Chain Surveying
Chain Surveying
Chain Surveying
Definition of Surveying:
1. Surveying is the art of determining the relative position of points on, above or
beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of
distance, direction and elevation.
2. Surveying is a technique, profession and science of accurately determining the
three dimensional position of points, the distance and angle between them. These
points are usually on the surface of the earth and they are often used to establish
land maps and boundaries for ownership.
Primary division of survey.
1. Plane Surveying: It is that type of surveying in which the mean surface of the
earth is considered as a plane and the spheroidal shape is neglected, all the
triangles formed by survey lines are considered as plane triangles.
Eg: For 12km arc long line is only 1cm greater than subtended chord.
2. Geodetic surveying: It is that type of surveying in which the shape of the earth
is taken into account. All lines laying in the surface are curved lines and the
triangles are spherical triangles.
Classification of Surveying
1. Classification based on the nature of the field survey
* Land surveying
* Topographical surveys
* Cadastral surveys
* City surveying
* Marine or hydrographic surveying
* Astronomical survey
2. Classification based on the object of survey
* Engineering survey
* Military survey
* Mine Survey
* Geological survey
* Archeological survey
3. Classification based on instrument used
* Chain survey
* Theodolite survey
* Traverse survey
* Triangulation survey
* Tachometric survey
* Plane table survey
* Photogrammetric survey
* Aerial survey
Principles of Surveying:
1. Location of a point by measurement from two points of reference:
The relative position of the points to be surveyed should be located by
measurement from at least 2 points of reference.
The position of which have already been fixed. Let A and B be the reference points
on the ground. The distance AB can be measured accurately and the relative
position of A and B can be plotted on the sheet to same scale. The A and B will
survey as reference points for fixing the relative positions of other points. Any
points such as C can be platted as follows.
1
Cross staff: The simple instrument used for setting out light angles is a cross staff.
It consist of either a frame (or) box with two points of vertical slits and is mounted
on a pole for fixing in the ground.
Eg: (a) Open cross staff, (b) French cross staff, (c) Adjustable cross staff.
Optical square: Optical square is accurate instrument than the cross staff for
setting out a line at right angle to other line.
It consist of circular box with three slits at E, F and G. In line with the opening E
and G a glass is silvered at the top and un-silvered at the bottom, is fixed facing the
opening E. opposite to the opening F a silver glass is fixed at A making an angle
450 to the previous glass. A ray from the ranging rod at Q passes through the lower
un-silvered portion of the mirror at B and is seen directly by eye at the slit E
another ray from the object at P is received by the mirror at A and is reflected
towards the mirror at B which reflects it towards the eye. Thus the image P and Q
are visible at ‘B’. If both the image are in the same vertical line the line PD and
QD will be at right angle.
Let the ray PA makes an angle α with the mirror at A.
ACB = 450 or ABC = 1800 – (450+ α) = 1350 – α
By law reflection
Ebb1 = ABC = 1350 – α
ABE = 1800 – 2 (1350-α) = 2α-900
DAB = 1800 – 2 α
From ∆le ADB ADB=1800 – (2α - 900) – (1800-2α)
ADB = 180 - 2α + 90 - 1800 + 2α = 900
thus if the image of P and Q lie is the same vertical line, then the line PD and QD
will be at right angle to each other.
Obstacle in chaining:-
Obstacle to chaining prevents chainman from measuring directly between 2 points
and give raise to a set of problems in which distance are found by indirect
measurements.
Obstacle to chaining are of three types
1. Obstacle to ranging but not chaining
This type of obstacle in which the ends are not inter-visible is quite common
except in flat country. There are 2 cases of this obstacle.
Both ends of the line may be intervisible from intermediate points on
the line.
Both ends of the line may not be visible from intermediate points on
the line.
FE = CE - CF = CE – AD and DF = AC
AB AC
=
AD CE− AD
AC x AD
AB = CE− AD
Choose 2 points A and B to one side and erect perpendicular AC and BD of equal
length join CD and Prolong it pass the obstacle. Choose two points E and F on
‘CD’ and erect perpendicular EG and FH equal to that of AC. Join GH and prolong
it measure DE evidently BG= DE.
Problems:
1. A chain line ABC crosses a river, B and C being on the near and distant
bank respectively. The respective bearing of C and A taken at ‘D’, a point
45m measured at right angles to AB from B are 3000 and 2100, AB being
24m find the width of the river.
