SR 19 00134

The Net Carbon Footprint Model:
Methodology (Public)
Shell Global Solutions US Inc.

SR.19.00134 Rev 3
November 2020
UNRESTRICTED
The Net Carbon Footprint Model: Methodology
The Net Carbon Footprint Model:

Methodology (Public)
Adom, Felix K GSUSI-PTS/GX
Verma, Akash GSNL-PTS/GX
© Copyright vested in Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies
UNRESTRICTED – SR.19.00134 2
Document history
Date Issue Reason for Change Author Approved by
January 0 Original L. Wang A. Cantlay (GSUK-

2019 (GSUK-PTS/GX) PTS/GX)
T. Stephenson
(GSUK-PTS/GX)
R.A. Quiceno
(GSNL-PTS/GS)
February 1 Updated for T. Stephenson A. Cantlay (GSUK-

2020 external (GSUK-PTS/GX) PTS/GX)
publication.
April 2020 2 Updated

description of Solar F. Adom A. Cantlay (GSUK-
and Wind (GSUSI-PTS/GX) PTS/GX)
methodology
November 3 Updated Oil

2020 Pipeline distances A. Cantlay (GSUK-
F. Adom PTS/GX)
and LNG shipping
(GSUSI-PTS/GX)
distances J. MacArthur (GSUK-PTS)
V. Akash
(GSNL-PTS/GX)
Executive summary
In November 2017 Shell announced its ambition to reduce the Net Carbon Footprint of its
portfolio of energy products with the aim of being in step with society by 2050, and with an
interim ambition of a reduction of around 20% by 2035 1. In April 2020, Shell announced its
intent to accelerate the Net Carbon Footprint ambition to align with the stretched goal of the Paris
Agreement resulting in the announcement of an increased ambition. Shell now aims to reduce the
Net Carbon Footprint of the energy products it sells by around 30% by 2035 and 65% by 2050.
Shell’s portfolio of energy products comprises liquid fuels (including GTL and biofuels) for
transport, pipeline gas and LNG for power and transport, and electricity from conventional and
renewable sources (i.e. solar and wind).
Shell has developed a methodology for the quantification and tracking of the Greenhouse Gas
(GHG) emissions from the entire life cycle of these products taking into account not only products
produced by Shell, but also all products ultimately sold by Shell, including those sourced from 3rd
parties. This report sets out that methodology, its boundary, scope and assumptions.
The methodology has been implemented within a model which calculates the Net Carbon
Footprint of the portfolio of energy products sold by Shell on the basis of gCO2e per megajoule
(MJ) of energy delivered to, and consumed by, the end-user. The model is structured around the
principal supply chains within the portfolio of energy products; more specifically the following
supply chains and steps in the product lifecycle are included:
• Liquid fuels: (i) crude oil production, (ii) transportation of crude oil (pipeline/shipping), (iii)
refining, (iv) distribution of oil products, and (v) end-use of oil products in the transport
sector.
• Pipeline gas: (i) gas production, (ii) transportation of gas via pipeline, and (iii) end-use of
gas in power generation.
• LNG: (i) gas production, (ii) transportation of gas via pipeline, (iii) liquefaction, (iv) shipping
of LNG products, (v) regasification of LNG in recipient terminals, (vi) local distribution of
gas, and (vii) end-use of gas in electricity/heat generation.
• GTL: (i) gas production, (ii) transportation of gas via pipeline, (iii) gas-to-liquid processing,
(iv) shipping of GTL products, (v) local distribution of GTL fuel products, (vi) end-use of fuel
products in the transport sector.
• Biofuels: (i) production, (ii) transportation (domestic/shipping), (iii) distribution and (iv)
end-use in the transport sector.
• Electricity from solar, wind, and other fossil and renewable sources, expressed as fossil
energy equivalent.
• CO2 reductions: the model also assesses the impact of CO2 reductions from carbon
capture and storage (CCS) projects and nature-based solutions (NBS).
Non-energy products such as chemicals, lubricants and bitumen are outside the scope of the
NCF because the end-use of these products is generally not to be consumed as fuel.
1
For further details of Shell’s NCF Ambition see; https://www.shell.com/energy-and-innovation/the-
energy-future/what-is-shells-net-carbon-footprint-ambition/faq.html
Distribution
Shell Oil production Oil transport Shell Refinery Transportation
Fuel products
Oil Upstream assets Shipping or Pipeline Downstream assets
transport
Products
3 r d party crude supply 3 r d party oil products
Country average Regional average
3 r d party gas
Pipeline
gas Shell gas production Gas pipeline
Upstream assets Pipeline
3 r d party LNG
Industrial
LNG
Shell gas production Gas pipeline Shell LNG Shipping Regasification
Upstream assets Pipeline Shell assets LNG transport & Pipeline
Distribution
Shell gas production Gas pipeline Shell GTL Shipping
GTL Fuel products
Upstream assets Pipeline GTL assets GTL transport
transport
3 r d party biofuels Residential &

Commercial
Biofuels Shell biofuel production Transport Distribution
(1st and 2nd generation) Road/shipping Fuel products transport
Renewable 3r d party electricity

and grid Solar/Wind Electric
Electricity Power
Electricity Grid
CO 2 sinks (CCUS & NBS)
Figure 1 - Supply chains included in Shell’s NCF
Contents
Document history .................................................................................................................. 3
Executive summary ............................................................................................................... 4
1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 10
1.1. Goal of the Net Carbon Footprint (NCF) assessment................................ 10
1.2. Overview of the methodology ................................................................ 10
1.3. Scope and boundaries of the NCF analysis ............................................ 11
1.4. Functional units .................................................................................... 12
1.5. Data requirements for the NCF calculation ............................................. 13
1.6. Assurance of the Net Carbon Footprint model and results ........................ 13
1.7. Key Assumptions made in the Lifecycle Analysis ...................................... 13
1.8. Structure of the report ........................................................................... 16
2. Oil Portfolio .................................................................................................... 17
2.1. The structure of the oil portfolio calculation ............................................. 17
2.2. Input data sources for the Oil portfolio calculation................................... 17
2.3. The methodology for the OIL supply chain .............................................. 18
2.3.1. Oil Processed calculation .................................................................... 18
2.3.2. Oil Sales calculation ........................................................................... 20
2.4. Implementation of the calculation methodology for OIL ............................ 21
2.4.1. Acronyms, Abbreviations and variables ............................................... 21
2.4.2. Lifecycle CI calculation ........................................................................ 21
2.4.3. Portfolio CI of refinery assets - Processed view ...................................... 22
2.4.4. Portfolio CI of Oil Sales ....................................................................... 24
3. Gas Portfolio .................................................................................................. 26
3.1. The structure of the gas portfolio calculation ........................................... 26
3.2. Input data for GAS portfolio calculation ................................................. 26
3.3. The methodology for the GAS Portfolio .................................................. 27
3.3.1. Gas Balance – allocation of gas production to pipeline, LNG, GTL and
power 27
3.3.2. Gas Production calculation .................................................................. 28
3.3.3. GAS Processed calculation .................................................................. 29
3.3.4. Gas Sales calculation .......................................................................... 29
3.4. Implementation of the calculation methodology for the gas portfolio ......... 30
3.4.1. Acronyms, abbreviations and variables ................................................ 30

3.4.2. Gas Balance calculation ...................................................................... 30
3.4.4. Portfolio CI of gas – Production view .................................................... 31
3.4.5. Gas Sales .......................................................................................... 32
4. LNG Portfolio.................................................................................................. 33
4.1. The structure of the LNG portfolio calculation .......................................... 33
4.2. Input data for the LNG portfolio calculation ............................................ 33
4.3. The methodology for the LNG Portfolio ................................................... 34
4.3.1. LNG Processed calculation .................................................................. 34
4.3.2. LNG Sales calculation ......................................................................... 35
4.4. Implementation of the calculation methodology for the LNG portfolio ........ 35
4.4.3. Portfolio CI of LNG – Processed view .................................................... 37
4.4.4. Portfolio CI of LNG sales ..................................................................... 38
5. GTL Portfolio ................................................................................................... 39
5.1. The structure of the GTL portfolio calculation ........................................... 39
5.2. Input data for GTL portfolio ................................................................... 39
5.3. The methodology for the GTL Portfolio .................................................... 40
5.3.1. GTL Processed calculation ................................................................... 40
5.3.2. GTL Sales calculation .......................................................................... 41
5.4. Implementation of the calculation methodology for the GTL Portfolio ......... 41
5.4.2. CI calculation ..................................................................................... 41
5.4.3. Portfolio CI of GTL - Processed view ..................................................... 42
6. Biofuels .......................................................................................................... 44
6.1. The structure of the Biofuels portfolio calculation ..................................... 44
6.2. Input data for BIOFUEL portfolio ............................................................ 44
6.3. The methodology for the BIOFUEL Portfolio ............................................. 45
6.3.1. BIOFUEL Production calculation ........................................................... 45
6.3.2. BIOFUEL Processed calculation ............................................................ 46
6.3.3. BIOFUEL Sales calculation ................................................................... 46
6.4. Implementation of the calculation methodology for the Biofuels portfolio ... 46
6.4.2. Portfolio CI of Biofuel - Production view ................................................ 46
7. SOLAR and WIND .......................................................................................... 48
7.1. Fossil energy equivalent of electricity ...................................................... 48
7.2. Structure of the SOLAR and WIND portfolio calculation ........................... 48
7.3. SOLAR and WIND input data ............................................................... 49
7.4. The methodology for the SOLAR and WIND Portfolio .............................. 49
7.4.1. SOLAR and WIND Production calculation ............................................ 49
7.4.2. SOLAR and WIND Processed calculation.............................................. 49
7.4.3. SOLAR and WIND Sales calculation .................................................... 49
8. ELECTRICITY ................................................................................................... 50
8.1. Structure of the ELEC portfolio calculation ............................................... 50
8.2. Input data for the ELEC calculation ......................................................... 50
8.3. The methodology for the ELEC Portfolio .................................................. 51
8.3.1. ELEC Processed calculation .................................................................. 51
8.3.2. ELEC Sales calculation ........................................................................ 51
8.4. Implementation of the calculation methodology for the ELEC portfolio ....... 52
8.4.2. CI calculation ..................................................................................... 52
8.4.3. Portfolio CI of ELEC - Processed view .................................................... 53
8.4.4. Portfolio CI of ELEC - Sales view .......................................................... 53
9. Portfolio Net Carbon Footprint ......................................................................... 54
9.1. Input data for Portfolio NCF .................................................................. 54
9.2. Implementation of the methodology for the Portfolio NCF......................... 54
9.2.1. Acronyms, Abbreviations and variables ............................................... 54
9.2.2. CI calculation ..................................................................................... 54
10. CO2 Sinks ...................................................................................................... 55
10.1. Input data for CO2 sinks ..................................................................... 55
10.2. Implementation of the calculation methodology for the CO2 sinks ........... 55
10.2.1. Acronyms, Abbreviations and variables ............................................. 55
10.2.2. CI calculation ................................................................................... 55
GLOSSARY .................................................................................................... 56
Oil exports and transport/shipping distance ..................................................... 57

A.2.1. Pipeline transport mode ...................................................................... 57
A.2.2. Shipping transport mode .................................................................... 57
GAS exports and transport/shipping distance ................................................... 59
A.3.1. Pipeline transport distances ................................................................. 59
A.3.2. Pipeline transport distances ................................................................. 59
Appendix 4. LNG Shipping distances ............................................................... 62
References ..................................................................................................................... 64
Cautionary note.................................................................................................................. 66
Bibliographic information .................................................................................................... 68
1. Introduction
1.1. Goal of the Net Carbon Footprint (NCF) assessment
The goal of Shell’s Net Carbon Footprint (NCF) assessment is to provide an annual measure of
the lifecycle emissions intensity of the portfolio of energy products sold by Shell 2. The intended
use of the metric is to track progress in reducing the overall emissions intensity, on a lifecycle
basis, of Shell’s product portfolio, as described in Shell’s Net Carbon Footprint Ambition 3.
It is of primary importance that the NCF value responds correctly to year-on-year changes in the
make-up of Shell’s portfolio and to changes in the energy efficiency of Shell’s operations. It must
also be demonstrated that there are no material omissions within the scope of the analysis in
order that the intensity can be meaningfully compared with society’s GHG targets.
1.2. Overview of the methodology

To calculate the NCF it is necessary to first establish the emissions intensity for each of the energy
product supply chains in Shell’s portfolio (Figure 1); this is done using established lifecycle
analysis principles and includes both the emissions associated with bringing products to market
and the emissions associated with their use (Figure 2). The supply chain intensities are then
aggregated into a portfolio average; weighted by the delivered energy. Finally, emissions
captured in sinks are deducted to give the NCF value.
Emissions from bringing products to market Emissions from product use Emissions reductions
Production Transport Refining / Processing Distribution End-use Sinks e.g. CCS and NBS
Net Carbon Footprint
Figure 2 – Indicative supply chain: An illustration of the emissions sources and sinks included in the Net Carbon
Footprint.
The NCF is based on the characteristic lifecycle emissions for each energy product and includes
the principal process steps in transporting and transforming the product from the well to the end-
user. As such, it is insensitive to the point in the supply chain at which a sale is made, since the
intensity will always be based on the full GHG lifecycle emissions of an energy product. Only net
physical transfers are included, and trading activity that doesn’t involve a physical commodity is
excluded. The fate of products after physical transfer is outside of Shell’s control, so the NCF
doesn’t differentiate between, for example, a fuel sold to a customer at a retail site who will use it
immediately and a fuel sold to an IOC, distributor or utility which may be resold again before it is
finally used.
2
Specifically, the products sold by the company and its subsidiaries, as well as Shell’s share of products
sold by its joint ventures and associates, and for LNG, including Shell’s share of LNG sold from its
investment in financial assets available for sale.
3
https://www.shell.com/energy-and-innovation/the-energy-future/what-is-shells-net-carbon-footprint-
ambition.html
Non-energy products such as chemicals, lubricants and bitumen are outside the scope of the NCF
because the end-use of these products is generally not to be consumed as fuel.
1.3. Scope and boundaries of the NCF analysis

