For this to happen, a big burst of neutrons is needed. The most
promising place with the right conditions is in a SNII explosion
right above the collapsed core.

10
• We see an overabundance of R-process elements in the oldest
stars. As the early chemical enrichment of the Galaxy was through
SNII, this is evidence of SNII as the source of r-process elements.
• If we look at the Crab Nebula or other SNII remnants we don’t see
r-process elements.
• We DO see regions of enhanced O, Si, Ne and He which appear to
reflect the `onion skin’ structure of the massive star progenitor.

Crab Nebula
1Diagram (How R-Process Occur) https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/multimedia/crab_
nebula.html

The Transuranic Elements

In the 1930s, the heaviest element known was uranium, with an atomic
number 92. Early in 1940, Edwin McMillan proved that an element having
an atomic number 93could be created. He used a particle accelerator to
bombard uranium with neutrons and created an element with an atomic
number 93 which he named neptunium.

Transuranic elements are synthetic elements with atomic numbers higher

than that of Uranium (Z = 92).

238
92𝑈 + 10𝑛 → 239
93𝑁𝑝 + −10𝛽

Plutonium (Z = 94)
238 239𝑁𝑝 + 2 1𝑛
92
𝑈 + 21𝐻 → 93 0

238𝑁𝑝 239𝑁𝑝+1
93 → 94 + −10𝛽

At the end of 1940, element-94 was synthesized by Seaborg, McMillan,

Kennedy, and Wahl. They bombarded uranium with deuterons (particles
composed of a proton and a neutron) in a cyclotron. Element-94 was named
plutonium.

11
Elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 (atomic number of uranium)
are called transuranium elements. Hence, neptunium and plutonium are
both transuranium elements. They are unstable and decay radioactively into
other elements. All these elements were discovered in the laboratory as
artificially generated synthetic elements. They are prepared using nuclear
reactors or particle accelerators. In the next lesson, you will learn the
nuclear reactions involved in the synthesis of these transuranium elements.

Stellar nucleosynthesis

This is the process by which elements are created within stars by combining
the protons and neutrons together from the nuclei of lighter elements.
Fusion inside stars transforms hydrogen into helium, heat, and radiation.
Heavier elements are created in different types of stars as they die or
explode.

The Superheavy Elements

Superheavy elements are elements with atomic numbers beyond 103. These
are produced by bombarding heavy nuclear targets with accelerated heavy
projectiles.

Bohrium (Z = 107) – projectile used was Cr

209𝐵𝑖 + 54𝐶𝑟 → 261𝐵ℎ + 2 1𝑛
83 24 107 0

Following are the equations of several nuclear reactions that have important
roles in the history of nuclear chemistry:

• The first naturally occurring unstable element that was isolated, polonium,
was discovered by the Polish scientist Marie Curie and her husband Pierre in
1898. It decays, emitting particles:

212𝑃𝑜 → 208𝑃𝑏 + 4𝐻𝑒

84 82 2

12
 What’s More

Activity 1.1 Write the nuclear reactions involved in the

synthesis of each of the following new elements:

a. Curium (Z = 96) was formed by reacting Pu – 239 with alpha

particles 42He. It has a half-life of 162 days.
b. Mendelevium (Z = 101) was formed by reacting En-253 with alpha
particles.
c. Meitnerium (Z = 109) was formed by cold fusion which involves the
combination of Bi and Fe nuclides at ordinary temperature

What I Have Learned

Why do scientists study and synthesize new

transuranium elements in the laboratory? What are the
uses of these elements?

Create a timeline using illustrations and text showing

on how elements form with the concept of atomic
number.

13
 Timeline Rubric

Category 10 points 7 points 5 points 3 points

Facts were Facts
Facts were Facts were accurate were often
Content/ accurate for accurate for for most inaccurat
Facts all events almost all (~75%) of e for
reported on events the events
the timeline reported on events reported
the reported on on the
timeline. the timeline.
timeline.
Some
All graphics All graphics graphics
are are are Several
Graphics effective and effective, but effective graphics
balanced there and their are
with text appear to be use not
use. too few or is balanced effective.
too many. with text
use.
The overall
The overall appearance
appearance of the The The
Readability of the timeline is timeline is timeline is
timeline is somewhat relatively difficult
pleasing pleasing and readable. to read.
and easy to easy to
read. read.
The timeline The
The timeline contained timeline The
contained at least 8-9 contained timeline
Requirements 10 events events at least 6-7 contained
related to related to events fewer
the topic the topic related to than 5
being being the topic events.
studied. studied. being
studied.

