Eastern Star Academy, Inc.

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Student’s Name: __________________________________________________

Grade Level: Grade 8 Learning Modality: Modular Distance Learning
Subject: Science 8 Subject Teacher: Peter D. Cloma Jr., LPT

GENERAL INSTRUCTION:
Please read carefully. You may jot down notes or use highlighter in reading the information
sheets to assure retention and comprehension. DO NOT SUBMIT the INFORMATION
SHEETS. The activity sheets will be submitted according to the given schedule. PLEASE
WRITE LEGIBLY. Always write your name and other essential data upon submission.
PLEASE follow the prescribed schedule to avoid incomplete outputs and cramming in the
process. DO NOT CHEAT. Disciplinary actions will be taken if caught and proven. Enjoy
learning.

Content Standard:
1. Newton’s three laws of motion

Performance Standard:
1. Develop a written plan and implement a “Newton’s Olympics”

Most Essential Learning Competency:

1. Investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and the mass of
the object to the amount of change in the object’s motion

Lesson THREE LAWS OF MOTION

#1

Learning objectives:
1. Investigate the relationship of the amount of force applied and the mass of the
object to the amount of change in the object’s motion
2. Infer that when a body exerts a force on another an equal amount of force is
exerted back on it
3. Model passengers’ body response to changes in motion
4. Relate the laws of motion to bodies in uniform circular motion
5. Infer that circular motion requires the application of constant force directed
toward the center of the circle
1
Introduction
Usain Bolt. Cheetah. Peregrine Falcon. Can you guess what’s common
among them? Yes, they are the “world’s fastest”. But have you ever wondered what
makes them move the way they do? Why do some things move faster than the
others? In an airplane and other land vehicles, we are required to buckle our
seatbelts. In riding motorcycles, we adhere to the helmet policy. Do we really
understand why we are asked to do such? Motion has been a very common and
familiar concept to all even before one has learned to walk. But is our grasp of the
concept enough to understand the different kinds of motion that is happening around
us? Let us try to explore our minds and navigate through other resources and learn
what we can about motion.
In this lesson, you will find out the laws governing motion. These are the Law of
Inertia, Law of Acceleration and Law of Interaction, which were formulated by Sir
Isaac Newton. As you go through the lesson, remember to search for the answer to
the following questions: What does force have to do with motion? How can motion
be controlled? How can we take advantage of our knowledge on motion?
Information Sheet
A force is a push or a pull. Much of
what we know about forces and their
resulting motions comes from the ideas of
Sir Isaac Newton. A mathematician and
scientist, Newton lived in England during
the 1600s. He published his observations
and theories about force and motion in
1687. Even though Newton’s document is now hundreds of years old, the three
“laws” he presented are still the foundation of modern physics. To explore force and
motion, we need to understand Newton’s three laws and be able to identify them in
the world around us.

Newton’s First Law of Motion

An object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in motion tends to stay in
motion, unless acted upon by an outside, unbalanced force. Newton’s First Law
basically argues that objects—whether they are staying still or moving—tend to keep
on doing what they’re doing until something interferes. When we put something
down, it tends to stay in that spot until someone or something moves it. The second
part of this law—that a moving object will stay in motion—is more difficult to grasp.
It’s hard to picture an object in motion forever since moving objects always seem to
slow down at some point. When objects slow down or stop moving, it’s always due to
an outside force, like friction or air resistance. Friction occurs when two objects rub
against each other. As a skier moves over the snow, the contact between the skis
and the snow creates sliding friction. An object (like a skateboard) rolling over a
surface creates rolling friction.