In general, calculating the Well-to-Wheels (WtW) life cycle emissions of a product will include the
acquisition of raw materials, transport of raw materials, processing of materials for products,
transport of products to end-users, and utilisation of products and disposal of waste streams
(Figure 2). We consider only Shell equity based operational emissions, excluding the energy or
GHG emissions associated with construction or decommissioning of fuel production,
transportation, or end-use facilities. There are two reasons for this. First the available data is often
uncertain, secondly the impact of these additional energy requirements on the total fuel pathway
balance is generally small and within the range of uncertainty of the total estimates when
amortized over the life cycle of these facilities.
Our goal is to assess the Net Carbon Footprint of all energy products sold by Shell, which
includes material produced and processed by Shell and materials produced and processed by
others. For example, in 2016, for every barrel of oil extracted by Shell, 1.6 barrels are processed
in refineries and 3.9 barrels of oil products are sold. Similar complexity exists in the other supply
chains included in the model.
Figure 3 - An overview of Shell’s portfolio from three perspectives: Production, Processing and Sales
The inclusion of third-party feedstocks and products at different stages within the model means
that the WtW GHG intensity can be considered from three perspectives, as illustrated in Figure 3:
(i) Production: Energy products (mostly oil and gas) produced by Shell only.
(ii) Processed: Energy products processed by Shell using feedstocks produced by Shell and
feedstocks sourced from 3rd parties.
(iii) Sales: All energy products ultimately sold by Shell, including Shell’s own production and
products sourced from 3rd parties.
The Net Carbon Footprint is defined as the weighted average lifecycle carbon intensity of the
portfolio of energy products sold by Shell. This is the equivalent of the ‘Sales’ perspective
described above.
WtW calculations in the NCF model were conducted following ISO standards [1] for life cycle
analysis with the following clarifications:
 The NCF applies only to the lifecycle emissions intensity of the energy products supplied by
Shell.
 Chemicals (including lubricants and bitumen) are not energy carriers and are therefore omitted
from the scope of the NCF.
 The Net Carbon Footprint methodology uses the language of “well-to-wheel” emissions but, in
fact, not all the emissions can be traced back to the well. Emissions associated with producing
fuel and transporting it to Shell assets are not included, nor are emissions associated with the
production and transport of fuels to our electricity suppliers, because insufficient data are
available to allow these emissions to be calculated. The omission is not considered to be
material 4.
These exclusions do not affect the use of the NCF as a metric for monitoring year-on-year
changes in the emissions intensity of Shell’s energy product sales. A more exhaustive analysis
might make small changes to the absolute NCF value but, most importantly, the NCF metric
achieves the goal of responding to changes in the make-up of Shell’s portfolio and to changes in
the energy efficiency of Shell’s operations.
1.4. Functional units

Lifecycle intensities should be compared and combined on the basis of functionally equivalent
units. Different products have different uses and it is difficult to derive a single measure for their
utility to their respective end use. Oil products are mostly used in transportation, where the utility
to the end-user is measured in terms of distance travelled or load carried by a vehicle. Natural
gas is mostly used for power generation and heating, where the utility to the end-user is the
energy content of the product as a fuel. Electricity has many different applications.
The functional unit used for the NCF calculation is energy consumed by the end-user. For
example, the lifecycle carbon intensity of pipeline natural gas is expressed as gCO2e/MJ
including GHG emissions from its combustion by the end-user, e.g. power generation. However,
the power plant efficiency and any subsequent losses in the distribution of the generated
4
Combustion typically accounts for most of the life cycle emissions from hydrocarbon fuels and emissions
from the use of these fuels at Shell facilities are captured in Shell’s Scope 1 and 2 emissions. The emissions
from the end-use of Shell products are the most significant contribution to the NCF from hydrocarbon fuels.
Therefore, the emissions associated with the production, processing and transportation of fuels used at Shell
facilities amount to a small part of a small part and omitting them does not make a material difference to
the NCF value.
electricity are considered to be outside the scope. Similarly, for oil products the emissions of
combustion are taken into account on a per-MJ basis, but differences in the end-use efficiency of
different vehicles is out of scope.
Electricity is treated differently because of its greater utility. A unit of electricity may be used
directly whereas a unit of fossil energy (oil or gas) requires further conversion before it is useful.
The portfolio is dominated by oil and gas, so electricity is converted to an amount of “fossil fuel
equivalent” energy to account for its greater utility. This is described in more detail in Section 7.1.
1.5. Data requirements for the NCF calculation

To calculate Shell’s Net Carbon Footprint, the reported emissions and production data from
Shell’s assets are used along with Shell’s reported product sales. Emissions data from Shell’s
Upstream and Downstream assets are major inputs to the calculation, along with energy product
sales volumes from the various Shell businesses. Data sources for each line of business are
explained in more detail in the following chapters. Data for non-Shell products and processes are
taken from the public domain, where possible, and the sources are documented in the following
chapters.
1.6. Assurance of the Net Carbon Footprint model and results

Shell’s Net Carbon Footprint values are expected to be independently assured 5 before their
annual publication. The assurance process will confirm that the methodology described in this
document has been applied and confirm that Shell has appropriate internal controls in place for
critical processes such as data collection and maintenance of the NCF model.
1.7. Key Assumptions made in the Lifecycle Analysis

The tracking of Shell and 3rd party hydrocarbon flows between the upstream, midstream and
downstream operations rapidly becomes very complex. In order to make the calculation of the
carbon intensity along the value chains more manageable, some simplifications and assumptions
need to be made:
OIL
 Where oil and gas are co-produced at an asset, emissions are allocated by the energy content
of the products, so that oil and gas co-products have the same intensity in kgCO2e/boe or
gCO2e/MJ. The oil produced is routed to the OIL supply chain.
 When assessing Shell production, we assume that crude oil production goes first into our
equity refining capacity and then the gap between Shell’s production and the refinery intake is
filled with 3rd party crude oil with a country-average carbon footprint.
 When assessing Shell processing, likewise, we assume that the crude intake of our refineries is
first supplied from Shell production and any gap is filled with 3rd party crude oil with a
country-average carbon footprint.
 When assessing Shell sales, we assume that oil products are first supplied by the output of Shell
refineries in the region and any gap between Shell’s production and sales is filled with
products sourced from 3rd parties with a with a country-average carbon footprint.
5
Assurance statements for published Net Carbon Footprint values can be found here:
https://www.shell.com/sustainability/sustainability-reporting-and-performance-data/performance-
data/greenhouse-gas-emissions.html
 The country-average carbon footprint of non-Shell oil production is taken from a journal
publication based on the OPGEE model [2].
 Information about the carbon intensity of 3rd party activities is not generally available for
reasons of commercial confidentiality. Due to this lack of information, the CIs of 3rd party
refineries are assumed to be the same as that of the weighted average of Shell’s refineries in
the same region. For regions where there are no Shell refineries, a virtual refinery representing
a global Shell refinery average is assumed.
 The refinery diet of 3rd party refineries is generally assumed to be the same as Shell refineries’
diet in each region.
GAS
 Where oil and gas are co-produced at an asset, emissions are allocated by the energy content
of the products, so that oil and gas co-products have the same intensity in kgCO2e/boe or
gCO2e/MJ. The gas products are routed to the GAS/LNG/GTL/ELEC supply chains.
 Shell produced natural gas may be routed to pipeline gas, LNG, GTL or electricity generation.
Upstream gas production is first routed to Shell LNG, GTL and power plants and any surplus
production is routed to pipeline gas or LNG, as appropriate to each country of production.
 Gas produced by 3rd parties is also marketed by Shell; these volumes have not historically been
disclosed are now disclosed as a single figure for global 3rd party gas sales in Shell’s
Sustainability Report beginning in 2019. These volumes are included in the NCF.
LNG
 When assessing Shell processing, we assume that all feed gas for our LNG facilities is taken at
the average intensity of Shell gas producing assets located in the same country and any gap
between Shell’s production intake is filled with 3rd party gas with a country-average carbon
footprint. Unlike oil, there is no equivalent data source that allows us to estimate the intensity of
3rd party gas production so, in the absence of country-specific data, non-Shell gas is assumed
to have the same intensity as Shell gas.
 LNG sales are analysed as a single global region. The assumption is that non-Shell LNG is
produced at the same intensity as world-average Shell LNG.
GTL
 When assessing Shell processing, we assume that all feed gas for our GTL facilities is taken at
the average intensity of Shell gas producing assets located in the same country and any gap
between Shell’s production intake is filled with 3rd party gas with a country-average carbon
footprint.
 Only GTL energy products are included in the NCF; “chemical” GTL products such as lubricant
base oils and waxes are excluded.
BIOFUELS
 Biofuel sales are disaggregated by product, feedstock, and region of production, assuming a
characteristic regional-average intensity taken from renewable fuels regulations in Europe and
the United States.
 The BIOFUEL supply chain excludes land use change (LUC) emissions to avoid the possibility of
the NCF value changing as a result of legislated LUC intensities rather than by any action of
Shell.
SOLAR and WIND

 SOLAR and WIND assets are broken out as separate supply chains in the model. Conventional
power generation from fossil fuels is dealt with in the ELECTRICITY supply chain.
ELECTRICITY
 When assessing Shell power generation (gas-fired or co-fired), we assume that all feed gas for
our power plants is taken at the average intensity of Shell gas producing assets located in the
same country and any gap between Shell’s production intake is filled with 3rd party gas with a
country-average carbon footprint.
 The Shell share of electricity sales, regardless of whether the electricity is generated by Shell or
a 3rd party are included in the NCF. Electricity volumes sold in power markets are included
except for pure trading activity.
 In order to give electricity an appropriate weight in the calculation of the portfolio-average
carbon intensity, a conversion factor is used to convert the electricity to fossil energy
equivalents. The conversion factor is the average amount of total primary energy used per unit
of electricity generated in the world. The NCF model conservatively chooses to derive a time-
dependent ratio of power and fossil energy use from the IEA’s 2017 ETP “World – 2°C
scenario”, with power to primary energy ratios ranging from 0.40-0.50 on LHV basis from the
present to 2050.
ALL PATHWAYS
 Shell assets report Scope 1 operational emissions (incl. fuel combustion, fugitives, flaring and
venting) and account for Scope 2 emissions from imported electricity. A true well-to-wheel
analysis would include Scope 3 emissions associated with producing fuel and transporting it to
the asset and also make allowance for the production and transport of fuels to the electricity
supplier, together with any distribution losses. Business reporting and planning data does not
include sufficient detail to allow these to be calculated. The omission is considered negligible
compared to the Scope 3 emissions associated with the end-use of fossil energy.
 Shell business reporting data includes oil production volumes from refineries but not oil
properties. In this analysis, it is assumed that 1 bbl (a volume) is equivalent to 1 boe (a fixed
amount of energy). The density, higher and lower heating value, and carbon fraction of all
hydrocarbons is taken from Table 3-8 of the API Compendium [3].
 Shell business reporting data includes gas production volumes but not gas composition. In this
analysis, it is assumed that all gas produced has the same density and heating value.
The application of these rules ensures that:

 By preferentially using Shell feedstock for Shell processes, the NCF value responds maximally
to any improvement or worsening of the emissions intensity of Shell operations. It is not
possible to influence the NCF value by, say, diverting high intensity oil to non-Shell refineries.
 The apportionment of oil and gas between Shell refineries or gas-processing plants (LNG, GTL
or powergen) is automatic – pro rata with in-country feedstock demand. It is not possible to
influence the NCF value by, say, directing only low-intensity feedstock to high-intensity
processing plants.
 Where there are no data on the intensity of non-Shell products, the assumption that non-Shell
products have the same average intensity as Shell products in the region makes it impossible to
influence the NCF value by, say, diluting Shell sales with low-intensity non-Shell products.
1.8. Structure of the report

The individual energy product supply chains are described in the following chapters. Each
chapter has the same underlying structure:
 A description of the supply chain and the elements included in the lifecycle analysis
 A description of the input data sources: Shell and non-Shell
 A high-level description of the methodology
 The implementation of the methodology – first, for a single illustrative WtW pathway (e.g. one
oil well, one refinery), then for realistic pathways (e.g. multiple oil wells per refinery).
Lastly, the report describes how the Net Carbon Footprint value is calculated from the individual
supply chain intensities, adjusted for CO2 sinks.
2. Oil Portfolio
2.1. The structure of the oil portfolio calculation
Figure 4 shows the steps in the analysis of the WtW GHG intensity for the oil supply chain.
3rd party refinery
intensity based on
Production regional average of
intensity calculated Shell refining
using Shell
Refinery intensity
3rd party oil Calculated based
production and products
calculated from on industry
emissions
Shell refinery intake standard emissions
Oil production Calculated Calculated and emissions factors
(Shell)
Refinery
Pipeline Transport Distribution End use
(Shell)
3rd party crude
oil Calculated
Production intensity
from published
values
End-use
Oil production
intensity
+ Pipeline
intensity
+ Transport
intensity
+ Refinery
intensity
+ Distribution
intensity
+ intensity
= Oil product
intensity
Figure 4 – The OIL supply chain
The NCF calculation works through a list of Shell oil production assets, described by:
 Oil production intensity by year (in kgCO2e/boe)

 Oil production volume by year (in kboe/day)
 The pipeline distance to the oil export terminal (in km).
It is also necessary to know the intensity of non-Shell oil production processed by Shell refineries:
 Oil production intensity by year (in kgCO2e/boe) by country

The NCF calculation also works through a list of Shell oil processing assets, described by:
 Oil processing intensity by year (in kgCO2e/boe)

 Oil processed volume by year (in kboe/day)
 The refinery efficiency by year (in MJcrude/MJproduct)
 The refinery diet – the percentage of crude intake from a list of up to 40 countries.
The lifecycle calculation is completed with the following parameters:
 Transport & distribution between refinery and point of sale.