14
 What I Can Do

Short Essay (maximum of 3 sentences)

1. Dmitri Mendeleev is often regarded as the Father

of the Periodic Table. Would you say that Henry
Moseley deserves the recognition more than him?
1.
2. Explain why the atomic number is called the
“fingerprint” of elements.

3. How would you relate alchemy to synthesis of new

elements?

Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the

chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. He successfully carried out a nuclear transmutation reaction, a
process of transforming one element or isotope into another
element.
a. Chadwick c. Mendeleev
b. Moseley d. Rutherford

2. This is also known as Nucleosynthesis.

a. S Process c. Nuclear Fission
b. R-Process d. Proton-Proton Reaction

3. This is known as the origin and production of heavy elements.

a. Stellar Nucleosynthesis c. R-Process
b. Primordial Nucleosynthesis d. Supernova
Nucleosynthesis

4. It was created by bombardment of molybdenum by deuterons

(heavy hydrogen, H12), by Emilio Segre and Carlo Perrier in 1937.
a. Oxygen c. Technetium
b. Helium d. Uranium
c.
5. Process that can produce elements up to #83 - Bismuth.

15
 a. Nuclear Fission c. S Process
b. R-Process d. S Process

6. This is known as the origin of light elements.

a. Stellar Nucleosynthesis c. R-Process
b. Primordial Nucleosynthesis d. Supernova Nucleosynthesis

7. It is also known as nuclear fusion and the formation of new nuclei

actions in the early stages of development of the universe.
a. Nucleosynthesis c. R-Process
b. S-Process d. Singularity

8. In this process there’s a buildup of a VERY heavy isotope, then as

beta-decays occur, you march up in atomic number and produce
heavy product.
a. S Process c. Nuclear Fission
b. R-Process d. Proton-Proton Reaction

9. These are elements with atomic numbers beyond 103.

a. SuperHevy Elements c. Lightest Element
b. Gases Elements d. Halogens

10. This occurs in the main sequence of stars.

a. Stellar Nucleosynthesis c. R-Process
b. Primordial Nucleosynthesis d. Supernova Nucleosynthesis

11. It is a device that is used to speed up the protons to overcome the

repulsion between the protons and the target atomic nuclei by
using magnetic and electrical fields.
a. Spectroscopy c. Particle Accelerator
b. Particle Decelerator d. Microscope

12. He created a classification of elements based on their atomic

weight.
a. Rutherford c. Millikan
b. Dalton d. Mendeleev

13. It is a one-dimensional point which contains a huge mass in an

infinitely small space.
a. Nucleosynthesis c. Singularity
b. Dilation d. R-process

14. He noticed that shooting electrons at elements caused them to

release x-rays at unique frequencies.
a. Mendeleev c. Moseley
b. Millikan d. Serge

15. He synthesized element with atomic number 43 using a linear

particle accelerator.

16
 a. Ernest Rutherford c. Dmitri Mendeleev
b. Ernest Lawrence d. John Dalton

Additional Activities

Research on the latest instruments used in preparing new elements in

the laboratory. What were the instruments used in preparing the
newest four elements, nihonium, moscovium, tennessine, and
oganesson?

17
Answer Key

18
References
Coyne, Glynis L. (2012). Lead to Gold, Sorcery to Science: Alchemy and the
Foundations of Modern Chemistry. University of North Carolina PIT
Journal, 4. Retrieved October 10, 2015
http://pitjournal.unc.edu/article/lead-gold-sorcery-sciencealchemy-and-
foundations-modern-chemistry;

Famous Scientist Org. “Henry Moseley.” Famous Scientists. famouscientist.org,

December 29, 2014. http://www.famousscientists.org/henry-moseley/.
Gonzales, Jay. “Synthesis of the New Elements in the Laboratory.” LinkedIn
Corporation. SlideShare, December 22, 2017.
https://www.slideshare.net/JhayGonzales/synthesis-of-the-new-
elements-in-the-laboratory.
“Henry Moseley, the Atomic Number, and Synthesis of Elements.” Teach
Together, 2012.
http://teachtogether.chedk12.com/teaching_guides/view/283.
Navarro, Mary Grace. “The Atomic Number and the Synthesis of New
Elements.” Academia. Academia.edu. Accessed May 22, 2020.
https://www.academia.edu/33928561/The_Atomic_Number_and_the_
Synthesis_of_New_Elements.

“The Synthesis of the Elements.” Lick Observatory. Accessed May 23, 2020.
http://www.ucolick.org/~bolte/AY4_04/class6_04bwd.pdf.

19
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