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 Newton’s First Law is also called the “law of inertia. “Inertia is another word to
describe an object’s tendency to stay in motion or at rest unless an outside force
interferes.
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
Newton’s First Law of Motion assumes that the forces acting on the object are
balanced. When a book is at rest on a table, the force of gravity pushing down on the
book is equal to the force of the desk pushing up. The forces acting on the book are
balanced, so the book stays put. The same is true of objects in motion. If the forces
acting on a moving object are balanced, and no other outside forces interfere, the
object would keep on moving forever.
Unbalanced forces cause a change in position or motion. If two people are
arm wrestling and both exert the exact same amount of force, their arms will be
deadlocked in the same spot. The balanced forces cancel each other out, causing a
state of equilibrium where there is no motion or change. As soon as one person
exerts more force, the forces become unbalanced. Unbalanced forces always result
in motion. In the case of the arm wrestling, the stronger arm will overtake the weaker
arm and push it down. Once an object is set into motion, we can measure how fast it
travels and calculate its speed. We can also calculate the velocity, which describes
the speed and direction of a moving object. If the moving object travels at the same,
unchanging velocity, it has a constant speed. A change in velocity (speeding up)
causes acceleration.
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Acceleration of an object depends on the force and mass. While Newton’s
First Law describes how objects behave when forces are balanced, his second law is
about what happens when two forces are unbalanced. Newton’s Second Law says
that once an object is set in motion, its acceleration will depend on two things: force
and mass. In fact, this law of motion is often expressed as an equation: Force equals
mass times acceleration (F = ma). Force and acceleration are proportional to each
other—the amount of force is equal to the amount of acceleration. The greater the
force exerted on an object, the more it will accelerate. For example, the harder you
kick a ball, the farther and faster it will travel. The opposite is true of mass. The more
mass an object has, the less it will accelerate. If you kick a tennis ball and a bowling
ball with the same amount of force, the heavy bowling ball is going to move slower
and go a shorter distance than the tennis ball. A heavier object requires more force
to set it in motion.
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
For every action, there is a reaction that is equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction. Forces always occur in pairs, and Newton’s Third Law of Motion helps us
understand the relationship between pairs of forces. Every time a force, or action,
occurs, it causes a reaction. We can describe the reaction in terms of its strength, or
magnitude, and also its direction. The magnitude of the action is equal to the
magnitude of the reaction. For example, if you toss a pebble into the water, it’s going
to create a small ripple or splash. If you hurl a large boulder at the water, the splash

3
is going to be bigger. The force of the action and reaction always match up. While an
action and its reaction are equal in magnitude, they are opposite in direction. The
rock plunges down into the water, but the water splashes up. When you throw or
shoot something forward, the recoil of the force pushes you backward. Every time a
force acts on an object, it causes a reaction force in the opposite direction.
Kinetic & Potential Energy
Energy is the ability to do work. An object doesn’t have to be in motion to
possess energy. Potential energy is energy that’s stored in an object. (In fact, it’s
also referred to as
stored energy.) An
object’s position or
circumstances give it
potential energy. A
spring on the bottom of
a pogo stick has
potential energy when
someone is standing on
the pogo stick. The coil
of the spring
compresses when
pressure is applied,
storing up energy that
will later be released.
The more height and
mass an object have,
the more gravitational
potential energy it has.
Once an object is in
motion, it has kinetic
energy. When the
spring compresses and
releases, the kinetic
energy of the spring
pushes the pogo stick
and its rider up into the
air. When the person
jumps on the pogo stick
and the spring
compresses again,
more potential energy is stored in the spring. When the spring releases, the kinetic
energy of the spring pushes the rider up once again.

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 ACTIVITY SHEET
Student’s Name: __________________________________________________
Grade Level: Grade 8 Learning Modality: Modular Distance Learning
Subject: Science 8 Subject Teacher: Peter D. Cloma Jr., LPT

Have you ever wondered why our body tends to move forward when the
vehicle we are riding suddenly stops? Have you ever thought what makes a
massive rocket fly into space? Are there laws governing such actions? How do
we take advantage of our knowledge on motion? Find out as you journey to a
world of learning in this lesson.
A. Caught on Camera
Let’s begin our journey with a video clip showing
a compilation of road accidents. As you watch the
clip, keep this question in mind, “How can we
control motion and use it to our advantage?”
Click this link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Xtz6laJXMMg
This video shows several road accidents.

Process Questions:
1. How did you feel about the victims? the culprits?
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2. What causes of accidents are shown in the video?
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3. In the video, what pieces of advice are implied to avoid

getting into horrific accidents?
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4. Can we control motion? In what way?

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5. How can we take advantage of our knowledge on motion?