 End-use (tank-to-wheel) intensity.
2.2. Input data sources for the Oil portfolio calculation
Emissions and production data for upstream production assets and downstream refinery assets
are taken from Shell business reporting data. In upstream operations, both oil and gas assets
produce oil or condensate as feedstock for refineries. Therefore, the CIs of oil and gas assets are
expressed as kgCO2e/boe which are then converted to CO2e emissions per MJ of hydrocarbons
produced. This means the emissions are allocated between oil and associated gas (or condensate
and gas) on an energy basis for coproducing assets. Actual refinery intake and processed
volumes are used to calculate the refinery efficiency 6. Refinery diets for Shell Group refineries
were obtained from the Downstream business. Oil products for sale are from Shell’s Annual
Report and Form 20-F (minus the biofuel content of sales to avoid double counting with the
BIOFUEL sales portfolio).
Following production, oil can be transported via pipeline within the country or region.
Assumptions on pipeline distance can be found in APPENDIX 2. The emissions intensity of
pipeline transport was taken from the GREET model (2018), 0.96 gCO2e/MJ/1000km [4].
The quantity of oil shipped inter-regionally in mboe/d was taken from the IEA’s 2014 Oil
Medium-Term Market Report [5]. To find an estimate of the shipping distances for the transport of
oil between the regions, the most active shipping and receiving oil terminals were identified in
each region along with their closest port. The shortest distance between ports was calculated
using a shipping distance calculator [6]. More details about the oil transport sector can be found
in APPENDIX 2. The emissions intensity of oil shipping was taken from the GREET model (2018),
0.21 gCO2e/MJ/1000km [4].
For distribution of oil products from the refinery, a generic intensity is used – currently
0.63 gCO2e/MJ, taken from a European (JEC) study [7].
For Tank-to-Wheel (TtW) CI, the transport sector is assumed to be the end-user of oil. The
functional unit of the analysis is MJ of energy supplied, so the efficiency of the end-use is
immaterial. Most of the end-use emissions result from conversion of the carbon content of the fuel
to CO2 together with methane emissions and N2O emissions associated with combustion in
engines. The Tank-to-Wheel (TtW) CI is a weighted average value calculated from average
refinery processing outturn (gasoline, diesel, kerosene and fuel oil production) and API
Compendium emission factors for each fuel type - currently 72.76 gCO2e/MJ [3].
2.3. The methodology for the OIL supply chain
2.3.1. Oil Processed calculation

The Processed calculation for the oil portfolio includes both Shell and 3rd party crude oil
processed in Shell’s refineries. The demand of crude oil from each producing country is
calculated based on the refineries’ diet and production rates.
The OIL Processed calculation is driven by a list of Shell refinery assets. The final delivered energy
corresponds to the amount of oil processed in Shell refineries. That oil may be Shell’s own
production or, if there is insufficient supply from a country, topped-up with non-Shell oil
production.
6
If refinery efficiency is not known, an average of 1.10 MJ/MJ is used (JEC = 1.08 for gasoline, 1.1 for
diesel. GREET = 1/88.6% for gasoline, 1/90.9% for diesel).
Step 1: the first step is to derive the country-average intensity of Shell oil production in each
source country as shown in Figure 5 7. We also need to know how much oil is demanded from
each country so that we can share out the Shell production between all consumers.
Calculate
OIL_Asset Country, total
list of Shell PR, CI production
Oil-producing Total oil production in-country
and
assets average
OIL_Shell
intensity
Shell oil
average
properties
Country, Calculate
REF_Asset
PR, CI, EF refinery Oil demand from
list of Shell
crude Shell refineries
refinery assets
demand in-country
in-country
Figure 5 - OIL balance calculation – country-average oil production intensity
Step 2: the next step is to evaluate the intensity of production at each refinery in turn. The
methodology followed is illustrated in Figure 6.
Oil products
oil CI Compute oil CI oil products CI oil products CI Compute OIL_WtW_DE
Compute Compute Compute WtW intensity
shipping (or WtT and OIL
intensity refining T&D
pipeline) WtW Downstream
of oil feed emissions emissions
emissions emissions results
Shell oil CI PR, CI, EF

non-Shell oil CI
Crude diet by T&D CI TtW CI
Shipping (or country
pipeline)
distance
OIL_Shell OIL_Transport REF_Asset OIL

calculated inter-country list of Shell calculator
Shell oil CI shipping (or refinery assets worksheet
by country pipeline)
distances
OIL_Country
default
non-Shell oil CI
by country
Figure 6 - OIL Processed calculation data flow diagram
 For each Shell refinery, we take the amount of crude oil processed and use the refinery crude
diet to determine which countries supply the crude.
 From Step 1, we know the total crude demand of all Shell refineries for crude from each source
country. For each source we supply as much Shell crude as possible, sharing out the Shell
production between all the consumers. Any shortfall is made up of non-Shell crude at a
characteristic intensity for each oil-producing country.
 For each source, the shipping distance from the country of oil production to the refinery is
looked up.
 The WtW pathway GHG intensity analysis is completed with transport & distribution and end-
use intensities. (These are the same for all destinations.)
 A weighted average WtW intensity for the refinery is calculated over all sources of crude.
7
For definitions of the abbreviations used in this figure see Table 1.
2.3.2. Oil Sales calculation

The OIL Sales calculation is driven by a list of oil sales by region, which sets out the final
delivered energy in each region. Volumes of refinery products sold by Shell in each region are
taken from Shell’s Annual Report and Form 20-F (adjusted to exclude biofuels, which are handled
in the BIOFUEL supply chain).
It is assumed that the difference between the volumes of refinery products produced by Shell and
those sold by Shell are made up by products produced by 3rd party refineries, purchased and
re-sold to Shell’s customers. Due to the lack of information about CIs and diet for 3rd party
refineries, an estimate is made of the regional average refinery CIs and diet based on Shell
refineries in the sales region. (For Oceania, where there are oil products for sale but no Shell
refinery, the global average refinery CI is applied, and it is assumed that the crude diet is the
same as Asia-Pacific.)
When considering the production of 3rd party oil products, each crude source listed in the
refinery diet is assumed to be 100% non-Shell crude (because Shell refineries have already
consumed the available Shell crude production).
Oil transport mode and distance are estimated, taking a single destination country as
representative of shipping distances for the region (Europe=Netherlands, Asia-Pacific=China,
America=United States, Africa=South Africa, Oceania = New Zealand).
Shell oil Shell oil
products Compute products oil products
Compute Oil products
OIL_WtW_DE intensity of WtT CI WtT CI Compute OIL_WtW_DE
WtT CI intensity of WtW intensity
intensity of oil Shell oil WtT and OIL
all oil
products by products by WtW Downstream
products by
refinery region region emissions results
FE
Non-Shell oil
OIL_Sales
products WtT CI
oil product sales
by region TtW CI
Compute
T&D
emissions
oil CI T&D CI
OIL_Country oil CI Compute oil CI OIL

Compute
intensity of oil shipping (or calculator
refining
products by pipeline) Global worksheet
emissions
refinery emissions refinery
CI
Shipping (or pipeline) diet

PR, CI, EF
distance
OIL_Transport REF_Shell REF_region

inter-country Shell refinery refinery crude
shipping (or averages by diet by region
pipeline) country
distances
Figure 7 - OIL Sales data flow diagram
For each sales region, the WtW intensity is calculated over the pathway shown in Figure 7.
 For each sales region we obtain the average refinery crude diet from regional refinery crude
diet list.
 We then calculate the weighted average WtT intensity of crude from each Shell refinery
supplying the sales region.
 We know the amount of crude that can be supplied from Shell refineries. The shortfall is made
up from non-Shell crude supplied within the sales region.
 Any shortfall is made up of non-Shell crude at the characteristic intensity for each country.
 The non-Shell crude is refined at an intensity equal to the average intensity of Shell refineries in
the sales region, as calculated above.
 For each crude source, the shipping distance from the country of oil production to the
representative sales location is looked up.
 The WtW pathway GHG intensity analysis for non-Shell crude is completed with transport &
distribution and end-use intensities.
 A weighted average WtW intensity for the sales region is calculated for Shell and non-Shell oil
products.
2.4. Implementation of the calculation methodology for OIL
2.4.1. Acronyms, Abbreviations and variables

The list of core acronyms and abbreviations used in this section are given in Table 1.
No. Notation Explanation No. Notation Explanation
1 CI GHG Emissions in gCO2e/MJ 15 WtT Well to Tank
2 Au Upstream asset 16 WtW Well to Wheel
3 Ar Refinery asset 17 LHV Lower Heating Value
4 t time 18 ref Refining
5 p Pipeline distribution 19 veh vehicle
6 pr Upstream production of oil 20 shp Shipping mode
7 D Distance 21 Port Portfolio
8 exp Export of oil 22 dst distribution of fuel
9 cu Upstream country 23 cr Refining country
10 P Oil or Refinery output 24 C Oil consumption
11 s Shell asset 25 𝑠𝑠̅ non-Shell asset
12 W Weight fraction 26 pipe Pipeline mode
13 Rg Refinery region 27 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 Carbon intensity in kgCO2e/boe
14 Eff Refinery efficiency 28 sale Sales portfolio
Table 1 - Acronyms, abbreviations and variables used for Oil calculations
The above abbreviations can be used to derive the variables used in the model and in this report.
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
Thus, 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴),𝑡𝑡 would mean WtW emissions in gCO2e/MJ for oil produced by upstream assets
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
Au and refined by downstream refinery assets Ar at time t. 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 would imply emissions in
gCO2e /MJ related to production pr of oil that is used by refinery Ar at time t.
2.4.2. Lifecycle CI calculation

Shell has an equity share in multiple oil producing assets and refineries that are either operated
by Shell or a third party. To assess the WtW and WtT emissions for a given pair of upstream
asset or an average upstream asset (Au) and a downstream refinery or an average downstream
refinery (Ar), the methodology followed by the model can be expressed as:
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴),𝑡𝑡 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 ) ∗ 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (Eq. 01)
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴),𝑡𝑡 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
= 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴),𝑡𝑡 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑣𝑣𝑒𝑒ℎ (Eq. 02)
Production
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 is the upstream production related intensity in gCO2e/MJ of oil produced. It is calculated
as follows:
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 ∗1000
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 = (Eq. 03)
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 may be a mix of Shell and non-Shell oil production, depending on the refinery diet. A factor
of 1000 is used to convert kg to g.
Pipeline
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is the upstream intensity in gCO2e/MJ for transporting the oil from the oil producing asset to
the export terminal in that country through a pipeline. This is currently not estimated in the model
as the pipeline distances between the oil producing assets and the export terminals are not known
and therefore set as zero, sensitivity analysis shows that omitting this pipeline distance does not
have a significant effect on the NCF.
Export
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 is also dependent on the combination of oil production and refining locations. Oil may be
moved by pipeline or ship.
Refinery
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 is the emissions intensity in gCO2e/MJ to process the oil in a refinery at a specific time t.
This is calculated as follows:
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 ∗1000
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 = (Eq. 04)
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
where 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 is the emissions intensity of the refinery in kgCO2e/boe. LHVoil is the lower heating
value of the oil as MJ/boe. A factor of 1000 is used to convert kg to g.
Distribution and End-use

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 is the intensity for distribution of the finished product from the refinery to point of sale. It is
assumed to be a constant (that is, time and asset independent).
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣ℎ is the intensity in gCO2e/MJ due to combustion of the finished product in vehicles.
2.4.3. Portfolio CI of refinery assets - Processed view

In this part of the model, the WtW emissions of a portfolio of refinery assets are calculated. A
Shell operated refinery can use oil from one or more countries as part of its crude diet. Further,
the oil from a given country can be sourced from a Shell upstream asset or from non-Shell
upstream assets. The methodology used to calculate upstream emissions associated with the
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
production of oil are therefore different for this part of the model. These emissions are 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
instead of 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 . In other words, these emissions are refinery and time specific instead of country
and time specific.
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑠𝑠
The Shell component of upstream 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 refers to the emissions in gCO2e/MJ due to production
(pr) of oil by Shell assets (s), in country cu at time t. Allowing for pipeline emissions to the port of
𝑝𝑝
export 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 , these are calculated as follows:
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑝
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 = ∑𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ) ∗ 𝑊𝑊𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 (Eq. 05)
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑠𝑠
where Au signifies upstream assets of Shell, s, in country cu. The component 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 is calculated
𝑠𝑠
according to Equation 03. 𝑊𝑊𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 is the fraction (expressed in %wt) of Shell’s oil in country cu that
belongs to asset Au.
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑠𝑠̅
The non-Shell component of upstream emissions is represented 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 . The notation 𝑠𝑠̅ is used to
represent non-Shell assets. The values are in kgCO2e/boe and are converted internally in the
model to gCO2e/MJ using the formula given in Equation 03.
The combined upstream emissions from Shell and non-Shell oil from country cu are now
calculated internally in the model as follows:
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑠𝑠̅ 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 ∗ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 �1, � + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 ∗ (1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 �1, �) (Eq. 06)
𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡
𝑠𝑠
where 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 is the oil produced by Shell (s) assets in country cu and 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 is the oil that is used by
𝑠𝑠
all Shell refineries that originates from country cu. The units of P and C are boe/day. 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 is
calculated internally in the model from the production of each oil producing asset. 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 is
calculated internally in the model based on the total crude processed by each refinery and the
diet (breakdown of crude sources by country). We note the following for Equation 06:
 Shell may be𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝producing oil in certain countries but none of the Shell refineries uses this oil. In
this case, 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 is not computed.
 There may be countries where Shell produces more oil than required by all the refineries in
Shell’s portfolio. In this case the Shell refineries use all the oil produced by Shell’s asset and
any surplus is left unused.
𝑠𝑠
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑠𝑠̅ 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡
In this case 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 ∗ (1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 �1, �) becomes zero.
𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡
 There may be cases where some Shell refineries use oil from𝑃𝑃country cu but Shell does not 𝑠𝑠
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡
produce any oil in that country. In this case, 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 ∗ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 �1, � becomes zero.
𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡
 There may be countries where Shell produces oil but the consumption of oil from this country
by all refineries is greater than the production by Shell. In this case, the priority is set so that
refineries first use the oil produced by Shell and the balance is provided by non-Shell assets.
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 in this case is a weighted average.
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
The upstream intensity for each refinery asset, 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 is now calculated internally in the model
as follows:
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 = ∑𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 ∗ 𝑊𝑊𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (Eq. 07)
The units are gCO2e/MJ. 𝑊𝑊𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 is the fraction of oil from country cu that is used by refinery Ar,
also known as refinery diet. We note that the upstream intensity is now refinery specific thus we
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
use the notation 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 instead of 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 .
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
The intensity of exporting oil from all the countries cu to refinery Ar is 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 . This is calculated for
each refinery on a weighted basis as follows
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑝𝑝/𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ∑𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐷𝐷𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ∗ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑝𝑝/𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ∗ 𝑊𝑊𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (Eq. 08)
We again note that these emissions are refinery specific and thus we use the notation
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 instead of 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 . shp denotes shipping mode of transport and pipe denotes pipeline mode
of transporting oil to refinery Ar from country cu. The refinery emissions 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 and distribution
emissions 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 in Equation 01 and end-use emissions 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣ℎ in Equation 02 remain unchanged.
The WtT emissions for refinery Ar are thus given as follows.
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (Eq. 09)
The WtT emissions for the portfolio of Shell’s refinery assets are now simply the weighted average
of all the refineries. In other words,
∑𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 ∗𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑡𝑡 = ∑𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡
(Eq. 10)
Where 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 is the amount of crude processed at refinery Ar at time t.
2.4.4. Portfolio CI of Oil Sales

