READING AND WRITING – WEEK 3

MELC: Evaluate a written text based on its properties (organization, coherence and cohesion, language use and
mechanics)

For us to be able to evaluate if a written text is well-written, we need to learn about the following:

1. Text Organization
2. Coherence and cohesion
3. Language Use
4. Mechanics

1. TEXT ORGANIZATION - this is achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged. Ideas are well-developed
when there is a clear statement of purpose, position, facts, examples, specific details, definitions, explanations,
justifications, or opposing viewpoints.
3 Features of Text Organization
* Physical Format - this is how the text physically appears to the readers. We can use headings and subheadings, bullet
points, or font emphasis.
* Structure - this is the framework of the text. It should consist of the following:
- Beginning (introduction, thesis statement)
- Middle (supporting details)
- End (conclusion, summary, the final message)
* Signal Words - the cue or signs used in the ordering of events and concepts (additionally, similarly, therefore, etc.)

When you write, we should always ask ourselves these following guide questions:
▪ Does your piece have a clear beginning, middle, and end?
▪ Does your piece have a strong beginning that hooks the reader?
▪ Does your piece have a strong ending that fits the focus?
▪ Are the ideas and actions connected?
▪ Can your reader follow the piece logically from beginning to end?
▪ Is it complete? Does it feel finished?

2. COHERENCE AND COHESION - these make a text easier to read, understand, follow a written text. Both should always
be present in a text.

Coherence is the connection of ideas to the central concept of the text. It happens when all paragraphs are connected to
the central idea and do not talk about "something" that is not related.

On the other hand, cohesion is the relationship of ideas between sentences. There should be "fluidity" of sentences.
Sentences should be logically sequenced that it is easy for the readers to follow.

3. LANGUAGE USE - we must know when to use formal language or informal language.

4. LANGUAGE MECHANICS - this is a set of ways of doing things that are widely accepted. We should know how to
SPELL, ABBREVIATE, PUNCTUATE, and CAPITALIZE.
*SPELLING - of course, the spelling of each word should always be correct. Also, we need to know who our target
audience is. The common standard in the Philippines is American Spelling.
*PUNCTUATION - this is the practice of inserting standardized marks or signs. The use of punctuations guides the reader
regarding how the text should be read.

There are 15 basic punctuation marks in English grammar. These are:

1. period .
2. comma ,
3. exclamation point !
4. question mark ?
5. colon :
6. semicolon ;
7. bullet point *
8. dash —
9. hyphen -
10. parenthesis ()
11. bracket []
12. brace {}
13. ellipsis ...
14. quotation mark ""
15. apostrophe '

*CAPITALIZATION - this is the act of writing the first letter of a word in uppercase while the rest of the letters are in
lowercase
What words require capitalization? Here's a list:

1. Proper nouns: Mr. Tanglao, Berna

2. Proper adjectives: American, Filipino
3. Days of the week: Saturday
4. Months of the year April
5. Specific course title: Reading and Writing, 21st Century Literature
6. Kinship names used in place of personal names: Uncle Ray, Aunt Erna
7. Adjectives, Verbs, Adverbs, Nouns, and Pronouns in a title and the first and last word in a Title: And I Am Telling You
(song), Through the Looking Glass (literature)
8. Historical periods, events, documents: the Revolution, the Constitution
NAME:___________________________ DATE: ________________
YEAR and SECTION:_________________ READING AND WRITING

Read the text "Phase Out the Obsolete Jeepney (an excerpt)" and assess it based on its properties (text organization,
coherence and cohesion, language use, and mechanics). Explain the reason for your rating on each property. Rating is 5
as the highest and 1 as the lowest and explain the reason for your score. At the end, propose 3 research titles based on
the article.

Phase Out the Obsolete Jeepney (an excerpt)

By: Neal H. Cruz

If the jeepney strike pushes through today, the government should use it to phase out the jeepneys. This World War II
relic should have been phased out a long time ago but successive administrations had no balls to go through with the
phase-out. They were afraid of the jeepney drivers who always threatened a strike when they were told to obey the law.
And there were not enough buses to replace the jeepneys to service commuters.

But the jeepney, although a tourist attraction and a romantic example of folk art, is the principal source of the daily
traffic jams. Its drivers are undisciplined, reckless and probably don’t know half of the traffic rules. Because of the huge
number of vehicles in Metro Manila, there is only one way to improve traffic: make each and every driver, private and
public, obey each and every traffic rule.