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A. LAW OF INERTIA: Simple Experiment

Many years ago, Sir Isaac Newton came up with some most excellent
descriptions about motion. His First Law of Motion is as follows: “An object at rest
stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an outside
force.” Quite a mouthful. What that means is that something that is sitting there will
continue to sit there unless moved. And something moving will keep moving unless
something stops it.

Still a mouthful. Just think about this: When you are at a stoplight in your car and
you start moving quickly, you feel pushed back into your chair. The opposite is true if
you come to a sudden stop, and you move keep moving forward, with only your
seatbelt preventing you from crashing forward.
Ball Bounce Experiment

Materials for the Ball Bounce Experiment:

  A basketball or soccer ball, or similar bouncy ball

  a smaller bouncy ball (like a tennis ball or a racquet ball).
  Have an assortment of other balls handy for further experimenting.

Procedure:

  Do this experiment outside

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   First bounce the basketball and tennis ball side by side to compare their
bounces. Start them off around chest height
  Make a hypothesis (a guess) about what will happen when you stack the
small ball on top of the bigger one and then drop it
  Try it! It may take a couple tries to line them up just right but the results are
pretty awesome
 Send your teacher a proof of the activity via messenger.

Explanation:

 The energy of motion from the bigger ball is transferred into the smaller one.
Most of your attention is on the sky-rocketing smaller ball, but if you look at
the basketball, it doesn’t have much bounce at all!

Experiment further:

 Hopefully this will make you think of other things. Like what if you switched the
two balls and dropped the smaller one on the bottom? What if you used two of
the same sized ball? A golf ball on top? Think of other things!

B. LAW OF ACCELERATION: Demonstration [Loaded vs. Unloaded]

Let’s verify the concept which you have just learned in the text and videos by
performing this simple demonstration on your own. Use the result to support your
explanation in the dump truck vs. Honda Civic scenario. Write the observation in
your journal notebook and explain it in the light of the Law of Acceleration.

Predict which car reaches the finish line first the loaded or the unloaded?
Observe what happens.
Set-up: Use two identical cars. Attach a 100-g mass on the second car. Hit both cars
with 2 identical suspended balls released from the same height. (This would serve as
a uniform force used to push the cars.)

Explain your observation.

1. Which car reached the finish line first? Why?
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2. How did the additional load on the second car affect its movement?

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3. How can you use the result of this demonstration to explain the dump truck vs.
Honda Civic case?
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C. LAW OF INTERACTION (Who pushed me?)
Predict what would happen as you push the wall while sitting on the swivel chair.
Observe what happens.
Set-up: Sit on a swivel chair with your feet off the floor. Push the wall.
Explain your observation.
1. Why did you move in the opposite direction?
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2. Did the wall exert a force on you? If no, then how come you moved?
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3. If yes, how do you compare your force with that of the wall?
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___________________________________________________________________
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ANSWER THIS!
Encircle the letter of the correct answer

1. An object at rest will _______ if no outside forces are applied.

A. Stay at rest
B. Increase Velocity
C. Decrease Mass
2. A greater applied force is required to move an object with a greater mass than one
with a smaller mass.
A. True
B. False
3. The SI units for force are...
A. Kilograms
B. Newtons
C. Meters per second
D. Pounds
4. According to Newton’s first law of motion, a moving object that is not acted on by
an unbalanced force will
A. remain in motion.
B. eventually come to a stop.
C. change its momentum.
D. accelerate.
5. A sled sliding on a flat, icy surface with a constant velocity is best described by
A. Newton’s first law of motion for objects at rest.
B. Newton’s first law of motion for objects in motion.
C. Newton’s second law of motion.
D. Newton’s third law of motion.
6. Which of the following explains the difference between speed and velocity?
A. One has motion, and the other does not.
B. One has direction, and the other does not.
C. One involves time, and the other does not.
D. One involves acceleration, and the other does not.
7. How does Newton’s third law explain how a rocket takes off?
A. The rocket’s acceleration is positive, while the gasses acceleration is negative
but the direction is the same.

