INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.

Brgy. Bocohan, Lucena City

Registration No.16Q13029

COURSE MODULE
(Paper-Based)

STUDENT’S COPY

I. NAME OF PROGRAM Bachelor of Science in Marine Transportation (BSMT)

COURSE CODE
II. COURSE DESCRIPTIVE
Ship Handling and Maneuvering
TITLE / CODE
Seam 5

COURSE CREDIT UNIT

IV. PRE-REQUISITE / CO-
DW 1
REQUISITE / CREDIT UNIT 3

VI. COURSE DESCRIPTION Ship Handling and Maneuvering

Knowledge of the effects of wind and current on MODULE NUMBER

VII. MODULE TITLE/ NUMBER
ship handling
3

IX. INCLUSIVE WEEK Week Number 3

Discuss the principles of ship handling, the effects of deadweight, draught, trim,
X. COURSE OUTCOME speed and under keel clearance on turning circle and stopping distances, effects of
wind and current on ship handling while maintaining safety of navigation.

A. Learning Outcome: At the end of the modules, the students should be able to:
1. :Explain the effect of wind on a given ship depends upon:
1.1 The wind strength
1.2 The relative direction of the wind.
1.3 The above-water area and profile
1.4 The draught and trim
1.5The ship’s fore and aft movement
2. Describe the behavior of a ship moving ahead with a wind from various directions.
3. State that as a ship is slowed a speed is reached at which the wind prevents maintaining course.
4. Describe the effectof wind on a ship making sternway .

B. STCW Competence Addressed by the Course Module :

 A-II/1 F1.C9: Maneuver the Ship

C. STCW KUP Addressed by the Course Module:

 A-II/1 F1.C9. KUP1: Ship Maneuvering and Handling

XI. MODULE RESOURCES

MINIMUM READING MATERIAL/ONLINE RESOURCES TO BE PROVIDED BY THE FACULTY; IT CAN BE
IN PDF / WORD FILE / INTERNET LINKS / ETC. AND ITS MHEIs DISCRETION BASED ON THEIR
RESOURCES / CAPABILITY

A. IMO IMDG.1: International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (Volume 1)

[https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/004/imo.imdg.1.2006.pdf]
B. Dangerous Goods Management Manual
[http://www.mrcmekong.org/assets/Publications/basin-reports/Dangerious-Goods-MM-
Sept2013.pdf]
C. An Introduction to the IMDG Code [http://www.imdgsupport.com/Free%20IMDG%20Code
%20introduction%2037-14.pdf]
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LESSON MAP:
INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.

WIND AND ITS EFFECTS

Wind and its Effect on Manoeuvring
Brgy. Bocohan, Lucena City

Wind has a significant effect on a ship. It causes

heading changes and leeway. Failure to compensate
correctly for wind during berthing is a significant cause
of berthing accidents. The difficulty in allowing for
Registration No.16Q13029
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Brgy. Bocohan, Lucena City
Registration No.16Q13029

Effect Of Wind
1. mostly experienced when proceeding at slow speeds
2. can create major problems:
a) during river passages
b) when entering locks
c) while berthing

The Point of Influence of Wind or Center of Windage Area

The point of influence of wind (W) is that point on the ship’s above-water surface upon which
the whole force of the wind can be considerate to act. Unlike a ship’s centre of gravity, the point of
influence of wind moves depending on the profile of the ship presented to the wind. When a ship’s
beam is facing to the wind, W will be fairly close to the mid-length point, slightly aft in the case of
ships with aft accommodation and slightly forward if the accommodation is forward. A ship will
always want to settle into a position where the pivot point and point of influence of wind are in
alignment.

 Center of wind pressure (W)

depends on the area of the ship
exposed
 Windage area to be compared
with:
 W is not always at the center of
gravity of the windage area: it depends
of the angle between wind direction
and ship’s heading.

Effect of wind/ Ship even keel and stopped Beam Wind

 The right funnel aft acts like huge sail: large area
of superstructure + funnel
 Area of freeboard from forward of bridge to bow
 Center of wind pressure close to the pivot point
 Result: ship not turning and stopped with wind on
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Brgy. Bocohan, Lucena City
Registration No.16Q13029

Force of Wind
Wind can be estimated by the formula:

F= ( V2
18 , 000 )
×wind

where F is the wind force in tonnes per square

(metres/second) and windage area is the area of ship expos
constant. Estimate windage area for a beam wind by multip
profile area of the accommodation housing. For a head wind
area of the bridge front. And, as any mariner will know, d
one or more tugs with the nearest bollard pull.
This calculation gives an estimate of the total force
indication of the total power that tugs will need in order to o

SAMPLE PROBLEM
(with solution)
Compute for the force of the wind in tons per sqm for a car carrier with 10
meters per sec, and windage area of 2000 sqm.

Solution:
( wind speed )2×windage area
wind force (in tons/sqm )=
18 , 000
( 10 m /sec )2 ×2000 sqm
wind force (in tons/sqm )=
18 , 000
wind force (in tons/sqm )=11 . 11tons/ sqm

 Ensure that conditions are safe and suitable for the envisaged
manoeuvre. It will be cheaper to delay the ship until the wind
moderates than to deal with the aftermath of an accident.
 Wind force acting on a ship increases with the square of the wind
 INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Brgy. Bocohan, Lucena City
Registration No.16Q13029

 A ship is more vulnerable to wind at slow speed. As speed reduces hydrodynamic forces
reduce, and the effect of wind on heading and leeway increases.
 Take corrective action as soon as it becomes obvious that it is needed. The earlier that
action is taken, the less that needs to be done. The longer things are left, the more drastic
will be the action needed to correct the situation.
 Kicks ahead are effective in controlling a ship in windy conditions.
 Consider any special circumstances where wind may affect ship handling. Trim,
freeboard and deck cargo can vary the position of W and the force of the wind on the
ship, and change the ship’s natural tendency in wind. For example, significant trim by the
stern can cause W to move ahead of P. In these circumstances, the bow will have
increased windage. Consequently, if the ship is heading into wind, the bow may show a
tendency to blow downwind, even if the ship has headway.
 Enclosed bridges can lead to a false impression of wind strength, as opposed to open
bridge wings where the wind strength will be obvious.
 The windage area, and hence the force of the wind on the ship, will vary the heading
relative to the wind. The maximum force on the ship is when the ship is broadside to the
wind.
 Good control is easy to achieve when the ship’s head is to wind and the ship has
headway. Control is difficult when wind is following and strong turning forces are
created.
 High freeboard ships are more difficult to berth. When berthing high freeboard ships as
carriers, it is essential to pay extra attention in windy conditions.
 Apply large passing distances when it is windy. Always pass any obstructions well
upwind. Gusts and squalls can arrive very rapidly and with little warning. When wind has
caused a ship to move rapidly to leeward, it can be difficult to overcome the motion and
return to a position of safety.
 Allow plenty of distance from the berth when wind is onshore. Of berthing in an onshore
wind, it is best practice to stop half a ship’s length from the berth and then come
alongside in a controlled manner. An uncontrolled landing on a downwind berth can
INTER-GLOBAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Brgy. Bocohan, Lucena City
Registration No.16Q13029