Renaissance: (14th To The 17th Century)
Renaissance: (14th To The 17th Century)
Renaissance: (14th To The 17th Century)
(14th to the 17th century)
The Renaissance
•The Renaissance from French: Renaissance "re‐birth", a cultural
movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the
p p g y
17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later
spreading to the rest of Europe.
•it encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular
literatures, beginning with the 14th‐century resurgence of learning
based on classical sources, which contemporaries credited
to Petrarch. Francesco Petrarca
•the development of linear perspective and other techniques of
rendering a more natural reality in painting, and gradual but
widespread educational reform.
•In politics, the Renaissance contributed the development of the
I liti th R i t ib t d th d l t f th
conventions of diplomacy, and in science an increased reliance on
observation.
• it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the
it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the
contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da
Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance
man .
man"
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo Italian
sculptor, painter,
Galileo Galilei was an architect, poet, and
It li physicist,
Italian h i i t mathematicia
th ti i engineer
n, engineer, astronomer,
and philosopher
Leon Battista Alberti
Italian
l humanist
h author,
h
artist, architect, poet,priest,
linguist, philosopher
Nicolaus Copernicus
Renaissance mathematician
and astronomer
Origin of Renaissance
•Renaissance
Renaissance had their origin in late 13th
had their origin in late 13th
century Florence.
•several theories have been put forward to explain
that why it originate din Italy –
y g y
•During the Renaissance, money and art went hand in
hand.
•Artists depended totally on patrons while the patrons
needed money to sustain geniuses. Wealth was
brought to Italy in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries
by expanding trade into Asia and Europe.
the Medici, a banking family and
the Medici a banking family and
•Silver mining in Tyrol increased the flow of money. later ducal ruling house
Luxuries from the Eastern world, brought home during
the Crusades, increased the prosperity of Genoa and Lorenzo de' Medici (1449–1492)
V i
Venice. was the catalyst for an enormous
was the catalyst for an enormous
amount of arts patronage,
encouraging his countryman to
commission works from
Florence's leading artists
Florence's leading artists
Social and political structures in Italy
•Italy did not exist as a
y political entityy in the early modern period. Instead, it was divided into
p y p ,
smaller city statesand territories.
•Fifteenth‐century Italy was one of the most urbanized areas in Europe. Many of its cities
stood among the ruins of ancient Roman buildings.
• Italy appeared to have exited from Feudalism so that its society was based on merchants
and commerce.
•city republics were devoted to notions of liberty.
• there were many defenses of liberty ,not only in art, sculpture and architecture, but "the
remarkable efflorescence of moral, social and political philosophy that occurred in Florence
at the same time".
•Venice as great trading centers made them intellectual crossroads.
V i t t di t d th i t ll t l d Merchants
M h t brought with
b ht ith
them ideas from far corners of the globe. Venice was Europe's gateway to trade with the East,
and a producer of fine glass, while Florence was a capital of textiles.
•The wealth such business brought to Italy meant large public and private artistic projects
•The wealth such business brought to Italy meant large public and private artistic projects
could be commissioned and individuals had more leisure time for study.
Renaissance humanism
•Humanism is the resurgent study of
is the resurgent study of classical antiquity,
classical antiquity
at first in Italy, and then spreading across Western Europe
in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries.
•Humanism is an approach in study, philosophy, world
H i i h i t d hil h ld
view or practice that focuses on human values and
concerns. In philosophy and social science, humanism is a
perspective which affirms some notion of human nature
perspective which affirms some notion of human nature,
and is contrasted with anti‐humanism.
Coluccio Salutat
•Renaissance humanism is a cultural movement of the
Italian Renaissance based on the study of classical works
Italian Renaissance based on the study of classical works.
•Humanists reacted against this utilitarian approach
depicted as the "narrow pedantry". They sought to create
a citizenry able to speak and write with eloquence and
a citizenry able to speak and write with eloquence and
clarity. Leonardo Bruni
•This was to be accomplished through the study of
the studia humanitatis, today known as the humanities:
grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and moral philosophy.
•As a program to revive the cultural—and particularly the
literary—legacy and moral philosophy of classical
antiquity, humanism was a pervasive cultural mode and
i i h i i l l d d
not the program of a small elite.
Poggio Bracciolini
•Art
•The Renaissance marks the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and
the rise of the Modern world.
h f h d ld
•One of the distinguishing features of Renaissance art was its development of highly realistic
linear perspective.
• painters also developed other techniques, studying light, shadow,
i t l d l d th t h i t d i li ht h d and, famously in the case
d f l i th
of Leonardo da Vinci, human anatomy.
•works of Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael, Sandro Botticelli.
•In architecture Filippo Brunelleschi
•In architecture, Filippo Brunelleschi was foremost in studying the remains of ancient classical
was foremost in studying the remains of ancient classical
buildings, and with rediscovered knowledge from the 1st‐century writer Vitruvius and the
flourishing discipline of mathematics, formulated the Renaissance style which emulated and
improved on classical forms
improved on classical forms.