Jeepney drivers have gotten away for so long with murder by bribing corrupt policemen that it is a shock to them to be
made to obey traffic rules and be fined if they violate them. Anarchy reigns in the streets because of them.

Although they are not in the driver’s seat, jeepney operators are also to blame for the anarchy. They make the drivers
pay a flat rental (the boundary) for the jeepney. Whatever the driver earns in excess of the boundary, plus the cost of
fuel and oil-and bribes- is his take home pay. So the driver is forced to break traffic rules so that he can earn as much as
he can. But that is no excuse.

Perhaps if the operator pays his driver a regular salary, plus social security and mediocre premiums, and fixed times for
trips, the driver would be less reckless and we would have more orderly traffic.

As for the jeepney terminals, they really are a source of traffic congestion. Try this: whenever you come to a traffic jam,
trace the source and in may cases it would be a jeepney terminal. Jeepneys lined up along narrow street take up space
intended for moving vehicles. Some jeepney routes are too short, which means more terminal- and bigger fares for
passengers.

Another reason why the jeepney should be phased out is that it takes up too much road space and consumes more fuel
for the number of passengers it can accommodate. One bus can take in passengers of ten jeepneys but take up only a
fourth of the space occupied by the 10 jeepneys. In short, the jeepney is all right in the provinces where there is ample
road space but not in a crowded metropolis like Metro Manila. It was as great as emergency civilian transportation
during the Liberation days, but not anymore. Alas, it has become obsolete in the city.

The phase out doesn’t mean throwing the jeepneys into the junk heap and their drivers into the ranks of the jobless.
There is a great need for the jeepney in many areas of the Philippines where there is a shortage of transportation. Send
them there.

Where will the commuters ride without the jeepneys? Send in more buses with salaried drivers and conductors and
fixed trip schedules so they don’t have to clog loading//unloading zones waiting for passengers. Organize the bus
companies
in Metro Manila into one super-consortium so that the bus ticket of one company can be used to transfer to another bus
of a different company. This is to prevent passengers and buses clogging bus stops because they are waiting for the bus
going exactly to where they are going. If transfers are allowed, they can board any bus going in the same direction (and
the bus doesn’t have to wait long for
passengers) and then transfer to another bus at their convenience.

Encourage commuters to use the Metrotren by improving the coaches and having more trips.
Use the Pasig River. The Metro Ferry failed because there were not enough passengers mainly because the boats are
small. Hongkong type shallow-drift ferries will certainly attract more passengers. Use the smaller boats during high tide
to be able to pass under the bridges. Have another ferry service to Cavite City to relieve traffic on Coastal Road. (There
used to be one; why was it discontinued?)

And hurry up with the C-5 and the C-6…

ASSESSMENT

1. Text Organization RATE: ____

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2. Coherence RATE: ____

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3. Cohesion RATE: ____

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4. Language Use RATE: ____

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5. Mechanics RATE: ____

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READING AND WRITING – WEEK 4
MELC: Identify claims explicitly or implicitly made in a written text

When we talk about explicit information, it means that the information is written and explained in the text so you will
not be confused. On the other hand, implicit information is something that is not written or seen in the text but is
suggested.
When we read critically, we can make inferences (make a conclusion or form an opinion) based on what we read.

Read the following text first.

“The Policies and Achievements of the Government and Regeneration of the Filipino" by Manuel L. Quezon

I want our people to grow and be like the molave, strong and resilient, rising on the hillside, unafraid of the raging flood,
the lightning, or the storm, confident of its strength. If we have the will to survive and the will to achieve social
efficiency, we cannot delay this task of spiritual regeneration. Let us begin to mold the typical Filipino.

Let's practice! Identify which information below are explicit or implicit.

1. Manuel L. Quezon wanted the Filipino to be strong and resilient.

Is it explicit or implicit? The answer is explicit. It's directly stated in the paragraph.

2. The delay of Filipino spiritual regeneration is due to unwillingness.

Is it explicit or implicit? The answer is implicit. It's not written in the text but suggested by the reader himself.

3 TYPES OF CLAIMS:

1. Claim of Fact - this statement states something that has existed, exists, or will exist based on data. Usually, this
answers the question "what".

