Module 2: Thermodynamics 2, Fluid Mechanics

Instruction: CHANGE the highlighted variable to a value you want to use. Each problem must be
presented in the following order:
1. Problem – with the chosen value indicated in the problem.
2. Complete Solutions – with the formula, substitutions and conversions if there are any.
3. Final Answer – must be in the appropriate unit if not specified.

Due: Feb 26, 2022

1. At 250 °C(vf = 0.0012512, vg = 0.05013 m3/kg), a mixture of saturated steam and liquid water exists in equilibrium. If the specific
volume of the mixture is x m3/kg, determine the percent moisture.

2. A x m3 drum contains saturated water and saturated vapor at 370 °C (vg = 0.004925; vf = 0.002213 m3/kg), find the mass of each if
their volumes are equal.

3. A x m3 tank contains saturated steam at 300 KPa ( vg = 0.6058 m3/kg; ug = 2543.6 KJ/kg). heat is transferred until the pressure
reaches 100 KPa (vf = 0.0010432; vg = 1.694 m3/kg; uf = 417; ug = 2506.1 KJ/kg). Determine the heat transferred.

4. Steam at 200 °C ( vf = 0.0011565; vg = 0.12736 m3/kg; uf = 850.65; ug = 2595.3 KJ/kg) and with an entropy of x KJ/kg.K expands
isothermally to 0.515 MPa (s =7.0444 KJ/kg.K; u = 2642.3 KJ/kg). Determine the work for a non-flow process.

5. x kg of steam expands isentropically from 2.1 MPa and 374 °C ( s = 7.0154 KJ/kg.K; u = 2899.5; h = 3188.4 KJ/kg) to 93 °C ( sf =
1.2271; sg = 7.4409 m3/kg; hf = 389.54; hg = 2664.9; uf = 389.46; ug = 2498.2 KJ/kg). Find the work for a steady flow process.

6. A steam turbine receives 0.52 MPa of steam at 300 °C ( u = 2802.6 KJ/kg; h = x KJ/kg; s = 7.4411 KJ/kg.K). Then expand in an
irreversible adiabatic process to a pressure of 0.012 MPa ( s f = 0.6923; sfg = 7.390 KJ/kg.K; hg = 2591.1; hfg = 2384.1 KJ/kg). If the
exhaust steam is dry and saturated, calculate the efficiency of the process.

7. x kg per second of steam at 5.9 MPa and 500 °C ( v = 0.05766 m3/kg; s = 6.8892 KJ/kg.K) expand to 0.9 MPa ( s = 6.955
KJ/kg.K) in a polytropic process where pV1.26 = C. Find the work for a nonflow process.

8. Steam with a specific volume of x m3/kg undergoes a constant pressure process at 1.7 MPa (s f = 2.3718; sg = 6.4 KJ/kg.K) until
the specific volume becomes y m3/kg. Find the work.

9. x kg of steam at 121 °C ( vf = 0.0010612; vg = 0.8659 m3/kg; uf = 507.74; ug = 2530.3 KJ/kg) and y % moisture undergoes a
constant volume process until the pressure becomes 0.28 MPa ( u = 2661.5 KJ/kg). Determine the heat.

10. There are x kg/min of steam undergoing an isothermal process from 27.5 bar, 316 °C (u = 2786; h = 3040.4 KJ/kg; s = 6.6568
KJ/kg.K) to 6.8 bar ( u = 2825.2; h = 3093 KJ/kg; s = 7.3694 KJ.kg.K). Determine he work for steady flow with K = y KJ/min.

11. Steam is generated at 4.10 Mpa and 440 C ( h = x KJ/kg; s = 6.8911 KJ/kg K) and condensation occurs at 0.105 MPa (h f =
423.24; hfg = 2254.4 KJ/kg; sf = 1.3181; sfg = 6.0249 KJ/kg K). Find the engine thermal efficiency.

12. A turbo generator has a combined steam rate of x kg/KWhr at its rated output of y KW. The steam is at 1.7 MPa,300 C ( h =
3032.1 KJ/kg; s = 6.8528 KJ/kg K) and the exhaust is at 0.01 MPa ( hf = 191.83; hfg = 2392.8 KJ/kg; sf = 0.6493; sfg = 7.5009 KJ/kg
C) . Calculate the combined heat rate.

13. Steam at 5.2 MPa, 400 C ( h = 3192 KJ/kg) expands in a rankine engine to 0.036 MPa ( h = 2257.4 KJ/kg). For x kg/sec of
steam, determine the engine steam rate.

14. A turbine receives steam at 10 MPa, 600 C ( h = 3625.3 KJ/kg) and exhaust it at 0.2 MPa (h = 2618.3 KJ/kg). For a brake engine
efficiency of x % and a generator efficiency of y %, determine the brake work.

15. In a reheat cycle, steam at 8 MPa, 485 C ( h = 3361 KJ/kg) enters the turbine and expands to 1.4 MPa ( h = 2891 KJ/kg). At this
point, the steam is withdrawn and passed through a reheater. It re-enters the turbine at 1.3 MPa, 720 C (h = 3968 KJ/kg). Expansion
now occurs to the condenser pressure of 0.006 MPa ( h = 2526 KJ/kg). For a pump work of x KJ/kg and steam entering the boiler at
8 MPa ( hf = 151.53 KJ/kg), determine the cycle thermal efficiency.