The OIL Sales calculation is driven by a list of Shell sales by region, which sets out the final
delivered energy. It is assumed that refinery products sold in the region are from Shell refineries
with any shortfall topped up from 3rd party refineries.
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛−𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑃𝑃𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑃𝑃𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑡𝑡 (Eq. 11)
𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
Where 𝑃𝑃𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑡𝑡 = ∑𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡
The CI of oil product sales from Shell refineries is calculated as below:
𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
∑𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 ∗𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊,𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
∑𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡
(Eq. 12)
To calculate the WtT CI of sales from non-Shell refineries, the regional refinery diet is calculated
first, assuming that it is the weighted average of Shell refineries in the sales region:
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
∑𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 ∗𝑊𝑊𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝑊𝑊𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (Eq. 13)
∑𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡
Crude production from upstream countries to supply the region is:

𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛−𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛−𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑃𝑃(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)𝑡𝑡 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) ∗ 𝑃𝑃(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)𝑡𝑡 (Eq. 14)
Where 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) is the weighted average refinery efficiency in the region calculated based on
Shell refinery production and efficiency.
The upstream CI for non-Shell refineries in the region is:
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛−𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
∑𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ∗𝑃𝑃(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)𝑡𝑡 ∗ 𝑊𝑊𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)𝑡𝑡 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛−𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
∑𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑃𝑃(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)𝑡𝑡
(Eq. 15)
∗ 𝑊𝑊𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
The non-Shell crude is refined at an intensity equal to the average intensity of Shell refineries in
the sales region:
𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ∑𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 ∗𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) 𝑡𝑡 = ∑𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡
(Eq. 16)
The WtT CI of sales from non-Shell refineries in each region are:

𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊,𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛−𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)𝑡𝑡 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑡𝑡 + 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) ∗ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) 𝑡𝑡 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 (Eq. 17)
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
Where 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑡𝑡 is the weighted average shipping distance from crude producing country to the
representative country in the sale regions (Europe=Netherlands, Asia-Pacific=China,
America=United States, Africa=South Africa, Oceania = New Zealand).
For regions where there are no Shell refineries i.e. Oceania, a global refinery CI is used in
Eq.17.
The WtT emissions for Shell’s sales oil portfolio is now simply the weighted average of all the
regions:
𝑊𝑊𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊,𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛−𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛−𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
∑𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑡𝑡 ∗𝑃𝑃𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑡𝑡 +𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑡𝑡 ∗𝑃𝑃𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑡𝑡
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (Eq. 18)
𝑃𝑃𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑡𝑡
The WtW CI of the oil portfolio processed calculation is the sum of 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑡𝑡 and CI of the end-use.
3. Gas Portfolio
3.1. The structure of the gas portfolio calculation
Like the OIL portfolio, natural gas is produced in many different countries. In maritime locations,
gas is often exported in the form of liquefied natural gas (See Chapter 4, LNG). In continental
locations, gas is usually transported by pipeline. The GAS portfolio consists of those assets
supplying end-users with pipeline gas.
Production
intensity calculated
using Shell
production and Calculated based
emissions on industry
standard emissions
Gas production Calculated factors
(Shell)
Pipeline End use
3rd party gas
assumed to be the
same as Shell gas
Gas production
intensity
+ Pipeline
intensity
+ End – use
intensity
= Pipeline gas
intensity
Figure 8 – Pipeline gas supply chain
Figure 8 shows an overview of the NG supply chain.

The NCF calculation works through a list of Shell gas production assets, described by:
 Gas production intensity by year (in kgCO2e/boe)

 Gas production volume by year (in bsm³/year)
 The pipeline distance (in km).
It is also necessary to know the intensity of non-Shell gas production:
 Gas production intensity by year (in kgCO2e/boe) by country

The lifecycle calculation is completed with the following parameters:
 End-use intensity of natural gas combustion (in gCO2e/MJ of gas)

3.2. Input data for GAS portfolio calculation
Data for gas producing assets in terms of CI and production rates are from taken from Shell’s
business reporting data. Both oil and gas assets produce gas or associated gas. Therefore, CIs of
oil and gas assets are expressed as kgCO2e/boe which are then converted to gCO2e/MJ of total
hydrocarbons. It means the emissions are allocated between oil and associated gas (or
condensate and gas) on a hydrocarbon energy content basis for those assets which produce
both.
The pipeline length in the calculation is defined for each country as detailed in APPENDIX 3.
Pipeline emission factors [8] are then applied to the pipeline distance to calculate emissions from
the pipeline transfer of gas, 3.22 gCO2e/MJ/1000km, and the loss factor,
0.0148 MJ/MJ/1000km.
Power plants are assumed to be the end-use of natural gas. The functional unit of the analysis is
MJ of energy supplied, so the efficiency of the end-use is immaterial. Most of the emissions from
power plants or boilers result from conversion of the carbon content of the fuel to CO2 together
with methane emissions (unburned fuel) and N2O emissions associated with combustion. The
carbon intensity of end-use is taken to be 56.55 gCO2e/MJ, the emissions factor of natural gas
combustion from a NETL report on U.S. natural gas power generation [28].
Shell also sells gas produced by 3rd parties, these volumes have not been historically disclosed but
will be disclosed as a single figure for global 3rd party gas sales in Shell’s Sustainability Report
beginning in 2019. These volumes are included in the NCF.
3.3. The methodology for the GAS Portfolio
3.3.1. Gas Balance – allocation of gas production to pipeline, LNG, GTL and
power
Because natural gas from oil and gas assets can be sold as pipeline gas or used as feed gas for
LNG, GTL or power plants, a rule is applied to separate them.
If there are LNG, GTL or power plants in a given country, any upstream gas assets in that country
are assumed to provide feed gas to those assets. If there is insufficient gas to satisfy all in-country
plants, the available Shell gas is distributed pro-rata with the plants’ feed gas demand. If there is
excess production, then the surplus will be routed to pipeline gas or LNG, as appropriate to each
country. (There are no 3rd-party GTL plants receiving Shell gas production).
Four WtW pathways are needed to describe the transport of natural gas from production to end-
user:
 GAS shows gas transported by pipeline

 LNG shows gas transported in the form of LNG and regasified
 GTL shows gas transformed into liquid fuel
 ELEC shows gas transformed into electricity
The NCF Model automatically distributes gas production from Shell assets to one of these four
pathways. The “fate of gas” is tracked in the model and it can be demonstrated that the total gas
production is equal to the total gas received by pipeline, LNG, GTL and power plants.
The model is also able to link gas production assets dedicated to particular liquefaction assets,
which gives a truer picture of each plant’s intensity rather than using a country-average feed gas
intensity for all plants. However, for the NCF calculation, country averages suffice.
The first step is to calculate total gas production by country, and the total gas demand of Shell
LNG and GTL plants in each country, as shown below
Calculate
GAS_Asset Country, total
list of Shell PR, CI production
Gas-producing Total gas production
and in-country
assets average
intensity
Country, Calculate
LNG_Asset GAS_Shell
PR, CI, NGC gas demand
list of Shell Gas demand Shell gas
for Shell from Shell LNG
LNG plants average
LNG in-country
in-country properties
NG_for_LNG
gas production Country,
dedicated to PR
Gas demand
LNG from Shell GTL
in-country
Country, Calculate
GTL_Asset PR, CI, NGC gas demand
list of Shell for Shell Gas demand
GTL plants GTL from Shell
in-country power plants
in-country
Calculate
ELEC_Asset Country,
gas demand
list of Shell PR, CI, PG_EF,
for Shell
power plants PG_NG
powergen
in-country
Figure 9 – Gas Balance calculation
 A list of unique country names is built from the list of gas, LNG, GTL and power plants.
 The total Shell gas production and intensity by country is calculated from the list of gas
producing assets.
 The total gas demand from Shell LNG plants in each country is calculated from the production
and efficiency for all LNG plants. (It is not necessary to count the gas demand of integrated
plants because these assets are already bundled with their own gas supply.)
 Total gas demand from Shell GTL plants in each country is calculated from production and
efficiency for all GTL plants.
 Likewise, total gas demand from Shell power plants in each country is calculated from
production, efficiency, and natural gas fuel fraction for all power plants.
3.3.2. Gas Production calculation

The purpose of the Gas Production calculation is to calculate the WtW intensity of all Shell-
produced gas that reaches the end-user in the form of pipeline gas. The well-to-wheel pathway is
completed with transport via a generic (non-Shell) pipeline and end-use at a power plant.
The Gas Production calculation is driven by the list of gas producing assets. The final energy
delivered to the end-user corresponds to the amount of Shell gas production that is allocated to
pipeline (excluding gas used for Shell LNG, GTL and power generation) after allowing for losses
in pipeline transmission.
GAS_Asset LNG Compute GAS WtW GAS_WtW_UE

P1 distance, Gas CI gas CI
list of Shell WtT and intensity GAS Upstream
distribution
Gas-producing WtW results
by pipeline
assets emissions
Country,
Does this Gas PR Does this
PR Surplus production
asset send to PIPE asset send
gas to gas to
pipeline or pipeline or
LNG/GTL LNG/GTL
TtW CI
LNG/PIPE flag LP, GP
GAS_Country GAS_Shell GAS

Gas properties Gas used by calculator
by country Shell LNG&GTL worksheet
plants
Figure 10 - GAS Production data flow diagram
 For each asset, we see if the country is listed as an LNG exporter. If it is, then no gas goes to
pipeline.
 If the country is not an LNG exporter, then we consult the Gas Balance to see if there is any
surplus gas after in-country Shell LNG, GTL and power plants have been supplied. If no gas
remains, then no gas goes to pipeline.
 If there is surplus gas, then a fraction of each asset’s gas is reserved for Shell LNG and GTL
plants and the remainder is sent to pipeline.
 For each gas source, the pipeline distance is looked up and the transport emissions calculated.
 The WtW pathway is completed with end-use intensity.
The intensity used in the NCF calculation is then completed by analysing gas sales.
3.3.3. GAS Processed calculation

The Shell Processed view is taken to be the same as the Shell Production view. Unlike oil refining,
Shell does not process non-Shell gas for sale as a Shell product.
3.3.4. Gas Sales calculation

The purpose of the Gas Production calculation is to calculate the WtW intensity of all gas sold by
Shell that reaches the end-user in the form of pipeline gas. The volume captures Shell-produced
pipeline gas and 3rd party gas which is sold by Shell.
3.4. Implementation of the calculation methodology for the gas

portfolio
3.4.1. Acronyms, abbreviations and variables

The list of core variables and notations used in the gas portfolio calculation are given in Table 2.
1 CI Carbon intensity (gCO2e/MJ) 12 Port Portfolio
2 Pr Production volume (bsm³/y) 13 PD Pipeline distance
3 NG Natural gas 14 Ci Carbon intensity in 𝑡𝑡𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶2𝑒𝑒 /𝑡𝑡
4 GP Gas production 15 LA LNG asset
5 GC Gas consumption as fuel 16 Sur surplus
6 A Asset 17 PG Power generation
7 GL Gas Loss 18 Elec Electricity
9 C Country 19 Eff Power plant efficiency
10 t Year t 20 Gf Power plant gas fuel fraction
11 WtT Well to tank
Table 2 - Acronyms, abbreviations and variables used in the GAS calculation
3.4.2. Gas Balance calculation

The Gas Balance for a country is calculated as follows.
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 is the total volume of gas produced in country c.
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 = ∑𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 (Eq. 19)
At the same time, the country-average intensity of Shell gas production can be calculated.
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
∑𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 ×𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
∑𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡
(Eq. 20)
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
The total gas consumption of LNG plants in each country, 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 is calculated based on
LNG production and the plant gas consumption in country c.
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 is gas production dedicated to specific LNG assets in country c or upstream
gas for integrated LNG. This gas is not supplied by assets in the gas production list and therefore
needs to be subtracted from the total gas required for LNG.
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 = (∑𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 − ∑𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 ) ∗ �1 + 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 � (Eq. 21)
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
The total gas consumption of GTL plants in each country, 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 is calculated based on GTL
production and the plant gas consumption in country c.
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 = ∑𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 ∗ �1 + 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 � (Eq. 22)
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
The total gas consumption of power plants in each country, 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 is calculated based on
electricity generation and power plant efficiency in country c.
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 = ∑𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 ∗ 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 /𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 (Eq. 23)
It is then possible to determine whether there is any surplus gas in each country, after all Shell LNG,
GTL and power plants have been supplied.
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁_𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 (Eq. 24)
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁_𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
If 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 > 0 and country c is a pipeline country (see Section 3.3.1), then the WtW intensity of
the surplus pipeline gas is calculated following Section 3.4.3 below.