Examples:
- Smoking causes cancer.
- People can reduce the severity of depression by increasing their sunlight exposure each day.
- 80% of the students in Acacia SHS are from Acacia JHS.

2. Claim of Value - this is subjective or can be qualified. It consists of arguments about moral, philosophical, or aesthetic
topics.

Examples:
- Maria is the most beautiful student in Acacia SHS.
- Nike is the best brand.
- Doing a sexy dance to gain fame on Tiktok is wrong.

3. Claim of Policy - this claim persuades you or others to take some action or to change a behavior to solve a problem.
These claims usually use the terms "should", "ought", and "must".

Examples:
- Praying should be permitted in public schools
- Smoking should be prohibited in public places
- Lockdowns should continue until we eradicate coronavirus
NAME:___________________________ DATE: ________________
YEAR and SECTION:_________________ READING AND WRITING

SUMMATIVE TEST

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter that best answers the questions.

1. The pattern of development in writing that tells why something happens, what causes it, what are the effects, and
how it is related to something else is _____.
a. Cause and Effect c. Compare and Contrast
b. Classification d. Definition

2. The pattern of development in writing that groups items into their parts or types are called _____.
a. Classification and Division c. Description
b. Definition d. Persuasion

3. The pattern of development in writing that tells how something is like other things or how something is different from
other things is known as _____.
a. Compare and Contrast c. Exemplication
b. Description d. Problem-Solution

4. The pattern of development in writing that explains what something is in comparison to other members of its class,
along with any limitations refers to _____.
a. Classification and Division c. Description
b. Definition d. Narration

5. The pattern of development in writing that details what something looks like and its characteristics pertains to ____.
a. Compare and Division c. Exemplication
b. Description d. Problem-Solution

6. The pattern of development in writing that describes an issue and your position or opinion on the subject is called
____.
a. Description c. Narration
b. Exemplication d. Persuasion

7. The pattern of development in writing that describes what, when, and where something happened is known as
______.
a. Classification and Division c. Exemplication
b. Definition d. Narration

8. The sequence of events in a story refers to ______.

a. Characters c. Plot
b. Motif d. Theme

9. The people, animals, or inanimate objects in the story that are affected by the actions in the plot are known as
______.
a. Characters c. Setting
b. Plot d. Theme

10. A part of, a kind of, a group of, a way of are signal words of what text structure?
a. Cause-Effect c. Compare-Contrast
b. Classification and Division d. Persuasion

11. What can you achieve when your ideas are logically and accurately arranged in your written text?
a. Coherence c. Language Use
b. Cohesion d. Text Organization
12. How the text physically appears refers to ____.
a. Language Use c. Signal Words
b. Physical Format d. Structure

13. The relationship of ideas between sentences is known as ____.

a. Coherence c. Language Use
b. Cohesion d. Text Organization

14. The complete framework of the text pertains to _____.

a. Language Use c. Signal Words
b. Physical Format d. Structure

15. The cue in ordering of events and concepts is called ___.

a. Language Use c. Signal Words
b. Physical Format d. Structure

16. The connection of ideas to the central concept of a text is ____.

a. Coherence c. Language Use
b. Cohesion d. Text Organization

17. Which of the following is NOT a property of a well-written text?

a. Coherence and Cohesion c. Language Mechanics
b. Coherent Mechanics d. Language Use

18. Which property of a well-written text constitutes features that facilitate textual continuity?
a. Coherence and Cohesion c. Language Use
b. Coherent Mechanics d. Language Organization

19. Which property of a well-written text refers to the appropriate language to be used in writing/speaking?
a. Coherence and Cohesion c. Language Use
b. Language Mechanics d. Text Organization

20. Which property of a well-written text constitutes proper paragraphing and logical order of presentation of ideas?
a. Coherence and Cohesion c. Language Use
b. Language Mechanics d. Text Organization

ESSAY. Use a separate sheet in answering.

21 - 30. Misinformation and fake news are spreading on social media. The authenticity of information has become a
longstanding issue that affects everyone. On social networks, the reach and effects of information spread occur at such a
fast pace that distorted, inaccurate, and false information gets a tremendous potential to cause real-world impacts in
such a short time for millions of users. How will your knowledge in identifying claims help you fight the spread of fake
news and misinformation?