•Science
•Science and art were very much intermingled in the early Renaissance, with polymath artists
such as Leonardo da Vinci making observational drawings of anatomy and nature.
g g y
•a suitable environment was created to question scientific doctrine, The willingness to
question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major
scientific advancements.
•De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body) by Andreas Vesalius,
which gave a new confidence to the role of dissection, observation, and mechanistic view of
anatomy, and also De Revolutionibus, by Nicolaus Copernicus. The famous thesis of
Copernicus's book was that the Earth moved around the Sun. Significant scientific advances
were made during this time by Galileo Galilei,Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler.
Renaissance architecture
Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th
centuries in different regions of Europe, demonstrating a conscious revival and development of
certain elements of ancient Greek
certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture.
thought and material culture
Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and was succeeded by Baroque
architecture.
Developed first in Florence with Filippo Brunelleschi
Developed first in Florence, with Filippo Brunelleschi as one of its innovators, the Renaissance
as one of its innovators the Renaissance
style quickly spread to other Italian cities.
•Architectural theory
•During the Renaissance, architecture became not only a question of practice, but also a matter
for theoretical discussion.
•The first treatise on architecture was De re aedificatoria (English: On the Art of Building) by Leon
Battista Alberti in 1450, first printed book on architecture.
•Sebastiano Serlio produced the next important text, the first volume of which appeared in
Venice in 1537; it was entitled "Regole generali d'architettura "General Rules of Architecture“.
•In 1570, Andrea Palladio (1508–1580) published I quattro libri dell'architettura ("The Four Books
of Architecture") in Venice.
Historians often divide the Renaissance in Italy into three phases.
Early Renaissance (ca. 1400–1500);
High Renaissance (ca.1500–1525)
Mannerism (ca. 1520–1600)
(ca 1520–1600)
Early Renaissance: Space, as an element of architecture, was utilized differently from the way it
had been in the Middle Ages. Space was organised
had been in the Middle Ages. Space was organised by proportional logic, its form and rhythm
by proportional logic, its form and rhythm
subject to geometry. The prime example of this is the Basilica di San
Lorenzo in Florence by Filippo Brunelleschi.
High Renaissance: During the High Renaissance, concepts derived from classical antiquity were
developed and used with greater surety. The most representative architect is Bramante (1444–
1514) who expanded the applicability of classical architecture to contemporary buildings.
•Classical architectural forms were used in plasterwork, inlaid woodwork, and painted
decoration as well as for staircases, doors, windows, and fireplaces, which formed
increasingly important and elaborate features of interior design.
•Characteristics
•Plan
Plan
•The plans of Renaissance buildings have a square,
symmetrical appearance in which proportions are
usually based on a module. Within a church, the
y ,
module is often the width of an aisle. The need to
integrate the design of the plan with the façade was
introduced as an issue in the work of Filippo
Brunelleschi.
• The first building to demonstrate this was St.
Andrea in Mantua by Alberti. The development of
the plan in secular architecture was to take place in
the 16th century and culminated with the work of
Palladio.
Cathedral of Pienza Palazzo Rucellai
•Columns and pilasters
•The Roman orders of columns are used:‐ Tuscan, Doric, Ionic,
Corinthian and Composite
Corinthian and Composite.
•The orders can either be structural, supporting an arcade or
architrave, or purely decorative, set against a wall in the form of
pilasters.
pilasters.
•During the Renaissance, architects aimed to use columns,
pilasters, and entablatures as an integrated system.
•One of the first buildings to use pilasters as an integrated system
g p g y
was in the Old Sacristy (1421–1440) by Brunelleschi.
Old Sacristy (1421–1440) by
Brunelleschi.
•Arches
•Arches are semi‐circular or (in the Mannerist style)
segmental.
•Arches are often used in arcades, supported on piers or
columns with capitals.
•There may be a section of entablature between the capital
and the springing of the arch.
•Alberti was one of the first to use the arch on a
monumental scale at the
t l l t th St. Andrea
St A d i M t
in Mantua.
St. Andrea in Mantua.
•Vaults
•Vaults do not have ribs.
•They are semi‐circular or segmental and on a square plan, unlike the Gothic vault which is
frequently rectangular.
•The barrel vault is returned to architectural vocabulary as at the St. Andrea in Mantua.
•dome
•The dome is used frequently, both as a very large structural feature that is visible from the
•The dome is used frequently both as a very large structural feature that is visible from the
exterior
•also as a means of roofing smaller spaces where they are only visible internally.
•After the success of the dome in Brunelleschi’ss design for the
•After the success of the dome in Brunelleschi design for the Basilica di
Basilica di Santa Maria del
Santa Maria del
Fiore and its use in Bramante’s plan for St. Peter's Basilica (1506) in Rome, the dome became an
indispensable element in church architecture and later even for secular architecture, such as
Palladio'ss Villa Rotunda.
Palladio Villa Rotunda.