For gas delivered as pipeline gas, the total CI is expressed in units of gCO2e/MJ.
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 ∗ �𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 + 1� + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 (Eq. 25)
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 (Eq. 26)
Because gas is consumed as fuel in pipeline transmission, the CI is calculated to capture the loss
in the denominator of final energy.
Gas Production
For Asset A in year t, the total CI in gCO2e/MJ for gas production is
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 ∗ 1000/𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 (Eq. 27)
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
where 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 is the carbon intensity of gas production in kgCO2e/boe for Asset A at
year t. 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 is the lower heating value of gas in MJ/boe.
Pipeline
The pipeline distance PD is listed for each gas production asset. Gas consumption and CI of
pipeline transfer are calculated using the equations below:
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ∗ 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (Eq. 28)
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ∗ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 (Eq. 29)
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 is the gas consumption as t/t-km and 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 is the intensity in gCO2e/MJ.km. The
pipeline emissions factors were taken from the NETL Unit Process Library [8] and are assumed to
be constant over time and geography.
End-use
Combustion at a power plant is assumed to be the end-use of natural gas. The emissions intensity
is expressed as gCO2e/MJ of gas burned.
3.4.4. Portfolio CI of gas – Production view

Using the CI and gas consumption combined with the corresponding pipeline distance, we get the
WtT CI for each asset using Eq.30.
The overall CI for the gas portfolio in gCO2e/MJ is
∑𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 ∗𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑡𝑡 = ∑𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡
(Eq. 30)
and the total production is

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑡𝑡 = ∑𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 (Eq. 31)
The WtW CI of the gas portfolio is the sum of 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑡𝑡 and the CI of the end-use.
3.4.5. Gas Sales

Gas sales volumes are additional to Shell production, which is netted out to avoid double-
counting. The list of sales “assets” by country is listed separately from Shell gas production. The
analysis of WtW intensity is identical to the gas production methodology, except that there is no
need to consider the Gas Balance because all the gas is non-Shell production.
The WtT (well-to-end-use) intensity of gas purchased for sale must be determined. The country-
average intensity of pipeline gas is used where this is known (e.g. GREET in the U.S. [4] or
GaBi/JEC for Europe [7]).
The contribution of gas sales to the NCF is then the sum of Shell gas production and sales of non-
Shell gas.
4. LNG Portfolio
4.1. The structure of the LNG portfolio calculation
Figure 11 shows an overview of the LNG supply chain.
3rd party LNG
intensity based on
Production global average of
intensity calculated Shell LNG
using Shell
3rd party Calculated based
production and
LNG
emissions on industry
standard emissions
Gas
production Calculated Calculated Calculated Calculated factors
(Shell)
LNG
Pipeline Shipping Regas Pipeline End-use
Liquefaction
3rd party
gas Calculated
assumed to be the
same as Shell gas
LNG
Gas production Pipeline Shipping Regas Pipeline End-use LN G
intensity + intensity + liquefaction + intensity + intensity + intensity + intensity = intensity
intensity
Figure 11 – The LNG supply chain
The NCF calculation works through a list of Shell LNG production assets, described by:
 LNG plant intensity (in kgCO2e/boe) and gas consumption (in MJNG/MJLNG)
 The supply gas pipeline distance (in km)
It is also necessary to know the intensity of Shell and non-Shell gas supplied to the LNG plants:
 Shell gas production intensity by year by country

 3 party gas production intensity by year by country
rd
The life cycle is completed by:
 Shipping intensity and fuel use

 Regasification intensity and fuel use
 Distribution pipeline distance
4.2. Input data for the LNG portfolio calculation
The emissions and production data for LNG assets are taken from Shell’s business reporting data.
Gas loss as fuel and as a result of impurity removal is either based on actual figures or Shell
assumptions. For upstream, both oil and gas assets produce gas or associated gas as feedstock
for LNG plants. Therefore, CIs of oil and gas assets are expressed as kgCO2e/boe which are
then converted to gCO2e/MJ of total hydrocarbons. It means the emissions are allocated between
oil and associated gas (or condensate and gas) on a hydrocarbon energy content basis for those
assets who produce both.
Pipeline transport of gas to the LNG plant uses the same emissions intensity and loss factors
defined in Section 3.2.
When assessing Shell LNG liquefaction, we assume that all feed gas is taken at the average
intensity of Shell gas producing assets located in the same country and any gap between Shell’s
production and the total feed gas requirement is filled with 3rd party gas with a country-average
carbon intensity. There is no readily available source for the carbon intensity of 3rd party gas
production, so non-Shell gas is assumed to have the same intensity as Shell gas. Where there are
no Shell assets in-country, a world average intensity is used.
For LNG shipping, the shipping distance (SD) may be provided by Shell assets. For assets where
this information is not available, an estimate is made based on an analysis of LNG trade volumes
between countries by the International Gas Union [9] as described in Appendix 4 - a weighted
sum of the shipping distance from the Shell LNG plant to each trade region and the
corresponding fraction of production sent to each trade region. The emission factor for shipping
is taken to be an average based on the fuel consumption and capacity of 24 Shell vessels,
combined with IMO emissions factors for fuel combustion [10]. An estimate of methane slip is
included in the GHG emissions, taken from a more recent SINTEF study in 2017 [11].
Emissions from regasification facilities are estimated based on a disclosure by Tokyo gas [12].
Gas loss as fuel is calculated to be 0.09% but including emissions from electricity consumption
raises the intensity of regasification to 0.0173 tCO2e/tLNG [13]. For gas pipelines from
regasification terminals to end-user power plants, a proxy distance of 150 km was assumed.
As for pipeline gas, power plants are assumed to be the end-use of natural gas. The functional
unit of the analysis is MJ of energy delivered, so the efficiency of the end-use is immaterial. Most
of the emissions from power plants or boilers result from conversion of the carbon content of the
fuel to CO2 together with methane emissions (unburned fuel) and N2O emissions associated with
combustion. The carbon intensity of end-use is taken to be taken to be 56.55 gCO2e/MJ, the
emissions factor of natural gas combustion from a NETL report on U.S. natural gas power
generation [28].
4.3. The methodology for the LNG Portfolio

The WtT and WtW emissions are estimated across the entire value chain using two perspectives –
the Shell Processed and the Shell Sales calculation.
Similar to the Oil Processed portfolio, Shell LNG plants are preferentially supplied with Shell gas
and any shortfall is made up with 3rd party gas. Unlike refineries, which take crude supplied from
many countries, LNG plants are assumed to be supplied with gas from the country in which they
are situated.
The availability of Shell gas in-country and the share that can be allocated to LNG is calculated in
the Gas Balance (Section 3.3.1).
4.3.1. LNG Processed calculation

The purpose of the LNG Processed calculation is to calculate the WtW intensity of all Shell-
processed LNG. Building a well-to-wheel pathway for each Shell LNG plant may involve feed gas
from Shell or non-Shell production.
Compute Compute Compute

intensity gas-to-plant CI LNG plant LNG CI
gas CI LNG CI LNG CI regas
of gas emissions emissions
feed
gas
transport Compute LNG CI Compute
gas WtT and
by pipeline shipping
Shell gas CI PR, CI, NGC distribution
to LNG emissions WtW
non-Shell gas CI by pipeline
plant emissions
regas CI
P1 distance Source country
P2 distance TtW CI
LNG WtW intensity
LNG_Asset Distance to LNG Shipping CI
GAS_Shell
dedicated gas CI list of Shell destination
calculated
LNG plants
Shell gas CI
by country
LNG LNG_WtW_DE
LNG_Shipping LNG
GAS_Country calculator
Shipping Downstream
default worksheet
distance LNG_Ships results
non-Shell gas CI
NG_for_LNG Shipping
by country
gas production intensity
dedicated to
LNG
Figure 12 - LNG Processed data flow diagram
 For each Shell LNG plant, we determine the amount of feed gas needed for LNG production
and the plant’s gas consumption per unit produced.
 First, we consider dedicated feed gas assets. There may be more than one feed source. The
total production and average intensity are calculated. Total dedicated production may not be
enough to satisfy all the gas processed by the LNG plant.
 If there is a shortfall in feed gas, we next look to country-average Shell gas production to fill
the gap. This intensity was calculated on a country-average basis in the Gas Balance. Total
Shell production may not be enough to satisfy all the gas processed by the LNG plant.
 If there is still a shortfall in feed gas, we next look to country-average non-Shell gas production
to fill the gap.
 A composite gas production intensity is calculated as a weighted average of all three gas
sources.
 The intensity of transporting gas to the plant is calculated from the pipeline distance.
 Shipping distances are looked up for the region or country where the LNG plant is located.
 The WtW pathway is completed with regas, pipeline distribution and end-use intensities.
4.3.2. LNG Sales calculation

At present, LNG sales are analysed as a single global region. In future, it may be possible to
provide a regional breakdown, as for sales of oil products.
The assumption is that non-Shell LNG is produced at the same intensity as world-average Shell
LNG. The contribution of LNG Sales has the same intensity as Shell Processed LNG. The
contribution to the portfolio footprint is in direct proportion to the final energy delivered – slightly
smaller than the sales volume ex-ship after allowing for regas and pipeline distribution.
4.4. Implementation of the calculation methodology for the LNG

portfolio

The list of core variables and notations used in the LNG portfolio are given in Table 3.

1 CI Carbon intensity in gCO2e/MJ 10 C Country
2 Pr Production 11 SR Shipping region
3 NG Natural gas 12 t Year
4 GP Gas production for LNG 13 WtT Well to Tank
5 LNG Liquified natural gas 14 P Portfolio
6 GL Gas Loss 15 PD Pipeline distance
7 GC Gas Consumption as fuel use 16 WtLA Well to loading arm
8 A Gas Asset 17 sale Sales mass
9 LA LNG Asset 18 PG Power generation
Table 3 - Acronyms, abbreviations and variables used in the LNG calculation

For gas delivered as LNG, the total CI is expressed in units of gCO2e/MJ.
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴,𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿),𝑡𝑡 = �[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 ∗ �1 + 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 � + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 � ∗ �𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 1� + 𝐶𝐶𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟−𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 } ∗
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃_𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃_𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
(1 + 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 ) + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 (Eq. 32)
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴,𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿),𝑡𝑡 = [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 ∗ �1 + 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 � + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ]*(1+𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ) +𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 (Eq. 33)
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴,𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿),𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴,𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿),𝑡𝑡 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 (Eq. 34)
Because gas is consumed as fuel in pipeline transport, LNG production, shipping, regasification
and distribution, the CI is calculated to capture the loss in the denominator of final energy.
Gas Production
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
The country-average Shell gas production 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶,𝑡𝑡 is taken from the Gas Balance calculation
(Section 3.4.2).
Pipeline to LNG
The pipeline distance, PD, for each LNG asset (LA) is listed for each Shell LNG plant. Using the
appropriate pipeline distance, we can get the total CI up to the point at which gas is delivered to
the LNG plant via the pipeline:
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ∗ 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (Eq. 35)
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ∗ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 (Eq. 36)
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 is the gas consumption as t/t-km and 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 is the intensity in gCO2e/MJ/km. The
pipeline emissions factors were taken from the NETL Unit Process Library [8] and are assumed to
be constant over time and geography.
LNG Production
For Asset LA in year t, the CI in gCO2e/MJ for LNG production is
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 ∗ 1000/𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 (Eq. 37)
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 is the gas loss as fuel in LNG plant as MJNG/MJLNG and is listed for each Shell LNG asset.
Shipping
The shipping distance (SD) is based on a weighted sum of the shipping distance from the Shell
LNG plant to each trade region and the corresponding fraction of production sent to each trade
region.
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴∈𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = ∑𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑖𝑖 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖 ∗ (𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅)𝑖𝑖 (Eq. 38)
Applying the GC and CI for shipping laden and shipping ballast gives:
𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (Eq. 39)
𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (Eq. 40)
Re-gasification
The constants 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 and 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 allow for fuel consumption and emissions of
re-gasification of LNG.
Pipeline to power plant

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃_𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
Given the pipeline distance to the power plant, 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 , the gas consumption 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 and
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 are calculated as follows:
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ∗ 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (Eq. 41)
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡 ∗ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 (Eq. 42)
End-use
Combustion at a power plant is assumed to be the end-use of LNG. The emissions intensity is
expressed as gCO2e/MJ of gas burned.
The final energy, used to calculate the weighting for the LNG supply chain in the NCF portfolio
average, is the amount of gas delivered to the end-user – smaller than the amount of LNG
produced by Shell as a result of gas used as fuel in shipping and pipeline transmission.
4.4.3. Portfolio CI of LNG – Processed view

The Processed calculation is driven by the LNG facilities gas demand: NG is processed in local
LNG facilities from dedicated gas (if any) and LNG’s share of Shell gas production, as calculated
in the Gas Balance. Any shortfall is made-up from imports drawn from 3rd party production at
country-average intensity for non-Shell gas.
First the gas required for LNG assets is calculated:
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 ∗ �1 + 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 � ∗ (1 + 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 ) (Eq. 43)
Then the average production CI for gas supplied to LNG asset LA and the total gas production by
dedicated gas assets (including those upstream of integrated gas assets) is:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔_𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟_𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔_𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔_𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∑𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 ∗𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔_𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (Eq. 44)
∑𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔_𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔_𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 = ∑𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 (Eq. 45)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔_𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

If 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 > 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 , it means dedicated gas is sufficient to supply the LNG asset
and any surplus is ignored. The WtT CI calculation follows Eq. 32-33 where 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 is replaced by
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔_𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 .
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
If 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 < 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 , it means dedicated gas is not sufficient to supply the LNG asset
and the shortfall in gas is taken from the LNG country C with a CI taken from the Gas Balance
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
calculation (Section 3.4.2). The total gas production in LNG country C is 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶,𝑡𝑡 in the Gas
Balance.
If 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶,𝑡𝑡 > 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 , it means Shell produced gas is sufficient to supply the
LNG asset and there is no need for non-Shell gas.
𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
The WtT CI calculation follows Eq. 32-33 where 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 is replaced by 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 .
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔_𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔_𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔_𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
∑𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 ∗𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 +𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶,𝑡𝑡 ∗(𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 −𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 )
𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡
(Eq. 46)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠_𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
If 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶,𝑡𝑡 < 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 , it means that non-Shell gas is required to fill the gap
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛−𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
at an intensity of 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖
∑𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 𝑖𝑖 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑖𝑖 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛−𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 ∗𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 +𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶,𝑡𝑡 ∗𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶,𝑡𝑡 +𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 ∗(𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 −𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 −𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶,𝑡𝑡 )
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 (Eq. 47)
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡
Where i= 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔_𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿. The WtT CI calculation follows Eq. 32-33 where 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 is
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛−𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
replaced by 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 .
The portfolio WtT CI is:
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊,𝑖𝑖 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 ∑𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡 ∗𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑡𝑡 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
∑𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡
(Eq. 48)
Where i= 𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔_𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿, 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 and 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛_𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁.

