Section B Answer ALL Questions in The Spaces Provided

Section B
Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.
1. (a) State THREE characteristic properties of a homologous series of compounds.

Same general formula/similar chemical properties/physical properties vary in a regular
way/molecular mass of consecutive members differ by 14 units
(b) On analysis, one gram of Compound A (containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
only) provided 0.40 g of carbon and 0.54 g of oxygen. Compound A has a molecular
mass of 60 and effervesces readily with calcium carbonate.
(C = 12, H = 1, O = 16)
Calculate the:
(i) empirical formula of A

C = 0.4/12 = 0.0333, H = (1 – 0.94)/1 = 0.06, O = 0.54/16 = 0.03375
C = 0.0333/0.0333 =1, H = 0.06/0.0333 = 2, O = 0.03375/0.0333 = 1.014
EF = CH2O
(ii) molecular formula of A

Mass of EF = 30
MF = 60/30 = 2 x CH2O = C2H4O2
(c) (i) Write the general formula of the homologous series of which A is a member.
CnH2nO2
(ii) Draw the structural formula of the chlorosubstituted compound of A.
(d) Comment on the relative pKa values of A and its related compound in (c) (ii)
The chlorosubstituted compound would have a lower pKa [1 mark] value because it is
more acidic than A which is due to the negative inductive effect [1 mark] stabilizing the
resulting carboxylate ion
(e) Table 1 shows two pairs of compounds. Complete the table by describing simple
laboratory tests to distinguish between EACH pair of compounds.
TABLE 1: DISTINGUISHING COMPOUNDS
1. Add acidified potassium dichromate [1 mark] followed by Tollen’s reagent/Fehling’s

reagent/carboxylic acid test [1 mark]. Suitable observations [1 mark]
2. Add acidified potassium dichromate [1 mark] orange turns green in 2o alcohol but not
3o [1 mark]
2. Figure 1 shows a reaction scheme.

Figure 1 Reaction Scheme
(a) State the reagents and/or conditions necessary for EACH of the following reactions:
(i) I (from A to D)
Acidified potassium permanganate [1 mark] hot and concentrated [1 mark]
(ii) II (from A to E)
Concentrated sulphuric acid followed by water [1 mark], heat [1 mark]
(b) Draw the structure for EACH of the following compounds:
(i) B
(ii) C
(c) A can theoretically be used to make a polymer.
(i) What is meant by a ‘polymer’?

A large molecule made up of many smaller repeated molecules joined
together
(ii) Identify the type of polymerisation A would MOST likely undergo.

Addition
(iii) Name any ONE industrial polymer which could result from the
polymerization process named at (c) (ii) above.
Polyethene/PTFE/Styrofoam (Polystyrene)/PVC
(iv) Suggest the repeat unit for a polymer made from A.

[1 mark]
(v) Can compound such as those in D undergo addition polymerization? Justify

your answer.
No [1 mark]. There are no C=C bonds for addition polymerization nor 2
functional groups present on the carboxylic acid molecule for condensation
polymerization. [1 mark]
(d) Draw the general structure of an amino acid.
[1 mark]
(e) Nylon 6, 6 and proteins are macromolecules formed from the condensation of smaller
molecules.
State the similarity and difference between the structures of these macromolecules.
Similarity
They both have amide linkages/they both involve elimination of water [1 mark]
Difference
Nylon 6, 6 monomers are dicarboxylic acids and diamines while protein monomers
are amino acids [1 mark]
Total 15 marks
Section C
Answer this question on your own paper.
3. The following diagram represents some of the reactions of benzene.
(a) State the type of reactions labelled I and IV.

I – Bromination [1 mark], IV – Diazotisation [1 mark]
(b) List the reagents and conditions required for Reactions II and IV.
II – H2SO4 and HNO3 [1 mark], temp less than 50oC [1 mark]
IV – NaNO2 and HCl [1 mark], temp below 10oC [1 nmark]
(c) Draw the displayed formula for Compound X.
(d) Outline the mechanism for Reaction I using curved arrows to indicate the movement
of electrons, being careful to identify the various steps involved.
Arrow moving to electrophile [1 mark]
Resonance stabilisation of positive charge on ring [1 mark]
Nucleophile removes H [1 mark] electron from H joins ring [1 mark]
(e) Write the structural formula for the products formed when phenol is treated with
(i) Aqueous bromine
(ii) Sodium hydroxide
(iii) Ethanoyl chloride
[3 marks]
(f) Write the equation for the reaction in (e) (iii).

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Section B

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

1. (a) State THREE characteristic properties of a homologous series of compounds.

(i) empirical formula of A

(ii) molecular formula of A

(ii) Draw the structural formula of the chlorosubstituted compound of A.

TABLE 1: DISTINGUISHING COMPOUNDS

1. Add acidified potassium dichromate [1 mark] followed by Tollen’s reagent/Fehling’s

2. Figure 1 shows a reaction scheme.

Acidified potassium permanganate [1 mark] hot and concentrated [1 mark]

Concentrated sulphuric acid followed by water [1 mark], heat [1 mark]

(b) Draw the structure for EACH of the following compounds:

(c) A can theoretically be used to make a polymer.

(i) What is meant by a ‘polymer’?

(ii) Identify the type of polymerisation A would MOST likely undergo.

(iv) Suggest the repeat unit for a polymer made from A.

(v) Can compound such as those in D undergo addition polymerization? Justify

(d) Draw the general structure of an amino acid.

Answer this question on your own paper.

3. The following diagram represents some of the reactions of benzene.

(a) State the type of reactions labelled I and IV.

(c) Draw the displayed formula for Compound X.

(ii) Sodium hydroxide

(iii) Ethanoyl chloride

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