1

A Strong Partner for Sustainable Development

Module
In
ME 109

FLUID MECHANICS

College of EngineeringWPU-QSF-ACAD-82A
and Technology Rev. 00 (09.15.20)
BSME
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Module No. 1

Introduction and Basic Concept

1st Semester 2020

Joseph M. Manzano, ME
Instructor III
WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
COVER
TITLE 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS 3
INSTRUCTION TO THE USER 4
INTRODUCTION 5
CHAPTER 1: Introduction and Basic Concept 6
Overview 6
Learning Outcomes 6
Pre-Test 6
Lesson 1: Fluid Mechanics Basic Concept 8
A. Learning Outcomes 8
B. Time Allotment 8
C. Discussion 8
C.1. Definition 8
C.2. Applications and Connections 9
C.3. Classification of Fluids 11
C.4. Units 13
C.5. Temperature 16
E. Activities/Exercises 18
F. Post Test 18
G. References 20

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INSTRUCTION TO THE USER

This module would provide you an educational experience while

independently accomplishing the task at your own pace or time. It aims as well to
ensure that learning is unhampered by health and other challenges. It covers the
topic about Introduction and Basic Concept of Fluid Mechanics.

Reminders in using this module:

1. Keep this material neat and intact.

2. Answer the pretest first to measure what you know and what to be learned
about the topic discussed in this module.
3. Accomplish the activities and exercises as aids and reinforcement for better
understanding of the lessons.
4. Answer the post-test to evaluate your learning.
5. Do not take pictures in any parts of this module nor post it to social media
platforms.
6. Value this module for your own learning by heartily and honestly answering
and doing the exercises and activities. Time and effort were spent in the
preparation in order that learning will still continue amidst this Covid-19
pandemic.
7. Observe health protocols: wear mask, sanitize and maintain physical
distancing.

Hi! I’m Blue Bee, your WPU Mascot.

Welcome to Western Philippines University!

Shape your dreams with quality learning experience.

STAY SAFE AND HEALTHY!

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INTRODUCTION

Why we need to study engineering fluid mechanics? To answer this question, we’ll
start with some examples. First, Problems involving water was faced by people when they
started living in cities. The people who solved this problem were the Engineers. How these
Engineers able to solved this problem? The answer is that Engineers have developed
engineering method such like designing aqueducts to bring water to the people.
Furthermore, to remove waste water from the cities, Engineers innovated technologies
keeping the town clean and free from effluent. They also developed technologies for treating
water to remove waterborne diseases and to remove hazards such as arsenic. Secondly,
people have access to electrical power because engineers have developed technologies such
as the wind turbine, water turbine, motor, electric generator, and the electric grid system.
The knowledge and skills gained and developed in studying fluid mechanics is very
essential in dealing complex engineering problems involving fluids.
Studying fluid mechanics deals also with many and diversified problems such as
surface tension, fluid statics, flow in enclose bodies, or flow round bodies (solid or
otherwise), flow stability, etc. In fact, almost any action a person is doing involves some kind
of a fluid mechanics problem.

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CHAPTER 1
Learning Outcomes Introduction and Basic Concept

OVERVIEW
At the end of the chapter, you can
1. Define fluid mechanics. This chapter presents the basic

2. Contrast gases and liquids concept of fluid mechanics. Applying

by describing similarities engineering skills while you are learning fluid

and differences. mechanics will strengthen your knowledge in

3. Explain the Difference this subject.

between weight and mass. Through innovative ideas and

professional skills, engineers can make the
world a better place. In particular, fluid mechanics plays a very important role in the design,
development, and analysis of systems from microscale applications to giant hydroelectric
power generation. For this reason, the study of fluid mechanics is essential to the
background of an engineer.

Instructions: Answer the following questions clearly and neatly. Write your
answer in A4 size bond paper. Your paper must be written with a black or
blue ballpoint pen.

PART 1: FILL IN THE BLANK. (1 point each)

Directions: Read each question carefully and write your answer on the space
provided.
1. A physical science dealing with the action of fluids at rest or in motion, and with
applications and devices in engineering using fluids is called
___________________________?

2. A pressure of 1 millibar is equivalent to _____________________________?

3. One N-m is equal to one _______________________________?
4. S.I. unit of force is _________________________?
5. The branches of fluid mechanics which deals with velocities and streamlines without
considering forces or energy is called
________________________________?
6. One of the classifications of fluids which have little resistance to change either in form
or volume and occupies all the space in which it is contained is called __________?
7. One of the classifications of fluids which offer great resistance to change in volume
and occupies a definite portion in which it is contained is called
________________?

