1 TCW Chapter 1 Globalization and Global Governance
1 TCW Chapter 1 Globalization and Global Governance
1 TCW Chapter 1 Globalization and Global Governance
CHAPTER
Globalization and
Global Governance
Overview
Objectives
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Chapter 1: Globalization and Global Governance
Globalization
Globalization, perhaps for most of us, has become a household term that we
often hear of, but we cannot properly define. According to Reich (1998), globalization
is commonly used and has even become a household name but its meaning remains
obscure, even among scholars or among those who personally invoke it. The truth
of the matter is that there are different and multiple definitions of globalization. The
problem with globalization is that it is not much an “it” as a “them”; it is not a single
process but a complex of processes, sometimes overlapping and interlocking and
oppositional ones (Heywood, 2002).
In the study of the contemporary world, learners examine the multifaceted
phenomenon of globalization. Although definitions of globalization are highly
contested, it is imperative to study several conceptualizations of globalization and to
come up with a working definition that would assist learners in examining economic,
social, political, and technological transformations, among others, that have created
an increasing awareness of the interconnectedness of people and places around
the globe. Several relevant definitions would hopefully
assist learners in understanding and appreciating what
Fun Facts
globalization is (see Table 1.1). The intention is neither
to promote nor discredit globalization but to facilitate
a discourse that could encourage learners to examine Theodore Levitt
its effects and implications carefully in this globalized coined the term
state of the world. globalization. He was
credited for using
The globalized state of the world or globality
the terminology to
signifies a social condition characterized by the
refer to the spread of
existence of global economic, political, cultural, and corporations in the
environmental interconnections and flows that make contemporary world.
many of the currently existing borders and boundaries
irrelevant (Steger, 2013). Globalization has inherent Source:
advantages and disadvantages. We have to establish at AFP. (2009, November
the onset that it carries with it both opportunities and 5). Going global. The
Economist. Retrieved from
threats. We are not just citizens of our respective states; https://www.economist.
we are citizens of the world. It becomes imperative com/news/14816758-
then to be conscious and mindful about this ongoing articles-mentioning-
globalisation-economist-
movement so that we can carefully scrutinize the going-global
available alternatives and take responsibility over these
choices.
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Chapter 1: Globalization and Global Governance
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The ongoing academic quarrel over which dimension contains the essence
of globalization represents a postmodern version of the parable of the blind men
and the elephant (Steger, 2013). It is a direct reaction to one of the most popular
misconceptions about globalization being purely economic in scope and effect. To
understand what an elephant truly is, one needs to get a grasp of the big picture and
acquire an overall sense of a given situation. Similarly, there is a need to utilize various
disciplines of the social sciences (economic, political, cultural, social, technological,
etc.) to get the whole picture of globalization. By embracing an interdisciplinary
approach, we are prevented from oversimplifying or reducing globalization into
a single dimension which corresponds to only one specific field (Steger, 2013).
Globalization then is a very complex phenomenon.
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Chapter 1: Globalization and Global Governance
environments, which mold the system and vice versa. Also, it receives inputs of
demands and support from the environments and attempts to shape them through
its output. The following broad functions are depicted in Almond and Powell’s model
of the Political System:
1. The system function determines the inputs through socialization, recruitment,
and communication. These three processes are concerned with the maintenance of
an entire system.
2. The process function is where collective decisions are made and implemented
through interest articulation, interest aggregation, policy making, and policy
implementation and adjudication.
3. The output function treats the output through the processes of policy
extraction, regulation, and distribution.
Aside from the system function,
Almond and Powell’s (1988) the feedback mechanism provides
Functions of the Political Systems: additional inputs to the political system.
Definition of Terms Globalization is an “intensification
1. Political socialization of cross-border interactions and
Attitudes to the political system interdependence between states”(Baylis,
must be formed and sustained. 2001). It influences both domestic and
2. Political recruitment external environments. Events occurring
People must be recruited to fill outside the domestic environment are
out political roles from voters far more likely to have an effect on the
to government leaders. external environment, and vice versa.