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 B. The rocket is at rest until ignition.
C. The hot gasses move in one direction, while the rocket moves in the opposite
direction but with equal force.
8. Acceleration is caused by a force acting on a mass.
A. Newton’s first law of motion
B. Newton’s second law of motion
C. Newton’s third law of motion

9. For a force on an object there is an equal and opposite force.

A. Newton’s first law of motion
B. Newton’s second law of motion
C. Newton’s third law of motion
10. Without any force to change it, an object at rest stays at rest and an object in
motion stays in motion
A. Newton’s first law of motion
B. Newton’s second law of motion
C. Newton’s third law of motion

(SOURCE: Newton's Laws | Laws of Motion - Quizizz )

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 JOURNAL

Name: _______________________ Topic: _____________________________

Subject: _________________________ Week #: ____________________
Write your realization, understandings, and all things you’ve learned and
experienced in accomplishing the module. Write legibly.
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Parent’s/ Guardian’s Signature: __________________

Teacher’s Feedback:
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 Lesson How A Body Responds To Changes in
#2 Motion (Balanced and Unbalanced Forces)

Forces have a magnitude (strength) and a direction. Forces can be

represented as arrows with the length of the arrow representing the magnitude of the
force and the head of the arrow pointing in the direction of the force. Using such
arrows, the resulting force (net force) and direction can be determined. Forces acting
on an object can be balanced or unbalanced.

Unbalanced Forces Defined

Any push or pull is a force. To describe a force, you must know two things. You
must know the size of the force and the direction of the force. Suppose two teams
are playing tug of war. Each team is pulling with equal force, but in opposite
directions. Neither team can make the other team move. Forces that are equal in
size but opposite in direction are called balanced forces.

12
Balanced forces do not cause a change in motion. When balanced forces act on an
object at rest, the object will not move. If you push against a wall, the wall pushes
back with an equal but opposite force. Neither you nor the wall will move. Forces that
cause a change in the motion of an object are unbalanced forces.

Unbalanced forces are not equal and opposite.

Suppose that one of the teams in tug of war
pulls harder than the other team. The forces
would no longer be equal. One team would be
able to pull the other team in the direction of
the larger force.

Unbalanced forces are not equal, and they always cause the motion of an object to
change the speed and/or direction that it is moving.

 When two unbalanced forces are exerted in opposite directions, their combined
force is equal to the difference between the two forces.
 The magnitude and direction of the net force affects the resulting motion
 This combined force is exerted in the direction of the larger force
 For example, if two students push on opposite sides of a box sitting on the floor,
the student on the left pushes with less force (small arrow) on the box than the
student on the right side of the box (long arrow).
 The resulting action (net force: smaller arrow to the right of the = shows that the
box will change its motion in the direction of the greater force as shown below:

 Or, if in a tug of war, one team pulls harder than the other, the resulting action
(net force) will be that the rope will change its motion in the direction of the
force with the greater strength/magnitude as shown below:

13
 If unbalanced forces are exerted in the same direction, the resulting force (net
force) will be the sum of the forces in the direction the forces are applied.

o For example, if two people pull on an object at the same time in the same
direction, the applied force on the object will be the result of their
combined forces (net force or longer arrow to the right of the =) as
shown below:

 When forces act in the same direction, their forces are added. When forces act in
opposite directions, their forces are subtracted from each other.
 Unbalanced forces also cause a nonmoving object to change its motion

 If there is no net force acting on the object, the motion does not change. If there
is a net force acting on an object, the speed of the object will change in the
direction of the net force.

14
Force and Motion

More than one force can act on an object at the same time. If you hold a paper clip
near a magnet, you, the magnet and gravity all exert forces on the paper clip. The
combination of all the forces acting on an object is the net force. When more than
one force is acting on an object, the net force determines the motion of the object. In
this example, the paper clip is not moving, so the net force is zero.

How do forces combine to form the net

force? If the forces are in the same
direction, they add together to form the net
force. Suppose you and a friend are asked
to move a piano for the music teacher. To
do this, you pull on one end of the piano,
and your friend pushes on the other end.
Together, your forces add up to enough

15
force to move the piano. This is because your forces are in the same direction.
Because the forces are in the same direction, they can be added together to
determine the net force. In this case, the net force is 45 N, which is plenty to move a
piano - if it is on wheels, that is!

If two forces are in opposite directions, then the net force is the difference
between the two forces, and it is in the direction of the larger force. Consider two
dogs playing tug of war with a short piece of rope. Each is exerting a force, but in
opposite directions.