PART 2: MULTIPLE CHOICE (1 point each)

Directions: Read each question carefully and write the correct answer on your answer
sheet.
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8. For computation convenience, fluid is usually classed as _________?

a. Rotational or irrotational c. real or ideal
b. Laminar and turbulent d. Newtonian or dilatant
9. Each of the following are correct values of standard atmospheric pressure except
a. 1.000 atm b. 14.962 psia c. 760 torr d. 1013 mm Hg
10. The following are all commonly quoted values of standard temperatures and pressure
except
a. 32oF and 14.696 psia c. 0oC and 760 mm Hg
b. 273.15K and 101.325 kPa d. 0oF and 29.92 in Hg
11. The instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure is:
a. Rotameter b. manometer c. venture d. barometer

PART 3: ENUMERATION
12. List down the 3 branches of fluid mechanics. (3 points)
13. List down 2 classifications of fluids. (2 points)
PART 4: ESSAY (5 points)
14. Explain the difference between weight and mass.
15. Explain the difference between gas and liquid fluid.

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Lesson 1
Fluid Mechanics Basic Concept

A. Learning Outcomes

1. Enumerate the branches of fluid Mechanics.

2. Define each branches of fluid mechanics.
3. Explain the important role of fluid mechanics and
its connection into different engineering fields.
4. Explain the differences of gas and liquid fluids.
5. Apply Dimensional Analysis involving Forces.
6. Solve problems involving weight.
7. Convert temperature units.
B. Time Allotment: 1 Week

C. DISCUSSION

C.1. Definition

Fluid mechanics deals with the study of all fluids under static and dynamic
situations. It is also a branch of continuous mechanics which deals with a relationship
between forces, motions and statical conditions in continuous material.

Fluids are substances capable of flowing. They possess particles which easily move and
change their relative position without separation of the mass, and they offer practically no
resistance to change in form.

TYPES OF FLUIDS
1. Ideal Fluids
1.1. Assumed to have no viscosity (and hence, no resistance to shear)
1.2. Incompressible
1.3. Have uniform velocity when flowing
1.4. No friction between moving layers of fluid
1.5. No eddy currents or turbulence

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2. Real Fluids
2.1. Exhibit infinite viscosities
2.2. Non-uniform velocity distribution when flowing
2.3. Compressible
2.4. Experience friction and turbulence in flow

BRANCHES OF FLUID MECHANICS

1. Fluid Statics is the study of the mechanics of fluids at rest.
2. Fluid Kinematics deals with velocities and streamlines without considering forces
or energy.
3. Hydrodynamics is concerned with the relations between velocities and
accelerations and the forces exerted by or upon fluids in motion.

C.2. APPLICATIONS AND CONNECTIONS

Hydraulics – is the study of the flow of water through pipes,

rivers, and open-channels. Hydraulics includes pumps and
turbines and applications such as hydropower. It is also
important for ecology, policymaking, energy production,
recreation, fish and game resources, and water supply.

Hydrology – is the study of the movement,

distribution, and quality of water throughout the
earth. Hydrology involves the hydraulic cycle and
water resource issues. Thus, hydrology provides
results that are useful for environmental
engineering and for policymaking.

Aerodynamics – is the study of air flow. Topics include lift and drag on objects (e.g.,
airplanes, automobiles, birds), shock waves associated
with flow around a rocket, and the flow through a
supersonic or deLaval nozzle. Aerodynamics is
important for the design of vehicles, for energy
conservation, and for understanding nature.

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Bio-fluid mechanics – is an emerging field that includes the study of the lungs and
circulatory system, blood flow, micro-circulation, and
lymph flow. Bio-fluids also include development of
artificial heart valves, stents, vein and dialysis shunts,
and artificial organs. Bio-fluid mechanics is important
for advancing health care.

Acoustics – is
the study of
sound. Topics
include production, control, transmission, reception of
sound, and physiological effects of sound. Since sound
waves are pressure waves in fluids, acoustics is related
to fluid mechanics.

Microchannel flow – is an emerging area that involves the study of flow in tiny passages.
The typical size of a microchannel is a diameter in
the range of 10 to 200 micrometers. Applications
that involve microchannels include
microelectronics, fuel cell systems, and advanced
heat sink designs.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) – is the

application of numerical methods implemented on
computers to model and solve problems that involve fluid flows. Computers perform
millions of calculations per second to simulate fluid flow. Examples of flows that are
modeled by CFD include water flow in a river, blood flow in the abdominal aorta, and air
flow around an automobile.

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Petroleum engineering – is the application of

engineering to the exploration and production of
petroleum. Movement of oil in the ground involves
flow through a porous medium. Petroleum
extraction involves flow of oil through passages in
wells. Oil pipelines involve pumps and conduit flow.