3. Political communication
Globalization has certainly brought
Politically relevant information
about significant transformation in the
must be transmitted.
international system. Relationships
4. Interest articulation
Demands for particular policies between individual states change
must be expressed. significantly, moving towards integration
5. Interest aggregation in an international system by becoming
Demands must be selected and more dependent on each other.
combined into manageable From a realist or power politics’
number of major alternatives. perspective, the international system
6. Policy making operates in a state of anarchy. However,
Demands must be converted it must be operationalized not to mean
into authoritative decisions “complete chaos” or “absence of rules
and policies. and structures,” but rather simply “the
7. Policy implementation absence of a central government that
These decisions must be put can craft, enforce, or adjudicate laws.”
into effect. Anarchy is jaggedly allocated in the
international system as evidenced
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by islands of order and cooperation. International relations orbit around one key
concern: the collective goods problem. As expounded clearly by Goldstein and
Pevehouse (2014),
The collective goods problem occurs in all groups and societies but is
particularly acute in international affairs because each nation is sovereign,
with no central authority such as world government to enforce on individual
nations the necessary measures to provide for the common good. By contrast,
in domestic politics within countries, a government can force individuals to
contribute in ways that do not serve their individual self-interests, such as
by paying taxes or paying to install antipollution equipment on vehicles and
factories. If individuals do not comply, the government can punish them.
(Goldstein & Pevehouse, 2014, p.5)
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Chapter 1: Globalization and Global Governance
Global Governance
There is a whale of difference between global government and global
governance. At the global level, san an authority with hierarchical powers, there is
no global government. On the other hand, global governance is doable. It denotes
purposeful systems of rule-based order or norm without the government. It is a
much broader term that denotes the sum of laws, norms, policies, and institutions
that define, constitute, and mediate transborder relations between states, cultures,
citizens, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, and the market—
the wielders and the object of the exercise of international public power (Weiss,
2014).
UN Trivia
1. The United Nations have a world celebration day! It has been observed on
the 24th of October since 1948.
2. The presidency of the General Assembly rotates among five groups of member
states: African, Asian, Eastern European, Latin American/Caribbean, and
Western European.
3. The United Nations is an international organization created to maintain
international peace and promote human rights.
4. It was founded in 1945 after the Second World War.
5. The U.N. is best known for peacekeeping, peace building, conflict prevention,
and humanitarian assistance.
6. The U.N. began with 51 countries and is now comprised of 193 member states.
7. The U.N. reaches virtually every corner of the world.
8. They protect human rights through 80 different treaties and declarations.
9. They work with 140 nations to combat climate change.
10. One of their primary goals is to develop friendly relations.
https://www.uselessdaily.com/world/united-nations-trivia-10-facts-about-the-
intergovernmental-organization/#ixzz5J0a90ghD
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The founding charter of the UN was signed on June 26, 1945, in San Francisco
during the UN Conference on International Organization, and it came to force on
October 24, 1945. It guides the mission and work of the organization, which are
based on the following principles:
1. States are equal under international law.
2. They have full sovereignty over their own affairs.
3. They should have full independence and territorial integrity.
4. They should carry out their internal obligations, such as respecting
diplomatic privileges, refraining from committing aggression, and observing the
terms of treaties they sign.
The Philippines was actually among the 51 original member states who signed
the 1942 UN Declaration. This Declaration eventually served as the basis of the 1945
UN Charter.
The UN is composed of six principal organs which are all established during
its founding year. These are 1) the General Assembly, 2) the Security Council, 3) the
Economic and Social Council, 4) Trusteeship Council, 5) the International Court of
Justice, and 6) the Secretariat (Article 7, Chapter III, UN Charter).
The UN’s structure, as shown in figure 1, centers on the General Assembly.
According to the UN Charter, “the General Assembly shall consist of all the Members
of the UN” (Article 9, Chapter IV, UN Charter) and is considered to be “the main
deliberative, policy making, and representative organ of the UN” (Chapter IV, UN
Charter). It is the venue where “decisions on important questions such as those on
peace and security, admission of new member, and budgetary matters” take place.
These questions require two-thirds vote while decisions on other matters require
only a simple majority vote. All 193 sovereign member states, in theory and in
practice, have equal representation in the UN General Assembly each being afforded
with one vote and are all obligated to comply with the UN Security Council decisions.