Bearing of DC = 3000
Bearing of DA = 210
BD = 45m, AB = 24m
ADC = Bearing of DC – Bearing DA
ADC = 300 – 210
ADC= 900
24
BDA = 45
BDA = 280 A1
BDC = 900 – 280 A1 = 610551
From ∆ BDC
BC = BD --- (BDC) = 45 – (610551)
BC = 84.375
Assessment
1. In passing an obstacle is the form of a pond stations A and D, on the main
line, were taken on the posit sides of the pond. On the left of AD, a line AB
225m long was laid down and a second line AC. 275m long, was longed on
the right of AD, the points B, D and ‘C’ being in the same slight line. BD
and DC were than chained and found to be 125 m and 137.5m resp. find the
length AD
Ans:212.9m
Error due to incorrect chain:
If the length of the chain used in measuring length of the line is not equal to the
true length, the measured length of the line will not be correct and suitable
correction will have to be applied. If the chain is too long, the measured distance.
Will be less. The error will be negative and the correction is positive.
Similarly if it is too short, the measured distance will be more, the error will be
positive and correction is negative.
Let L = true length of the chain (or) tape
L1=Incorrect length of the chain (or) tape.
1. Correction to measured length
l1 = measured length of the line
l = actual length of the line
L1
True length of line = measured length of line x
L
L1
l = l1 ( )
L
2. Correction to Area
A1= measured (or) computed area of the ground
A = actual (or) true area of the ground
Then true area = measured area x ¿
A = A1¿
1
l L+ ∆ L ∆L
= =1+
L L L
(l + e) 2 = l + 2e + e2 = l + 2e (if e is small)
A = (1 + 2c) A1
3. Correction to volume:
V1 = measured (or) computed volume
V= actual (or) true volume
Then, true volume = measured volume x ¿
V = V1 ¿
1
L L+ ∆ L ∆L
= =1+
L L L
∆L
=e
L
V =¿ x V = (1 + e) 3 V
Problem:
1. The length of a line measure with a 20m chain was found to be 250m.
Calculate the true length of the line if the chain was 10 cm too long.
10
In correct --- of the chain = L1 = 20 + 100 = 20.1m
Tape correction:
We have seen the different sources of errors in line or measurement. In most of
the error, proper correction can be applied. Since in most of the cases a tape is
used for precise work the correction are sometimes called tape correction.
After having measured length, the correct length of the base is calculated by
applying the following correction.
1. Correction for absolute length:
It is the usual practice to express the absolute length of a tape as its nominal
or designated length plus (or) minus a correction. The correction for the
measured length is
L. C
Ca = l
−8 h2
Cs1 = d1 - l1 = 3 d
1
2. A line was measured with a steel tape which was exactly 30m at 18 oC and a
pull of 5 kg and the measured length was 459.242m. Temperature during
measurement was 280c and pull applied was 10kg the tape was uniformly
supported during the measurement. Find the true length of the line. if the
cross sectional area of the tape was 0.02cm2 the co-efficient of expression
per 10C=0.0000035 and the E = 2.1 x 106 kg / cm2
Solution:
Correction for temperature per tape length= α(Tm-To)L
= 0.0000035 (28-18) x 30
= 0.00105 (+ve)
sag correction per tape length = 0
( Pm−P0 ) L
Correction for pull per tape length =
AE
(10−5)x 30
=
0.02 x 2.1 x 106
= 0.00357m (+ve)
Total correction = 0.00105 + 0.00357 = 0.00462m
True length of the tape = 30.00462m
30.00462
True length of the line = 30
x 459.242 = 459.949, 459.313
3. A 50m tape is suspended between the ends under pull of 15 kg. The weight
of the tape is 1.5kg find the corrected length of the tape between its ends.
Solution:
l1 w 2 p
Correction for sag = Cs =
24 p2
l1 = 50m, w = 1.5kg, p=15kg
2
50 x 1.5
Cs = 2 = 0.0208m
24 x 15
Corrected length of the tape = l-Cs = 50-0.0208 = 49.9792m
4. A steel tape 20m long standardized at 550F with a pull of 10kg was used for
measuring a base line. Find the correction per tape length. If the temperature
at the time of measurement was 80 0F and the pull exerted was 16kg. Weight
of 1 cubic cm of steel = 7.86g. weight of tape =0.8kg, and E = 2.109 x 10 6
kg / cm2, Co- efficient of expansion of tape per 10F = 6.2x 10-6
Solution:
Correction for temperature = 20x6.2 x 10-6 (80-55)
= 0.0031m (additive)
( p ¿ ¿ m− p o) x L
Correction for pull = ¿
AE
Weight of tape = A (20x100) (7.86x10-3) kg = 0.8kg
0.8
A = 7.86 x 2 = 0.051cm2
(16−10 ) 20
Cp = 6 = 0.00112 (additive)
0.051 x 2.109 x 10
2
20(0.8)
Correction for sag = l1 ¿¿¿ ¿ = 2 = 0.00208m (Subtractive)
24 x 16
Total correction = 0.0031 + 0.00112 – 0.00208 = 0.00214m