VEDANT
VEDANT
VEDANT
Investigatory
Project
SUJAL
DEULKAR
XII-A
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many
people have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart
pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the
people who have been concerned with project.
THANKYOU !
SUJAL DEULKAR
(XII-A)
Study
Of Constituents Of
Alloys
Certificate
Guided By :- Ms. SHAILA
Class :- XII
Year :- 2021-22
Roll No :-
School :- MONTFORT SCHOOL,NAGPUR.
EXAMINER
Date :-
-:INDEX:-
1-- Introduction
5-- Experiment:-
To analyze a sample of brass
qualitative
7-- Bibliography....
INTRODUCTION
An Alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals or a non-metal.
An alloy of mercury with another metal is called amalgam.
Alloys are usually harder than their components but very often less ductile and less
malleable. Thus the hardness of gold is increased by addition of copper to it. The
melting point of an alloy is always lower than the melting points of the constituent
metals. Other properties such as reactivity towards atmospheric oxygen and moisture,
mechanical strength, ductility, colour etc. also under goes a change when an alloy is
made from its constituents (metals). This change of properties is very useful and makes
an alloy beneficial.
Some of the alloys along with their composition is given below.
1.Brass :
It consists Copper 60-90%, Zinc 10-40% and small amounts of tin, lead and
iron.
3. Bronze :
It consists Copper 65-95%, Tin 5-35% and also contains small amounts of
lead, iron and zinc.
4. Duralumin :
It consists Al 95%, Cu 4%, Mn 0.5%, Mg 0.5%.
6. Gun Metal :
It consists Copper 85 - 90%, Zinc 1-3%, Tin 8-12%.
The composition of alloys may differ slightly depending upon the quality of the alloy
though the main components remain the same.
SOME COMMON ALLOYS :-
Amalgam
Any alloy of mercury is called an amalgam. Most metals are
soluble in mercury, but some (such as iron)are not. Amalgams are
commonly used in dental fillings because they have been relatively
cheap, easy to use, and durable. In addition, until recently, they
have been regarded as safe. They are made by mixing mercury
with silver ,copper ,tin , and other metals. The mercury content of
dental fillings has recently stirred controversy, based on the
potentially harmful effects of mercury.
Brass
A decorative brass paperweight (left), along with zinc and copper
samples.
Brass is the term used for alloys of copper and zinc in a solid
solution. It has a yellow color, somewhat similar to gold. It was
produced in prehistoric times, long before zinc was discovered, by
melting copper with calamine, a zinc ore.
The amount of zinc in brass varies from 5 to 45 percent, creating
a range of brasses, each with unique properties. By comparison,
bronze is principally an alloy of copper and tin.
Despite this distinction, some types of brasses are called bronzes.
Brass is relatively resistant to tarnishing and is often used for
decorative purposes. Its malleability and acoustic properties have
made it the metal of choice for musical instruments such as the
Bronze
Bronze refers to a broad range of copper alloys, usually with tin
as the main additive, but sometimes with other element s such as
phosphorus, manganese, aluminum, or silicon.Typically, bronze is
about 60 percent copper and 40 percent tin. The use of bronze was particularly
significant for early civilizations, leading to the name "Bronze Age." Tools, weapons,
armor, and building materials such as decorative tiles were made
of bronze, as they were found to be harder and more durable
than their stone and copper predecessors.
In early use, the natural impurity arsenic sometimes created a superior natural
alloy, called "arsenical bronze."
ANALYSIS OF AN ALLOY
2. Quantitative Analysis :
This involves determination of the components of the alloy. It involves the
separation of the components from the alloy quantitatively followed by
determination of percentage of each component volumetrically or gravimetrically.
In this project we will carry out qualitative analysis only.
Objectives of Project :
In this project, our aim is to know the various metals present in the given sample of
alloy.
Experiment
To analyze a sample of brass.
Aim : To analyze a sample of brass qualitatively.
Requirements :
China dish,test-tube funnel,filter paper and some common laboratory Reagents.
Theory :
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc with the following.
Composition :
Cu = 60-90% and Zn. = 10-40%.
Thus copper and zinc form the main constituents of brass. Both these metals
dissolved in nitric acid due to formation of nitrates which are soluble.
3 Cu + 8HNO3+ 3 Cu(NO3) 2+N2O+5H2O
Procedure :
1) Place a small piece of brass in a china dish and heat this with minimum quantity of
50% HNO3 so as to dissolve the piece completely
2) Continue heating the solution till a dry solid residue is obtained.
3) Dissolve the solid residue in dil. HCl and filter. Add distilled water to the filtrate.
4) Pass H2S gas through the filtrate. A black precipitate of copper sulphide is obtained.
Separate the black ppt. and keep the filtrate for the test of Zn+2 ions Dissolve black
ppt. by heating them with 50% HNO3 . To this solution add ammonium hydroxide
solution. Appearance of deep blue colour in the solution shows the presence of
copper ions in the solution.
5)To test Zn+2 ions, boil the filtrate to remove H2S gas, then add solid NH4Cl to this and
heat to dissolve NH4Cl. Add excess of NH4OH so that a solution is ammoniacal. Now
pass H2S gas through this ammoniacal solution. Dirty white or grey precipitation
indicate zinc. Separate the precipitates and dissolve it in minimum amount of dil. HCl.
Boil to expel H2S gas and add potassium Ferro cyanide solution, white or bluish white
ppt. confirm Zn+2 ions in the solution.
Result :
The given sample of brass contains - Cu and Zn as the main constituents.
USES OF ALLOYS :-
i) To modify chemical reactivity :-
When sodium is used as reducing agent it is too reactive to be used but its alloy with
mercury, called sodium amalgam can be safely used as reducing agent.