The WtW CI of the gas portfolio is the sum of 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑡𝑡 and the CI of the end-use.
4.4.4. Portfolio CI of LNG sales

At present, LNG sales are analysed as a single global region. The assumption is that non-Shell
LNG is produced at the same intensity as world-average Shell LNG. Therefore, the portfolio CI is
the same as that of the LNG processed portfolio.
The quantity of LNG sold is the mass ex-ship. The final energy delivered to the end-user, used to
calculate the weighting of the LNG supply chain in the NCF portfolio average, is reduced by fuel
use in re-gas and pipeline transportation:
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑡𝑡 /�𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 1�/(1 + 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ) (Eq. 49)
5. GTL Portfolio
Shell gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology converts natural gas to liquid fuels, chemicals and waxes.
GTL is an alternative application for natural gas and Shell GTL plants exist alongside LNG plants
in Qatar and Malaysia.
5.1. The structure of the GTL portfolio calculation

Figure 13 shows an overview of the LNG supply chain.
Production
intensity calculated Production intensity Calculated based
using Shell calculated from GTL on industry
production and plant production standard emissions
emissions Calculated and emissions Calculated Calculated factors
Gas production Pipeline GTL production Shipping Distribution End use
End-use
Gas production
intensity
+ Pipeline
intensity
+ GTL production
intensity
+ Shipping
intensity
+ Distribution
intensity
+ intensity
= GTL
Intensity
Figure 13 – The GTL supply chain
The NCF calculation works through a list of Shell GTL production assets, described by:
 GTL plant intensity (in kgCO2e/boe) and gas consumption (in MJNG/MJLNG)
 The supply gas pipeline distance (in km)
It is also necessary to know the intensity of Shell and non-Shell gas supplied to the GTL plants:
 Shell gas production intensity by year by country

 3 rd
party gas production intensity by year by country
 Shipping intensity
 Distribution to point-of-sale
5.2. Input data for GTL portfolio
CI and production rate data for Shell’s two GTL assets are taken from Shell business reporting
data. Not all GTL products are energy products. To align with the scope of NCF, approximately
55% of Pearl GTL products [14] and 20% of SMDS GTL products [15] are included in the NCF
calculation.
The CI of upstream gas production for SMDS is a country average over the lifetime of the GTL
plant. Gas consumption as MJNG/MJGTL is estimated based on the reported plant thermal
efficiency. A pipeline distance of 200 km was agreed with the project team.
Pearl GTL is an integrated gas asset; emissions of upstream gas production and pipeline transport
are included in the asset’s CI, and therefore their intensity is set to be zero to avoid double
counting.
Pipeline transport of gas to the GTL plant uses the same emissions intensity and loss factors
defined in Section 3.2.
The shipping distance for Pearl is set as a constant representing that from Qatar to Rotterdam; for
Bintulu, from Bintulu to Osaka, Japan. A shipping emissions factor is derived from the GREET
2018 model for a GTL ocean tanker, 0.23 gCO2e/MJ/1000km [4].
The CI of GTL distribution from import terminal to point of sale is a constant 0.63 gCO2e/MJ,
derived from a JEC study [7].
The end-use of GTL is dependent on the portfolio of the GTL facility, however for reasons of
simplicity, the end-use of GTL in this calculation model is assumed to be as a fuel for transport.
GTL fuels have a lower carbon fraction than conventional oil-derived fuels and its combustion
emissions factor is extracted from the same JEC study [7], 71.98 gCO2e/MJ.
5.3. The methodology for the GTL Portfolio
5.3.1. GTL Processed calculation

The purpose of the GTL Processed calculation is to calculate the WtW intensity of all Shell-
processed GTL. Building a well-to-wheel pathway for each Shell GTL plant may involve feed gas
from Shell or non-Shell production.
Compute GTL CI GTL CI GTL CI Compute GTL_WtW_DE

intensity gas-to-plant CI WtT and GTL
GTL plant shipping T&D
of gas gas CI WtW Downstream
emissions emissions emissions GTL WtW
feed emissions results
gas intensity
transport
Shell gas CI by pipeline
to LNG PR, CI, NGC
plant Shipping
T&D CI TtW CI
P1 distance distance
non-Shell gas CI
GAS_Shell GTL_Asset GTL
calculated list of Shell calculator
Shell gas CI GTL plants worksheet
by country
GAS_Country
default
non-Shell gas CI
by country
Figure 14 - GTL Processed data flow diagram
 For each Shell GTL plant, we determine the amount of gas feed needed based on the plants
production and gas consumption.
 First, we look to country-average Shell gas production to supply the plant. The intensity is taken
from the Gas Balance. Total Shell production may not be enough to satisfy all the gas
processed by the GTL plant.
 If there is a shortfall in feed gas, we next look to country-average non-Shell gas production to
fill the gap.
 A composite gas production intensity is calculated as a weighted average of both gas sources.
 The intensity of transporting gas to the plant is calculated from the pipeline distance listed for
each GTL plant.
 The intensity of shipping GTL from the plant is calculated from the shipping distance listed for
each GTL plant.
 The WtW pathway is completed with distribution and end-use intensities.
5.3.2. GTL Sales calculation

At present, it is assumed that GTL sales are equivalent to Shell’s GTL production.
5.4. Implementation of the calculation methodology for the GTL

Portfolio

The list of core acronyms and abbreviations used by the GTL portfolio calculation are given in
Table 4.
1 CI Carbon intensity in units of 11 LHV Lower Heating Value
CO2e/MJ
2 A Asset 12 SD Shipping distance
3 t time 13 PD Pipeline distance
4 Pr Production 14 veh Vehicle
5 p Pipeline distribution 15 shp Shipping
6 GtL Gas to liquid 16 Port Portfolio
7 dst Distribution 17 pd Pipeline distance
8 Ci Carbon intensity in kgCO2e/boe 18 GC Gas consumption
9 WtT Well to Tank 19 GL Gas loss as fuel
10 WtW Well to Wheel 20 Gp Gas production
Table 4 - Acronyms, abbreviations and variables used in the GTL calculation
These core notations are used to derive variables used in the model and the report. For example,
𝐺𝐺𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 would imply emissions for Asset A at time t (year) due to the process of converting gas to
liquid. Similarly, 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 means Well to Wheel emissions for Asset A at time t, 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣ℎ indicates the
emissions due to combustion of the GTL product in a car. We note that all the emissions are
expressed in gCO2e/MJ.
5.4.2. CI calculation
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑝𝑝
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 = [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 ∗ �1 + 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 � + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ] ∗ (1 + 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 ) + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(Eq. 50)
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣ℎ (Eq. 51)
Because gas is consumed in pipeline and GTL plant, the CI is calculated cumulatively to capture
the loss in the denominator of the CI.
Gas Production
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
(Section 3.4.2).
Pipeline to GTL
The pipeline distance, PD, is listed for each GTL asset. Using the appropriate pipeline distance,
we can determine the total CI up to the point at which gas is delivered to the GTL plant via the
pipeline:
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ∗ 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (Eq. 52)
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ∗ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 (Eq. 53)
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 is the gas consumption as t/t-km. 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 is the intensity in gCO2e/MJ.
GTL Production
For Asset GTL in year t, the CI in gCO2e/MJ for GTL production is
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺,𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺,𝑡𝑡 *∗ 1000/𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 (Eq. 54)
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 is the gas loss as fuel in GTL plant as MJNG/MJGTL.
Shipping
The shipping distance (SD) is the shipping distance from GTL asset to destination country.
𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑝𝑝 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑝𝑝
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 ∗ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 (Eq. 55)
𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑝𝑝
Where 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 is the GTL tanker emission factor.
Distribution and end-use

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 is the intensity for distribution of the finished product, it is assumed to be a constant (that is,
time and asset independent). 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣ℎ is the emissions factor of using GTL by road transportation
vehicles (cars and trucks).
5.4.3. Portfolio CI of GTL - Processed view

𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
For each Shell GTL plant, we determine the amount of gas feed needed 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺,𝑡𝑡
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺,𝑡𝑡 = (1 + 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 ) ∗ 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺,𝑡𝑡 (Eq. 56)
Then we go to the Gas Balance to see if there is any surplus gas after in-country LNG and power
plants have been supplied:
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁_𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸),𝑡𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 − (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 − ∑𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 )
(Eq. 57)
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
Where 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 , 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 , 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 are described and calculated in Section 3.4.2.
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁_𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
If the surplus gas is not sufficient for the GTL plant (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴,𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺),𝑡𝑡 < 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺,𝑡𝑡 ), 3rd party gas is assumed
to fill the gap.
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁_𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁_𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 ∑𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴∈𝐶𝐶,𝑡𝑡 ∗𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴,𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺),𝑡𝑡 +𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶,𝑡𝑡 ∗(𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺,𝑡𝑡 −𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴,𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺),𝑡𝑡 )
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴,𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺),𝑡𝑡 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 (Eq. 58)
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺,𝑡𝑡
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
Then 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴,𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺),𝑡𝑡 replaces 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 in Eq. 50 for the WtT CI calculation.
The portfolio WtT CI at time t is:

∑𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑃𝑃𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺,𝑡𝑡 ∗𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺,𝑡𝑡
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑡𝑡 = ∑𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑃𝑃𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺,𝑡𝑡
(Eq. 59)
The portfolio WtW CI is completed with 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣ℎ .
6. Biofuels
6.1. The structure of the Biofuels portfolio calculation
Biofuel production may choose to include or exclude land use change (LUC) emissions. The
BIOFUEL supply chain excludes them because their inclusion might lead to changes in the NCF
value as a result of legislated LUC intensities rather than by any action of Shell.
Figure 15 shows an overview of the Biofuel supply chain.
Production
intensity calculated
using Shell
production and By convention CO2
emissions emissions from

biofuel combustion
Biofuel
production Calculated Calculated Calculated are counted as zero
(Shell)
Transport Shipping Distribution End-use
Biofuel
production (3rd
party)
from published
values
Biofuel
Transport Shipping Distribution End-use Biofuel
production + intensity + intensity + intensity + intensity = intensity
intensity
Figure 15 – The BIOFUEL supply chain
The NCF calculation works through a list of Shell biofuel production assets, described by:
 Production intensity (in kgCO2e/boe)

 Product type: all fuels for spark ignition engines are treated as ethanol; all fuels for
compression ignition engines are treated as FAME (there is, as yet, no significant volume of
other biofuels in use).
 Feedstock type – may be used to lookup default intensities defined in regulations.
 Transport intensity within the production region

 Shipping intensity between production and import region
 Distribution to point-of-sale
6.2. Input data for BIOFUEL portfolio
The production rate for the Raízen 1st and 2nd generation plants are from the Shell Sustainability
Report [16] whilst CIs (well-to-ethanol plant) are derived from EPA RFS2 2010 [17] and
information obtained from Raízen’s website [18].
The volume of biofuels purchased from 3rd party suppliers used in Shell’s gasoline and diesel
blends worldwide is from the Shell Sustainability Report. The disaggregation of this volume to
different products, feedstock and regions uses data provided by Shell’s New Energies business.
CIs of U.S. pathways are from EPA RFS2 and the CIs of European pathways are taken from the
BioGrace model [19]. CIs and LUC factors of Canadian pathways are from GHGenius model
[29] and those of Eastern pathways are from various publications (cassava ethanol [20],
molasses ethanol [21], coconut biodiesel [22] and palm oil biodiesel [23]). LUC emissions factors
for U.S. biofuels are derived from EPA RFS2 whilst those for EU cases are taken from the EU iLUC
Directive [24].
For simplicity of calculation, biofuels produced by a single asset are either consumed domestically
or exported (assets may be split if they supply multiple destinations). For example, for Raízen,
about 56% of biofuels are used domestically and 44% are exported to the U.S. based on
information in the 2014/2015 Raízen Sustainability Report [25]. U.S. biofuels and EU biofuels
are assumed to be consumed domestically. For export, biofuels are collected from plants by
various methods e.g. truck, rail, barge and pipeline and transported to bulk terminals, and then
shipped to the destination country via ocean tankers. A shipping matrix has been developed with
distances from an online sea port calculation model [6] and emissions factors from the GREET
model [4]. For domestic use, biofuels are also transported to bulk terminals and then distributed
via truck.
For Tank-to-Wheel (TtW) CI, the transport sector is assumed to be the end-use of biofuels. The
functional unit of the analysis is MJ of energy supplied, so the efficiency of the end-use is
immaterial. Most of the end-use emissions result from conversion of the carbon content of the fuel
to CO2 together with methane emissions and N2O emissions associated with combustion in
engines. For biofuels, the carbon content of the fuel is not of fossil origin, so a “renewable
combustion credit” is applied, reducing the emissions intensity to the methane and N2O elements
alone. The intensity of distribution and end-use of biofuels are represented to be 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣ℎ
which are constants from the JEC study [7]: 0.63 and 0.87 gCO2e/MJ respectively.
6.3. The methodology for the BIOFUEL Portfolio
6.3.1. BIOFUEL Production calculation

The BIOFUEL Processed calculation is driven from a list of Shell biofuel production assets. The
final energy delivered to the end-user is the same as the amount of Shell production because
there are no processes that consume biofuel between production and end-use.
 For each Shell asset, the production and intensity of production is listed.
 Transport distances within a region, or shipping distances between regions are calculated.
Compute Biofuel CI biofuel CI biofuel CI biofuel CI Compute BIOFUEL_

biofuel WtT and WtW_UE
transport shipping T&D
production WtW Biofuel
emissions emissions emissions Biofuel WtW
emissions emissions Upstream
intensity
results
PR, CI, NGC
T&D CI TtW CI
Country of origin, Shipping
Destination region Transport
distance
distance
BIOFUEL_Asset BIOFUEL_ BIOFUEL

list of Shell Shipping calculator
production inter-region worksheet
assets distances
Figure 16 - BIOFUEL Production data flow diagram
6.3.2. BIOFUEL Processed calculation

The Shell Processed view is taken to be the same as the Shell Production view. Unlike oil refining,
Shell does not process non-Shell biofuels for sale as Shell products.
6.3.3. BIOFUEL Sales calculation

Biofuels sales are increasing as a result of legislation that requires biofuels to be blended in
transport fuels. Shell is a net seller of biofuels. Biofuel sales data is reduced from a large number
of raw data records to total sales for Shell use organised by product, feedstock, region of
production and region of sales.
 For each product, feedstock, and region of production, publicly-available production intensity
values are looked up.
 Transport distances within a region, or shipping distances between regions are calculated.
 Lastly, the WtW emissions of Shell’s own processing are added.
6.4. Implementation of the calculation methodology for the Biofuels

portfolio

The list of core variables and notations used in the LNG portfolio are given in Table 5.
1 CI Carbon intensity in units 8 WtT Well to Tank
of gCO2e/MJ
2 Pr Production (in MJ) 9 WtW Well to Whell
3 bio Biofuel processing 10 Port Portfolio
4 tran Transport 11 t Year t
5 shp Shipping 12 A Biofuel Asset
6 dst Distribution 13 LUC Land Use Change
7 veh End-use in vehicle
Table 5 - Acronyms, abbreviations and variables used in the BIOFUEL calculation
6.4.2. Portfolio CI of Biofuel - Production view

To implement the calculation, the following equations are used:
For Asset A in year t,
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑝𝑝
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ) + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣ℎ (Eq. 60)
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
where 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 is the well-to-product CI for biofuel processing which is listed for each biofuel asset,
to which land use change emissions 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 could be added if desired.
𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑝𝑝
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 is the CI of road transport and 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 is the CI for shipping of biofuels.
Intensity of distribution and end-use of biofuels are represented as 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣ℎ . For the
biofuels portfolio, the CI is then calculated by:
∑𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 ∗𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑡𝑡 = ∑𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡
(Eq. 61)
where 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 is the production rate of each biofuel production or sales asset.
7. SOLAR and WIND