Notice below that the dog on the left is pulling with a force of 10 N, and the
dog on the right is pulling with a force of 12 N. Which dog do you think will win the
tug of war? Because the forces are in opposite directions, the net force is determined
by subtracting the smaller force
from the larger one. In this case,
the net force is 2 N in the
direction of the dog on the right.
Give that dog a dog biscuit!

Unbalanced Forces in Action

Unbalanced forces can change the motion of an object in two ways. When
unbalanced forces act on an object at rest, the object will move. In the two examples
mentioned earlier, the net force on the object is greater than zero. Unbalanced
forces produced change in motion (acceleration) and the receivers of the forces - the
piano and the rope - moved. Unbalanced forces are necessary to cause a
nonmoving object to start moving.

Second, when unbalanced forces

act on a moving object, the velocity

16
of the object will change. Remember that a change in velocity means a change in
speed, direction or both speed and direction. For example, consider a soccer game.
The soccer ball is already moving when it is passed from one player to another.
When the ball reaches the second player, the player exerts an unbalanced force - a
kick - on the ball. After the kick, the ball moves in a new direction and with a new
speed.

Examples of Unbalanced Forces

A force can act on an object

without causing it to accelerate if
other forces cancel the push or
pull of the force. Look at this
figure:

If you and your friend push on a door with the same force in opposite directions, the
door does not move. Because you both exert forces of the same size in opposite
directions of the door, the two forces cancel each other.

Two or more forces exerted on an object are balanced if their effects cancel each
other, and they do not cause a change in the object's motion. If the forces on an
object are balanced, the net force is zero. If the forces are unbalanced forces, the
effects don't cancel each other. Any time the forces acting on an object are
unbalanced, the net force is not zero, and the motion of the object changes.

Activity 1: Paper Clips at Rest!

Objective:After performing this activity, you should be able to identify the
forces acting on an object at rest.
Materials:
4 pieces paperclips (any size) pair of
scissors tie straw / string

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Procedure
1. Connect all four paperclips as shown in the figure below.

Bendanillo, Yehlen.“Paper Clips”.2020.JPG file

2. Tie the paperclips using tie straw and hang it to the wall. As shown below.

Bendanillo, Yehlen.“Hanging Paper

Clips”.2020.JPG file

Q1. Are the hanging paperclips moving or at rest?

Q2. Are there forces acting on the paperclips hanging in the wall? If yes,
illustrate the forces by using arrows.

3. Using a pair of scissors cut the tie straw that holds the paperclips. See
Figure below.

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 Bendanillo, Yehlen.“Cutting Hanging
Paperclips”.2020.JPG file

Q3. What happens to the hanging paperclips? What could have caused the
motion of the hanging paperclips?

Activity 2: On the Bottle-ground

Objective:
After performing this activity, you should be able to demonstrate
how a body responds to changes in motion.

Material needed:
empty mineral water bottle (or any disposable plastic bottle )
Procedure:
1. Put an empty bottle on the top of the table as shown below.

Bendanillo, Yehlen.“Empty Plastic Bottle”.2020.JPG

File.

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 Q1. Is the empty plastic bottle at rest or in motion?

Q2. Are there forces acting on the empty plastic bottle? If yes, draw an
illustration of the force.

2. Let a partner (could be a family member) push the bottle in one direction
and you pushing it back in opposite direction with equal amount of push
force.

Q3. Does the empty plastic bottle move? How do you move the empty bottle?

In Activities 1 and 2, both paperclips and the empty plastic bottle are at
rest. This doesn’t mean there is no force acting on them. You have learned in
lower level that all objects fall due to the gravity which pulls them towards the
center of the earth. In any case, what makes the hanging paperclips and the
empty plastic bottle remain in place? The paperclips hanging on a tie straw are at
rest because of balanced forces acting on them. It occurs as a result of tension
force (T). The empty plastic bottle, on other hand, remains still because of the
upward push applied on it by the table, which we refer as normal force (Fn).The
forces acting on empty plastic bottle are also balanced.

In both situations, we can say that the objects remained at rest because of
the forces acting on them which are in equal in magnitude and in opposite
direction. As they lie along in the same line of action, the forces are balanced.
This was demonstrated in Activity 2.