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Chapter 1: Globalization and Global Governance
The Security Council, under the UN Charter, “has primary responsibility for the
maintenance of international peace and security” (Chapter V, UN Charter). This is
one of the most important organs, if not the most important and powerful organ
of the UN. It is composed of 15 members and similar to the UN General Assembly,
each is entitled to one vote: 5 are deemed to be the permanent members while the
remaining 10 are considered to be non-permanent members elected for two-year
terms by the General Assembly. 1) China, 2) France, 3) Russia, 4) the United Kingdom,
and the 5) United States are the permanent members. The following are the 10
non-permanent members with end of term year: 1) Belgium (2020), 2) Dominican
Republic (2020), 3) Germany (2020), 4) Indonesia (2020), 5) South Africa (2020), 6)
Cote d’Ivoire (2019), 7) Equatorial Guinea (2019), 8) Kuwait (2019), 9) Peru (2019), and
10) Poland (2019). The Philippines has been elected as a non-permanent member
before. In fact, Carlos P. Romulo has served as President of the UN Security Council.
He was also the 1st Asian to serve as President of the 4th Session of the UN General
Assembly. According to the UN Charter, the Security Council performs the following:
1) takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or act of
aggression, 2) calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by peaceful means, 3)
recommends methods of adjustment or terms of settlement, 4) imposes sanctions or
authorizes the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security, 5)
recommends to the General Assembly the appointment of Secretary-General as well
as the admissions of new Members to the United Nations, and 6) elects, together
with the General Assembly, the judges of the International Court of Justice. The
Security Council may also exercise its “veto power,” which pertains to the permanent
members’ power to veto on any critical UN resolutions. Some critics consider the
“veto power” as contradictory to the principle of equality among member states.
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is the center and prime mover of
the UN development system. It is expected to conduct relevant and critical analysis
on issues and concerns pertaining to sustainable development. As clearly provided
in the UN Charter, it is “the principal body for coordination, policy review, policy
dialogue, and recommendations on social and environmental issues, as well as
the implementation of internationally agreed development goals” (Chapter X, UN
Charter). In this manner, the ECOSOC promotes and advances a collective action
towards a sustainable world.
The Trusteeship Council is anchored on UN’s international trusteeship system. The
UN Charter provides that “the UN shall establish under its authority an international
trusteeship system for the administration and supervision of such territories as may
be placed thereunder by subsequent individual agreements” (Article 75, Chapter XII,
UN Charter). This UN organ is, however, currently inactive. It has suspended all its
operations after the independence of the last remaining UN trust territory, Palau.
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The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is UN’s “principal judicial organ” (Article
92, Chapter XIV, UN Charter) which resolves legal conflicts between and among
member states. It is also expected to render advisory opinions, when necessary, to
UN organs. Only states, not individuals or businesses, can sue or be sued before the
ICJ. The ICJ must not be confused with the International Criminal Court (ICC) which
hears cases of war crimes, genocide, and other forms of offense against humanity
from anywhere in the world. It operates under the principle of universal jurisdiction,
which means that the court can prosecute individuals of any state. Under the ICC,
individuals, including heads of state, can be prosecuted for their roles in violations of
human rights (Goldstein & Pevehouse, 2009).
The Secretariat is composed of the Secretary-General and such staff as the
Organization may require. According to the UN Charter, the Secretary-General shall
be appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security
Council” (Article 97, Chapter XV, UN Charter). As the chief administrative officer of the
UN, “he/she shall act in that capacity in all meetings of the General Assembly, of the
Security Council, of the Economic and Social Council, and of the Trusteeship Council,
and shall perform other functions as are entrusted to him by these organs” (Article
98, Chapter XV, UN Charter).
The UN system is further composed of affiliated programs, funds and specialized
agencies with separate membership, leadership, and even budget. These Specialized
Agencies are considered independent international organizations. For detailed
enumeration and description of the UN programs, funds, and Specialized Agencies,
please visit and explore UN’s official website at http://www.un.org/en/sections/
about-un/funds-programmes-specialized-agencies-and-others/index.html.
Managing Knowledge
As a student of global governance, one must recognize and realize that the
world is facing myriad global issues, concerns, and challenges. Kofi Annan (2018)
considers them “problems without passport,” and they defy solutions by a single
state. As a lifelong learner in the process of becoming a competent professional, one
must confront the following questions head on (Weiss, 2014):
1. How is knowledge of new problems and issues acquired or created?
2. How is it transmitted to the policy community?
3. How do solutions get formulated and adopted?
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Developing Norms
Once information about a global issue or concern has been studied and
gathered, the UN will play a very important role in articulating, disseminating, and
institutionalizing new norms. This enables the organization to address this global
problem directly. These international norms can be transmitted down into national
politics and incorporated into domestic laws or into policy preferences of political
leaders through elite learning. However, the challenge lies as to “how contested
norms become institutionalized both within and among states and the interactive
dynamics of the processes of institutionalization at the national, regional, and global
levels”(Weiss, 2014).