16. A reheat cycle with two stages of reheating is executed with steam expanding initially from 20 MPa, 540 C ( h = 3363.5 KJ/kg).
The two expansion pressures are 3.8 MPa ( h = x KJ/kg) and 0.97 MPa ( h = 3100 KJ/kg) and the steam leaves each reheater at 540
C ( h1st = 3538.8; h2nd = 3565.9 KJ/kg). Condensation occurs at 60 C ( h = y KJ/kg). Find the energy chargeable against the turbine.

17. An ideal double-reheat steam turbine receives x kg/hr of steam. The turbine work is at y KJ/kg and the energy chargeable is at
3884.3 KJ/kg. Determine the steam rate.

18. Steam is delivered to an engine at 5.4 MPa, 600 C ( h = 3663.3 KJ/kg). Before condensation occur at 31 C ( h f = 129.97 KJ/kg),
steam is extracted for feedwater heating at 0.6 MPa ( hf = 670.56 KJ/kg). Find the amount of steam extracted if the enthalpy of
steam after expansion of each stage are x and y KJ/kg, respectively.

19. Steam at 6.2 MPa, 480 C ( h = 3371.8 KJ/kg) is received by a regenerative engine. Extractions for feedwater heating occurs at 3
MPa (h = 1008.42 KJ/kg) and again at 1.4 MPa ( h = 830.3 KJ/kg), with the remaining steam expanding to 0.0065 MPa ( h f = 157.67
KJ/kg). For an ideal engine producing x KJ/kg of work with throttle flow of y kg/hr, determine the engine thermal efficiency.

20. An ideal regenerative cycle is executed with steam generation at 10 MPa, 600 C ( h = 3625 KJ/kg). Before condensation at 0.005
MPa ( h = 137.82 KJ/kg), steam is extracted for feedwater heating first at 2.5 MPa ( h= 3172 KJ/kg) and second at 0.6 MPa ( h =
2820 KJ/kg). On the basis of x kg/sec steam and combined steam rate of y kg/KWhr, determine the combined work.
21. A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of x kg and a volume of y cu.m. Find it’s mass density.

22. What is pressure is required to reduce the volume of water by x percent? Bulk modulus of elasticity of water, E= y GPa.

23. If the viscosity of water at 70 C is x poise and its specific gravity is y, determine its kinematic viscosity in stokes.

24. Distilled water stands in a glass tube of x mm diameter at a height of y mm. What is the true static height? Use  = z N/m.

25. A rectangular tank is filled with oil, specific gravity of x to a depth of y m. What would be the pressure 1.2 m from the oil surface?

26. A pressure gage x m from the bottom of the tank reads y KPa. Determine the depth of the tank?

27. A spherical balloon x m in diameter is filled with gas weighing y N/m3. Air weighs z N/m3, what is the maximum load, including is
own weight that the ballon can lift?

28. An iceberg having a specific gravity of x floats in salt water having a specific gravity of y. If the volume of ice above the surface
is z m3, what is the total volume of the iceberg?

29. Two reservoirs containing water is at the same elevation with each other. A U-tube containing oil having a specific gravity of x is
connected to the reservoirs. If the difference between the legs of the tube is y mm, determine the pressure difference between the
reservoirs.

30. Determine the difference of elevation between the legs of a U-tube manometer containing mercury connected to a tank containing
water having a pressure of x KPa, if the elevation of one leg is y m below the center of the tank.

31. At inlet section, the pipe diameter is x m and the fluid velocity is y m/sec. At exit point, the pipe has contracted to a diameter of z
m. What is the velocity of the jet at the exit region?

32. A pipeline consists of successive lengths of x mm, 300 mm and y mm. With a continuous flow through the line of z m3/sec of
water, compute the mean velocity at the 300 mm section.

33. A horizontal pipe reduces its diameter form x mm to 100 mm, with y liters/sec of water flowing, the pressure at inlet is 100 KPa
and at exit is z KPa. Compute the loss of head between inlet and exit.

34. The diameter of a pipe carrying water changes gradually from x mm at A to 450 mm at B. A is y m lower than B. What will be
the difference in pressure in KPa between A and B when z liters/sec is flowing, head loss being neglected?

35. A venturimeter having a diameter of x mm at the throat is installed in a horizontal 450 mm water main. A U-tube connected to
inlet and throat contains mercury, the difference in levels in the two legs of the tube being y mm. What is the discharge if the loss of
head between inlet and throat is z mm?

36. A x mm fire hose discharges a 30 mm jet. If the head loss in the nozzle is y mm, what gage pressure must be maintained at the
base of a nozzle to throw a stream to a vertical height of z m neglecting air resistance?

37. A pump draws water from a reservoir and discharges through a 60 mm hose which terminates in a nozzle having a jet diameter of
x mm. The head losses are: inlet section, y m; discharge section, 9 m; nozzle, 3 m. Compute the required horsepower output of the
pump, Q = z liters/sec.

38. A new cast iron pipe 360 m long and x mm in diameter carries y li/sec of water. For a friction factor of z, determine the frictional
loss of head.

39. Determine the loss of head to a sudden contraction pipe carrying x liters/sec. The pipe changes from a diameter of 200 mm to y
mm with a loss coefficient of z.

40. A sudden contraction pipe reduces from an inlet diameter of 200 mm to x mm at the exit. The volume flowrate is y liters/sec and
kd = z. Determine the pressure head difference.