On other hand, when you cut the string that connects to the paperclips,
the clips will fall. If you push the empty plastic bottle to the other side of the table,
the empty bottle will move but it will stop from moving if you don’t continuously
push it. The paperclips fall due to the absence of force acting on it to respond the

20
pull of gravity. The empty plastic bottle moves because of the push that you
applied. It means that the forces applied on these objects are no longer
balanced. Take note, if an object is initially at rest it is has balanced forces. When
an object changes its state of motion or accelerates, unbalanced forces are
acting on it. Bear in mind that acceleration is not just an increase in velocity, but
also a decrease in velocity.

Activity 3: Which Is Which

Introduction: A force is balanced when two equal forces push or pull in the
opposite direction on the same object, like a draw in a Tug of War. An
unbalanced force is when one force is larger than the other. The object will then
change its speed or the direction it is moving into.

Directions: Look at the pictures below. Examine which one demonstrates

balanced forces and unbalanced forces. Answer the following guide questions
below.

Source: www.vectorstock.com/royalty- Bendanillo, Yehlen. “Toy

Car”.2020.JPEG FILE.
free-vector/group-of- children-playing-
tug-of-war
A B

Guide questions:
Q1. Which of the images above demonstrates unbalanced forces? How about
balanced forces?

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 Q2. Why do you think the image demonstrates balanced forces? unbalanced
forces?

Answer this!
1. You and your dad are moving the couch from one side to another. Your dad
pushes with a force of 35 N to the right and you push with a force of 25 N right. What
is the net force on the couch?
A. 60 N right
B. 10 N left
C. 60 n right
D. 50 N left
2. A wheeled cart is moving to the
right at a constant speed.  Two forces
of equal magnitude are acting upon
the cart. Which of the following best
describes the forces and motion of the
cart?

A. Balanced Forces, Constant Speed

B. Balanced Forces, Acceleration
C. Unbalanced Forces, Constant Speed
D. Unbalanced Forces, Acceleration
3. Which could be an example of an unbalanced force?
A. A plate sitting on a dining table
B. A ball at the top of a hill that is not moving
C. Earth orbiting the Sun 
D. A baseball that has been thrown to home plate.

4. Which could be an example of a balanced force?

A. An asteroid moving at a constant speed through space 
B. A car accelerating from a stop sign
C. A box of dishes falling from a counter 
D. A rocket taking off 

5. Which of the following objects will experience an unbalanced force?

A. A bike rider on a smooth and level road, pedaling at a constant rate.
B. A train pulling on another train, each with the same amount of force.
C. A chair sitting on the floor with balanced forces acting in opposite directions.
D. A ball rolling across the floor with friction acting in the opposite direction.

6. If these teams are pulling with the same amount of force what will happen?

A. The boy in blue will win.

B. They will not move at all.

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C. The boy in red will win.
D. Both will fall down.

6. What is the net force?

A. 40 N left
B. 0 N Balalnced
C. 400 N right
D. 40 N right

7. How will this object move? 

A. It won't move. 
B. It will move to the
right. 
C. It will move to the
left. 
D. It will move up. 

8. In a tug of war the left

team pulls with a force of 200N. The right team pulls with a force of 150N. What is
the resultant force?

A. 50N to the left.

B. 350N to the left.
C. 350N to the right.
D. 50N to the right.

9. two forces acting in opposite directions on an object, and do not cause a change
in motion; equal in size
A. Force
B. Balanced Force
C. Unbalanced Force
D. Inertia
10. An airplane is travelling North through the sky at a constant speed when
turbulence causes it to take a different route, changing its direction. Explain the
forces at work on this plane.

A. Unbalanced, because the plane is moving forward, not backwards

B. Unbalanced, because the speed is constant and there is a change in direction
C. Balanced, because the plane is not falling to a lower altitude
D. Unbalanced, because the plane is in motion

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 JOURNAL

Name: __________________________ Topic: _____________________________

Subject: _________________________ Week #: ____________________

Write your realization, understandings, and all things you’ve learned and
experienced in accomplishing the module. Write legibly.
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Parent’s/ Guardian’s Signature: __________________

Teacher’s Feedback:
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