Formulating Recommendations
The United Nations is in many respects a policy actor in its own right (Thakur,
2009). As new problems emerge and new norms arise, it highlights gaps in policy that
need attention and that must be addressed by formulating a range of possibilities
about how governments and their citizens and IGOs can change behavior (Weiss,
2014). Formulating recommendations is quite a challenging phase in the policy
stage, considering the actors involved and other factors that must be taken into
account. The UN 2004 report determines how the world organization meets the
challenges of global governance in the 21st century.
1. Multilateralism no longer concerns governments alone but is now
multifaceted, involving many constituencies; the UN must develop new skills to
service this new way of working.
2. It must become an outward-looking or network organization, catalyzing the
relationships needed to get strong results and not letting the traditions of its formal
processes be barriers.
3. It must strengthen global governance by advocating universality, inclusion,
participation, and accountability at all levels.
4. It must engage more systematically with world public opinion to become
more responsive, to help shape public attitudes, and to bolster support for
multilateralism.
Institutionalizing Ideas
Implementing recommendations is another story all together. It is extremely
challenging to encourage sovereign member states to adopt these recommendations.
Inevitably—even with full knowledge, adequate norms, policies, and operations
to back them up—some individuals or groups challenge and defy the norms and
laws (Weiss, 2014). The modalities and procedures for enforcing compliance with
international norms and laws are absent for the United Nations.
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This illustrates succinctly the contention that the UN is not and will never evolve
into a world government. The UN is continuing to address this major gap in the
global governance of the contemporary world.
Global Divide
We are told, ready or not, that globalization is here and now. It does not present
itself as an option, but rather as a compelling impetus which we have to deal with on
a day-to-day basis. People who are pro-globalization would argue that globalization
carries with it the much-needed increased opportunities for all and triggers increased
competition, which is something positive as it makes production more efficient.
Those who are anti-globalization, on the other hand, would contend that there are
states or groups of people who do not have enough resources that would capacitate
them to operate within the increased competitive global context. For those who
dare to observe closely, one can deduce that globalization, whether intentionally or
unintentionally, has created a global divide.
The global divide connotes separation, tension, and hostility. As globalization
highlights the increasing intensity of international social, economic, and political
interactions and the degree upon which systems are increasingly organized at
the global level, evading regulation by sovereign states, it brings with it both
opportunities and threats. The contemporary world in the global context faces two
contradictory trends. While a globalized market opens the prospects of unimagined
wealth, it creates new vulnerabilities and new gap. Claudio (2014) uses the Starbucks
and the shanty analogy to strike the point that global interconnectedness is woven
into the fabric of everyday life:
“One does not need to look far to see markers of global interconnectedness,
even global modernity. There are Starbucks branches in both Melbourne
and Manila, New York and New Delhi. All these branches look more or
less the same and they have similar menus of espresso-based drinks. This
sameness represents the cultural homogenization that many critics have
associated with globalization.
Yet despite the common aesthetics of these cafés, the world outside them
can be very different. In Manila and New Delhi, there is a good chance that,
upon leaving the café, you will find a child beggar in tattered clothes and
worn-down slippers. Walk a block or two and with your latte still hot, you
may find a shantytown where houses are built from discarded plywood
and galvanized iron sheets. These shanties have poor sanitation; many of its
residents are employed in the informal economic sector; its children, some
of whom are child laborers, cannot afford to go to school. There is also a
chance that these shanties’ residents are under the threat of being evicted
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literally as a mere division of the world into two parts. Grovogui (2011), as cited by
Claudio, contends that:
The Global South is not a directional designation or a point due south from
a fixed north. It is a symbolic designation meant to capture the semblance
of cohesion that emerged when former colonial entities engaged in political
projects of decolonization and moved toward the realization of a postcolonial
international order. (Grovogui, 2014, p.187)
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Baylis, John, Owens, Patricia, and Smith, Steve (2001). The Globalization of World
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Exercises
A. Based on the different definitions of globalization presented in the chapter,
come up with your own working definition.
B. Identify, aside from the United Nations, other international organizations
involved in global governance.
C. Form a group compose of five members. Identify and discuss at least three
of the most pressing problems in the global south and come up with viable
recommendations as to how to address these problems.
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