SOLAR is essentially identical to WIND, so it is sufficient to describe only one of them here. They
are treated separately to make the contribution of each individual supply chain to the NCF
visible.
7.1. Fossil energy equivalent of electricity

WtW emissions for each pathway are calculated in the units of grams CO2e per MJ of final
energy delivered to the end-user: the energy content of gasoline at a filling station, the energy
content of gas delivered to a power plant, or (in the case of solar and wind) one MJ of electricity.
Fuel pathways should be compared or combined on the basis of equivalent functional units but
this is difficult when the end products are dissimilar. The utility of one unit of electricity is higher
than one unit of gas (because two units of gas must be burned to generate one unit of electricity)
or gasoline (because three units of gasoline would be needed to cover the same distance in a
vehicle as one unit of electricity in an electric vehicle). The portfolio is dominated by fossil energy
and therefore it was decided to convert electricity to a notional fossil fuel equivalent to derive a
portfolio average WtW intensity.
Using forecasts in IEA scenarios for world electricity generation and the corresponding fuel inputs
(made up of a mix of energy sources: coal, oil, gas, nuclear and renewables) for each mode of
generation, we can derive a time series for the ratio of electricity generated to the primary energy
input. This ratio is expected to improve as the generation mix decarbonizes, and more renewable
generation comes into the mix. For example, currently, at a ratio of 0.40, one unit of electricity is
considered functionally equivalent to 2.5 units of input energy for power generation. The NCF
model chooses to use the IEA’s energy scenarios, which forecast an increasing contribution from
renewables supported by efficient power generation and a decreasing role for coal.
7.2. Structure of the SOLAR and WIND portfolio calculation

Figure 17 shows how solar and wind fit into the electricity supply chain.
Illustrative supply chain for electricity generation, in practice published intensities for grid electricity are used.
Renewable
generation
Transmission End-use
Thermal
Fuel production
generation
Fuel production
intensity
+ Generation
intensity
+ Transmission
intensity
= Electricity
intensity
Figure 17 -SOLAR and WIND form the Renewable part of the ELECTRICITY supply chain
The NCF calculation works through a list of Shell SOLAR/WIND production assets, described by:
 Power generation intensity (generally zero for renewables).

 Total power generated
 Conversion of final energy in MJ of electricity to MJ of fossil energy equivalent.

 No account is taken of distribution losses on the grid.
7.3. SOLAR and WIND input data
Shell has several onshore wind projects in the U.S. and one offshore wind installation in the
Netherlands [16]. The CI of wind electricity is assumed to be 1gm CO2 eq/kWh from operations
[39], excluding GHG emissions from plant construction, in alignment with the boundary
definition for fossil fuel assets. Where the electricity production is unknown, this is estimated from
nameplate capacity using country or regional average capacity factors specific to offshore and
onshore wind technologies [26].
Although Shell currently has no large-scale solar PV assets, the inclusion of solar electricity in the
portfolio calculation is a placeholder for future expansion. The CI of solar electricity is assumed to
be 10gm CO2 eq/ kWh from operations [40], excluding GHG emissions from plant construction,
aligning with the boundary definition for fossil fuel assets. Where the electricity production is
unknown, this is estimated from nameplate capacity using country or regional average capacity
factors for solar [26].
7.4. The methodology for the SOLAR and WIND Portfolio
7.4.1. SOLAR and WIND Production calculation

The SOLAR/WIND Production calculation is driven from a list of generating assets.
The methodology is a subset of the ELECTRICITY supply chain, which is described in the following
chapter (ELEC, Section 8.4).
7.4.2. SOLAR and WIND Processed calculation

The Shell Processed view is taken to be the same as the Shell Production view. There is no
processing of renewable energy after generation.
7.4.3. SOLAR and WIND Sales calculation

SOLAR/WIND sales are assumed to be the same as SOLAR/WIND power generation. Any
additional electricity sales are deal with as ELEC Sales (Section 8.3.2).
8. ELECTRICITY
8.1. Structure of the ELEC portfolio calculation
Figure 18 shows how thermal generation fits into the electricity supply chain.
Illustrative supply chain for electricity generation, in practice published intensities for grid electricity are used.
Renewable
generation
Transmission End-use
Thermal
Fuel production
generation
Fuel production
intensity
+ Generation
intensity
+ Transmission
intensity
= Electricity
intensity
Figure 18 – Shell power plants make up the Thermal generation part of the ELECTRICITY supply chain
The NCF calculation works through a list of Shell ELEC production assets, described by:
 Power generation intensity in gCO2e/kWh (including the fuel supply for integrated or non-gas
plants).
 Total power generated in GWh/year.
 Power generation efficiency, used to calculate the fuel demand.
 Gas fuel fraction (100% for gas-fired, less than 100% for gas co-firing, or zero for non-gas
plants)
 Conversion of final energy in MJ of electricity to MJ of fossil energy equivalent

(See Section 7.1).
 No account is taken of distribution losses on the grid.
8.2. Input data for the ELEC calculation

Provision is made in the model for a pipeline to transport gas to the power plant (as it is for LNG
and GTL plants). Pipeline transport of gas to the power plant uses the same emissions intensity
and loss factors defined in Section 3.2 but powergen takes place close to the source of gas
production, so this distance is currently set to zero.
The Shell share of electricity sales supplied by 3rd parties are included in the NCF. Electricity
volumes traded in power markets are included except for pure trading activity.
Grid average intensities are used for 3rd party electricity based on the country of sale, and more
local grid intensities are used if a credible data source exists for the intensity. For example, U.S.
electricity CI is a weighted average of state electricity CI from the GREET model [4] based on
Shell purchase agreements. If country specific emissions intensities are not available, then an
appropriate regional or global intensity is used.
8.3. The methodology for the ELEC Portfolio
8.3.1. ELEC Processed calculation

The ELEC Processed calculation is driven from the list of thermal powergen assets.
The purpose of the ELEC Processed calculation is to calculate the WtW intensity of all Shell-
processed electricity. Building a well-to-wheel pathway for each Shell power plant may involve
feed gas from Shell or non-Shell production.
Compute gas CI Compute Compute

intensity ELEC CI WtT and
power plant
of gas emissions WtW
feed emissions
PR, CI, PG_EF,

non-Shell gas CI PG_NG
Shell gas CI ELEC WtW intensity
ELEC_WtW_DE
ELEC_Asset
GAS_Shell Electricity
list of Shell
calculated Downstream
power plants
Shell gas CI results
by country
GAS_Country
default
non-Shell gas CI
by country
Figure 19 - ELEC Processed data flow diagram
 For each Shell power plant, we determine the amount of gas feed needed from its efficiency
and the fraction of fuel input made up by natural gas.
(If the power plant is an integrated gas power plant, or a power plant that does not consume
natural gas, the intensity of the gas supply is not used because these emissions are already
included in the power plant intensity.)
 First, we look to country-average Shell gas production to supply the plant. The intensity is taken
from the Gas Balance. Total Shell in-country production may not be enough to satisfy all the
gas processed by the power plant.
 If there is a shortfall in feed gas, we next look to country-average non-Shell gas production to
fill the gap.
 A composite gas production intensity is calculated as a weighted average of both gas sources.
8.3.2. ELEC Sales calculation

The ELEC Sales calculation is driven from a list of Shell electricity sales volumes. These sales are
additional to Shell production, and historically have been netted out to avoid double-counting.
Revised reporting from 2019 onwards will mean this correction is no longer required.
Electricity sales are assumed to be in addition to electricity production from solar and wind assets.
8.4. Implementation of the calculation methodology for the ELEC

portfolio

The list of core acronyms and abbreviations used by the SOLAR/WIND/ELEC portfolio
calculation are given in Table 4.
1 CI Carbon intensity in units of 11 LHV Lower Heating Value
CO2e/MJ
2 A Asset 12 SD Shipping distance
3 t time 13 PD Pipeline distance
4 Pr Production 14 veh Vehicle
5 Elec Power generation 15 shp Shipping
6 Eff Power plant efficiency 16 Port Portfolio
7 Gf Gas fraction of fuel input 17 pd Pipeline distance
8 Ci Carbon intensity in kgCO2e/boe 18 GC Gas consumption
9 WtT Well to Tank 19 GL Gas loss as fuel
10 WtW Well to Wheel 20 Gp Gas production
Table 6 - Acronyms, abbreviations and variables used in the ELEC calculation
These core notations are used to derive variables used in the model and the report. For example,
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 would imply emissions for Asset A at time t (year) due to the process of converting fuel to
electricity. Similarly, 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 means Well to Wheel emissions for Asset A at time t. We note that all
the emissions are expressed in gCO2e/MJ.
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 = [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 ∗ �1 + 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 � + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ] ∗ 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 /𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 (Eq. 62)
For SOLAR/WIND, there is no fuel supply. For integrated power plants, the emissions of fuel
supply are already included in 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 . In these cases, Equation 62 simplifies to:
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 (Eq. 63)
Gas Production
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
(Section 3.4.2).
Pipeline to power plant

The pipeline distance, PD, is listed for each asset. Using the appropriate pipeline distance, we
can get the total CI up to the point at which gas is delivered to the power plant via the pipeline:
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ∗ 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (Eq. 64)
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ∗ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 (Eq. 65)
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 is the gas consumption in t/t-km. 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 is the intensity in gCO2e/MJ.
Power generation
The life cycle is completed with the powerplant emissions. For Asset A in year t:
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 (Eq. 66)
8.4.3. Portfolio CI of ELEC - Processed view

𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
For each Shell power plant, we determine the amount of gas feed needed 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 .
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 = �1 + 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 � ∗ 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 /𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 ∗ 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 (Eq. 67)
Then we check the Gas Balance to see if there is any surplus gas after in-country LNG and GTL
plants have been supplied:
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁_𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸),𝑡𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 − (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 − ∑𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 )
(Eq. 68)
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
Where 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 , 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐,𝑡𝑡 , 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 are described and calculated in Section 3.4.2.
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁_𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
If surplus gas is not enough for the power plant (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴,𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺),𝑡𝑡 < 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺,𝑡𝑡 ), 3rd party gas from is
sourced to fill the gap.
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁_𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁_𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 ∑𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴∈𝐶𝐶,𝑡𝑡 ∗𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟(𝐴𝐴,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸),𝑡𝑡 +𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶,𝑡𝑡 ∗(𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑡𝑡 −𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸),𝑡𝑡 )
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸),𝑡𝑡 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 (Eq. 69)
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑡𝑡
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
Then 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸),𝑡𝑡 replaces 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 in Eq. 62 for WtT CI calculation.
The portfolio WtW CI at time t is:
∑𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑡𝑡 ∗𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑡𝑡
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑡𝑡 = ∑𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑡𝑡
(Eq. 70)
8.4.4. Portfolio CI of ELEC - Sales view

Sales of purchased electricity are similar, except that the WtT intensity is taken as a data input,
not calculated from power plant and fuel supply intensities.
The portfolio WtW CI at time t is:
∑𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑡𝑡 ∗𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑡𝑡
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑡𝑡 = ∑𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑡𝑡
(Eq. 71)
The contribution of electricity sales to the NCF is then the sum of Shell electricity production and
sales of purchased electricity.
9. Portfolio Net Carbon Footprint

The Net Carbon Footprint of Shell’s portfolio is the average emissions intensity of all supply
chains weighted by final energy delivered to the end-user. The final energy may be less than the
amount processed by Shell if some product is consumed in transit (as in LNG shipping) or more
than Shell production when supplemented by sales of bought-in products.
9.1. Input data for Portfolio NCF

The input to the portfolio average calculation are the results of the individual supply chain
calculations detailed in the previous chapters.
9.2. Implementation of the methodology for the Portfolio NCF

1 CI GHG Emissions intensity 5 NCF Net Carbon Footprint
(in gCO2/MJ) (in gCO2e/MJ)
2 t time 6 FE Final energy delivered to end-users
(in MJ)
3 Port Portfolio 7 WtW Well to Wheel
4 S Supply chain
Table 7 - Acronyms, abbreviations and variables used for NCF calculations
The above abbreviations can be used to describe the variables used in the model and in this
report. Thus, 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆,𝑡𝑡 would mean WtW emissions in gCO2e/MJ for the supply chain S at time t.
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑡𝑡 is the portfolio intensity in gCO2e/MJ. It is calculated as follows:
∑𝑆𝑆 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆,𝑡𝑡
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 ×𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑡𝑡 = ∑𝑆𝑆 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆
(Eq. 72)
10. CO2 Sinks

Total portfolio emissions can be reduced when active measures are taken to capture CO2 that
would otherwise have been emitted or to offset CO2 emissions though projects that capture CO2
from the atmosphere or increase carbon storage in soil, referred to as “nature-based solutions”
(NBS).
10.1. Input data for CO2 sinks

CO2 reductions at individual assets can be captured in the asset emissions intensity or treated as
a stand-alone CO2 sink so long as double counting is avoided.
CO2 volumes currently captured by the Quest carbon capture and storage facility are accounted
for in the emissions reported by the Scotford complex. CCS from all future qualifying projects will
also be included. Shell may choose to use carbon credits to offset emissions, these will be
accounted for in the NCF providing they meet eligibility criteria regarding their use and
retirement.
10.2. Implementation of the calculation methodology for the CO2 sinks

If CO2 emissions are not captured at an asset level, then they are accounted for by first
calculating total CO2e emissions from the average portfolio intensity. This is then reduced by the
total CO2 absorbed in the sinks and an adjusted intensity calculated.

1 CI GHG Emissions intensity 4 CI’ Adjusted GHG Emissions intensity
(in gCO2/MJ) (in gCO2/MJ)
2 t time 5 WtW Well to Wheel
3 Port Portfolio 6 CO2 Sum of all CO2 reductions (in g)
7 FE Final energy delivered to end-users
(in MJ)
Table 8 - Acronyms, abbreviations and variables used for CO2 Sinks calculations
The above abbreviations can be used to describe the variables used in the model and in this
report. Thus, 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑡𝑡 would mean WtW emissions in gCO2e/MJ for the Portfolio at time t.
Total CO2e emissions are calculated from the average portfolio intensity. These are then reduced
by the total CO2 absorbed in the sinks and an adjusted intensity calculated.
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶′𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑡𝑡 is the portfolio intensity in gCO2e/MJ, adjusted for CO2 sinks. It is calculated as follows:
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃∗𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 −𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶2
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶′𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑡𝑡 = (Eq. 73)
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
GLOSSARY
bbl Barrel of oil (a unit of volume)

boe Barrel of oil equivalent (a unit of energy = 5.8 mm BTU gross calorific value)
CCS Carbon Capture and Storage
CI Carbon intensity
CO2e CO2 equivalent of CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions
DOE U.S. Department of Energy
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
FAME Fatty Acid Methyl Esther
GHG Greenhouse gas
GREET The Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation model
GTL Gas-to-Liquid
IEA International Energy Agency
JEC Joint Research Centre (JRC)-EUCAR-CONCAWE collaboration
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas
LUC Land Use Change
MDO Marine diesel oil
NBS Nature-Based Solutions (a form of carbon capture)
NCF Net Carbon Footprint
NETL U.S. National Energy Technology Laboratory
NG Natural Gas
OPGEE The Oil Production Greenhouse gas Emissions Estimator
RDS Royal Dutch Shell
RFS U.S. Renewable Fuel Standards
TtW Tank-to-Wheel (end-use)
WtT Well-to-Tank
WtW Well-to-Wheel
OIL EXPORTS AND

TRANSPORT/SHIPPING DISTANCE
A.2.1. Pipeline transport mode
Generic assumptions
Across regions [35] 2000 km

Specific assumptions
Within Argentina 8 [32] 492 km

Within Canada [33] 1698 km
Within Europe [38] 250 km
Within Malaysia 9 [36] 217 km
Within Saudi Arabia 1200 km
[37]
Within U.S. [34] 161 km
Figure A1 - Assumed distance for oil transport via pipeline
A.2.2. Shipping transport mode

The median values of the shipping distances were provided by the Shell International Trading and
Shipping team. For countries where distances were not available, the distance was estimated by
the following approach.
The quantity of oil shipped inter-regionally in mbbl/d was found in the Oil Medium-Term Market
Report 2014 by the International Energy Agency [5]. To find an estimate of the shipping
distances for the transport of oil between the regions, the most active shipping and receiving oil
terminals were found in each region and the closest port then determined. Where possible, this
was conducted by comparing quantitative data published online about oil capacity and turnover.
However, this was not possible when the list of oil terminals in a region wasn’t particularly
extensive or if it was difficult to determine the most active oil terminals in a region due to the
parameters available to rank them not being consistent. When the most active terminals in a
region could not be easily determined, the biggest oil importing/exporting country in the region
was found in a publication by the U.S. Energy Information Administration [27]. The most
8
Capacity weighted average of oil pipelines
9
Average of main pipelines, small pipelines excluded (<10-15km)
appropriate port in that country was then found by proximity to the oil terminals. Below is a list of
the oil terminals/country used for each region, with the port used to determine shipping distances
in brackets.
Receiving terminals:
 North America - Louisiana Offshore Oil Port, USA (New Orleans port)
 Latin America – Chile (Gregorio)
 Africa – South Africa (Durban)
 EU - Wesseling, Germany (Wilhelmshaven)
 MENA (Qatar) - Israel (Haifa)
 Japan & Oceanian (OECD Asia) – Japan (Chiba)
 China - CRC Oil Storage Depot, China (Hong Kong)
 Asia (India for import) - Butcher Island, India (Mumbai)
Shipping terminals:
 North America – Canaport, Canada (Saint John’s port)

 Latin America – Orinoco Belt, Venezuela (Port Cabello)
 Africa – Nigeria (Port Harcourt)
 EU – Norway (Oslo)
 MENA (Qatar) - Al Basrah oil terminal, offshore Iraq (Basrah)
 Japan & Oceania (OEDC Asia) – Indonesia (Jakarta)
 China (Singapore) – China (Hong Kong)
 Asia (Russia for export) - Tuapse oil terminal, Russia (Tuapse)
Shipping distances between the regions were calculated using a shipping distance calculator [6].
GAS EXPORTS AND

TRANSPORT/SHIPPING DISTANCE
A.3.1. Pipeline transport distances
Specific assumptions (in order of

importance)
Netherlands 285 km
U.S. 971 km
Canada 2233 km
Norway 736 km
United Kingdom 900 km

Bolivia 1725 km
Germany 100 km
Generic assumptions
Kazakhstan, 2500 km
Azerbaijan, Mongolia
All others 1200 km
Figure A2 - Assumed distance for gas transport via pipeline
This distance is used only for countries which export gas by pipeline (not LNG).
A.3.2. Pipeline transport distances

Pipeline distances were assessed for Shell’s most important gas-producing countries by volume,
detailed below.
Netherlands
EIA data shows the Netherlands producing 1601 bcf in 2017, consuming 1532 bcf, importing
1801 bcf and exporting 1810 bcf (https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/NLD).
2017 is the latest year for which data are available.
Imports and exports each account for roughly 50% of total gas movements.
Domestic pipeline can be represented by Groningen-Rotterdam distance of 250km.
CBS paper https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/_pdf/2019/27/international-gas-trade-in-the-
netherlands.pdf shows exports to be divided: Germany 50%, Belgium 40%, UK 10%. Represent
NL-Germany by Groningen-Essen distance of 275km
NL-Belgium by Groningen-Brussels distance of 400km
NL-UK distance by the length of the BBL and Zeebrugge-Bacton interconnectors, 235km
Average NL pipeline distance is then 50%*250 + 50%*(50%*275+40%*400+10%*235)= 285

km
United States
A distance of 971 km was assumed by NETL in their 2014 study of the LCA of U.S. powergen
[28].
Canada
A distance of 2233 km is used in the Canadian GHGenius model [29].
Norway
Averaging export pipeline lengths in Norway (and assuming that domestic consumption is
negligible by comparison):
Europipe I, 420 km, 18 bsm3/y capacity
Europipe II, 643 km, 24 bsm3/y
Norpipe, 354 km, 16 bsm3/y
Langeled, 1166 km, 25 bsm3/y
Zeepipe, 814 km, 15 bsm3/y
Franpipe, 840 km, 20 bsm3/y
Weighted average length = 736km
United Kingdom
EIA data show the UK to be a net importer of natural gas, so UK gas producing assets are
assumed to route gas 100% to the UK.
https://www.eia.gov/international/data/country/GBR/natural-gas
The distance from the gas fields in the southern North Sea to shore is assumed to be half the
length of the NL-UK distance by the length of the BBL and Zeebrugge-Bacton interconnectors,
50%*235km = 118 km.
Feeder lines from Bacton and Easington terminals to the National Gas Transmission System
average 190km. Add to this the length of the NTS spine (Canvey Island-Leeds) 320km.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transmission_System)
Total UK pipeline length is 118 + 190 + 320 = 628km
Bolivia
EIA data shows Bolivia producing 660 bcf in 2017, consuming 112 bcf, importing 0 bcf and
exporting 546 bcf (https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/BOL). Exports account
for 80% of Bolivia’s gas
Domestic pipeline can be represented by Yabog pipeline distance of 441km.
International pipeline can be represented by GASBOL pipeline distance of 2046km
Average pipeline distance is then 20%*441 + 80%+2046 = 1725km.
Germany
In Germany, Shell produces gas in Niedersachsen (just south of Bremen) and, as Germany is a
net gas importer, this gas can be put onto the local grid without the need to transport it large
distances
For our purposes, pipeline transport is assumed to be the distance from Nienburg (the centre of
gravity of Shell projects) to Bremen, 100km. (https://reports.shell.com/investors-
handbook/2018/servicepages/worldmap.php.)
Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Mongolia
These countries resemble Canada, in that gas is transported across continental distances. An
estimated distance of 2500km has been used (similar to Canada’s 2233km).
Others
A proxy value of1200km is assumed for all other countries, used when more accurate data are
not available. It can be seen that, by comparison with most of the countries above, it is a
conservative choice.
APPENDIX 4. LNG SHIPPING

DISTANCES
In order to calculate LNG shipping distances the following steps were taken:
1. Using the LNG trade volumes between markets [9], exporting countries were identified
e.g. Algeria
2. Using the LNG trade volumes between markets [9], largest importing countries (by
volume) in their respective regions were identified e.g. China within Asia.
3. Within the exporting country, the largest liquefaction terminal by capacity [9] is taken as
the reference terminal
4. Within the largest importing country, the largest receiving terminal [9] by capacity is
taken as the reference terminal for that region
5. Shipping distances were calculated between the reference terminals of both exporting
and importing countries using sea distance calculator [6].
6. Shipping distances are recorded in ‘NCF_LNG_Input_Processing’ file under
‘Shipping_Distances’ sheet.
Receiving terminals:
 Mexico - Costa Azul

 Chile - Quintero
 Spain - Barcelona
 Kuwait - Mina Al Ahmadi
 Japan - Chiba
 China - Guangzhou
Shipping terminals:
 Algeria – Arzew
 Angola – Cabinda
 Australia – Darwin
 Brunei Darussalam – Seria
 Cameroon – Douala (FLNG)
 Egypt – Alexandria
 Equatorial Guinea – Punta Europa Terminal
 Indonesia – Samarinda
 Malaysia – Sibu
 Nigeria – Bonny
 Norway – Hammerfest
 Oman – Muscat
 Papua New Guinea – Port Moresby
 Peru – Pisco
 Qatar – Doha
 Russian Federation – Vladivostok
 Trinidad and Tobago – Point Fortin
 United Arab Emirates – Das Island
 United States – Sabine
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Cautionary note
The companies in which Royal Dutch Shell plc directly and indirectly owns investments are
separate legal entities. In this report “Shell”, “Shell Group” and “Royal Dutch Shell” are
sometimes used for convenience where references are made to Royal Dutch Shell plc and its
subsidiaries in general. Likewise, the words “we”, “us” and “our” are also used to refer to Royal
Dutch Shell plc and its subsidiaries in general or to those who work for them. These terms are
also used where no useful purpose is served by identifying the particular entity or entities.
‘‘Subsidiaries’’, “Shell subsidiaries” and “Shell companies” as used in this report refer to entities
over which Royal Dutch Shell plc either directly or indirectly has control. Entities and
unincorporated arrangements over which Shell has joint control are generally referred to as “joint
ventures” and “joint operations”, respectively. Entities over which Shell has significant influence
but neither control nor joint control are referred to as “associates”. The term “Shell interest” is
used for convenience to indicate the direct and/or indirect ownership interest held by Shell in an
entity or unincorporated joint arrangement, after exclusion of all third-party interest.
Also, in this report we may refer to Shell’s “Net Carbon Footprint”, which includes Shell’s carbon
emissions from the production of our energy products, our suppliers’ carbon emissions in
supplying energy for that production and our customers’ carbon emissions associated with their
use of the energy products we sell. Shell only controls its own emissions. But, to support society in
achieving the Paris Agreement goals, we aim to help such suppliers and consumers to likewise
lower their emissions. The use of the term Shell’s “Net Carbon Footprint” is for convenience only
and not intended to suggest these emissions are those of Shell or its subsidiaries.
This report contains forward-looking statements (within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities
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Bibliographic information
Security Classification UNRESTRICTED
Report Number SR.19.00134
Title The Net Carbon Footprint Model: Methodology (Public)
Keywords NCF, net carbon footprint
Author(s) Adom, Felix K GSUSI-PTS/GX ; Verma, Akash GSNL-

PTS/GX
Publish Date November 2020
A.J. Cantlay (GSUK-PTS/GX); S. Chatterjee (GSUK-

Reviewed by
PTS/G)
Approved by A.J. Cantlay (GSUK-PTS/GX); J. MacArthur (GSUK-PTS)
Content owner J. MacArthur (GSUK-PTS)
Issuing Company Shell Global Solutions US Inc.

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The Net Carbon Footprint Model:

Shell Global Solutions US Inc.

The Net Carbon Footprint Model:

© Copyright vested in Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies

January 0 Original L. Wang A. Cantlay (GSUK-

February 1 Updated for T. Stephenson A. Cantlay (GSUK-

April 2020 2 Updated

November 3 Updated Oil

3 r d party biofuels Residential &

Renewable 3r d party electricity

CO 2 sinks (CCUS & NBS)

Figure 1 - Supply chains included in Shell’s NCF

3.4.1. Acronyms, abbreviations and variables ................................................ 30

Oil exports and transport/shipping distance ..................................................... 57

1.2. Overview of the methodology

Net Carbon Footprint

1.3. Scope and boundaries of the NCF analysis

1.4. Functional units

1.5. Data requirements for the NCF calculation

1.6. Assurance of the Net Carbon Footprint model and results

1.7. Key Assumptions made in the Lifecycle Analysis

SOLAR and WIND

The application of these rules ensures that:

1.8. Structure of the report

Figure 4 – The OIL supply chain

 Oil production intensity by year (in kgCO2e/boe)

 Oil production intensity by year (in kgCO2e/boe) by country

 Oil processing intensity by year (in kgCO2e/boe)

 Transport & distribution between refinery and point of sale.

2.3. The methodology for the OIL supply chain

2.3.1. Oil Processed calculation

Figure 5 - OIL balance calculation – country-average oil production intensity

Shell oil CI PR, CI, EF

OIL_Shell OIL_Transport REF_Asset OIL

Figure 6 - OIL Processed calculation data flow diagram

2.3.2. Oil Sales calculation

OIL_Country oil CI Compute oil CI OIL

Shipping (or pipeline) diet

OIL_Transport REF_Shell REF_region

Figure 7 - OIL Sales data flow diagram

2.4. Implementation of the calculation methodology for OIL

2.4.1. Acronyms, Abbreviations and variables

Table 1 - Acronyms, abbreviations and variables used for Oil calculations

2.4.2. Lifecycle CI calculation

𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

Distribution and End-use

2.4.3. Portfolio CI of refinery assets - Processed view

Where 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡 is the amount of crude processed at refinery Ar at time t.

2.4.4. Portfolio CI of Oil Sales

Crude production from upstream countries to supply the region is:

The WtT CI of sales from non-Shell refineries in each region are:

3rd party gas

Figure 8 – Pipeline gas supply chain

Figure 8 shows an overview of the NG supply chain.

 Gas production intensity by year (in kgCO2e/boe)

 Gas production intensity by year (in kgCO2e/boe) by country

 End-use intensity of natural gas combustion (in gCO2e/MJ of gas)

3.3. The methodology for the GAS Portfolio

 GAS shows gas transported by pipeline