Atmospheric science – is the study of

atmosphere, its processes, and the interaction of
the atmosphere with other systems. Fluid
mechanics topics include flow of the atmosphere
and applications of CFD to atmospheric
modeling. Atmospheric science is important for
predicting whether and is relevant to current
issues including acid rain, photochemical smog,
and global warming.
Electrical engineering – fluid mechanics is
involved in the flow of solder during a manufacturing
process, the cooling of microprocessor by a fan,
sizing of motors to operate pumps, and the
production of electrical power by wind turbines.

Environmental engineering – involves

the application of science to protect or
improve the environment (air, water, and/or
land resources) or to remediate polluted sites.
Environmental engineers design water
supply and waste water treatment systems for
communities. Environmental engineers are
concerned with local and worldwide environmental issues such as acid rain, ozone
depletion, water pollution, and air pollution.

C.3. CLASSIFICATION OF FLUIDS

1. Liquids are a fluid which offer great resistance to change in volume and occupies
a definite portion in which it is contained.

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2. Gases are a fluid which have little resistance to change either in form or volume
and occupies all the space in which it is contained.

Table 1: Comparison of Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Attribute Solid Liquid Gas

▪ Typical Visualization

▪ Macroscopic ▪ Solids hold their ▪ Liquids take the ▪ Gases expand to

Description shape, no need for a shape of the fill a closed
container. container and container
will stay in open
container
▪ Mobility of molecules ▪ Molecules have low ▪ Liquids ▪ Molecules move
mobility because typically flow around freely with
they are bound in a easily even little interaction
structure by strong through there except during
intermolecular are strong collisions. This is
forces intermolecular why gases expand
forces between to fill their
molecules container.
▪ Typical Density ▪ Often high: e.g. ▪ Medium: e.g. ▪ Small: e.g. density
density of steel is density of water of air at sea level is
7700 kg/m3 is 1000 kg/m3 1.2 kg/m3
▪ Molecular spacing ▪ Small – molecules ▪ Small – ▪ Large – on
are close together molecules are average,
held close molecules are far
together by apart.
intermolecular
forces
▪ Effect of Shear Stress
▪ Produces ▪ Produces flow ▪ Produces flow
deformation
▪ Effect of Normal ▪ Produces ▪ Produces ▪ Produces
Stress deformation that deformation deformation
may associate with associated with associated with
volume change; can volume change volume change
cause failure
▪ Viscosity ▪ NA ▪ High: decreases ▪ Low: increases as
as temperature temperature
increases increases
▪ Compressibility ▪ Difficult to ▪ Difficult to ▪ Easy to compress:
compress: Bulk compress: Bulk Bulk Modulus of
Modulus of steel is Modulus of gas at room
160 x 10 Pa
9 liquid water is conditions is
2.2 x 109 Pa about 1.0 x 105 Pa

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C.4. UNITS

Force, F
Considering the relation of force (F), mass (m) and acceleration (a). The standard
equation is 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂. One of the basic English unit of force is pound-force (lbf)
corresponding to a unit of mass in slug and acceleration due to gravity is ft/s2. In SI units,
force has a unit of Newton (N), mass is in kg and m/s 2 for the acceleration due to gravity.
Force = ( mass )( acceleration )
ft
lb f = slug 
s2
m
N = kg 
s2

Weight, W and Mass, m

Weight (W) is defined as the force exerted on a body by gravity. The mass is the
amount of matter it contains. The relation of weight, mass, and acceleration due to gravity
is
W = mg

Where:
g = 9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2

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Example 1]
A body requires a force of 100 N to accelerate it at a rate of 0.20 m/s2. Determine the
mass of the body in kilograms and in slugs.
Given:
Force, F = 100 N
Acceleration, a = 0.20 m/s2
Required:
Mass of the body, m in kilograms (kg) and in slugs
Solution:
➢ Solve for mass of the body, m in kilograms (kg).
F = ma
Rearranging the equation taking,
m
100kg  2
F 100 N s = 500kg Answer!
m= = = Note: 1N = 1 kg-m/s2
a 0.20 m m
0.20 2
s2 s
➢ Solve for mass of the body, m in slugs.
 1slugs 
m = ( 500kg )   = 34.27 slugs Answer! Note: 1 slugs = 14.59 kg
 14.59kg 
Example 2]
What would be the weight of a 3-kg mass on a planet where the acceleration due to
gravity is 10.00 m/s2?
Given:
Mass, m = 3 kg
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10.00 m/s2
Required:
Weight, W
Solution:
➢ Solve for Weight, W.
Weight, W = (mass, m) (acceleration due to gravity, g)
 m m
W = mg = ( 3kg ) 10.00 2  = 30kg  2 = 30 N Answer!
 s  s

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Example 3] Relation of Weight and Mass

Determine the weight of an object on the moon’s surface where the acceleration of
gravity is equal to one – sixth that on earth surface.
a. The object weighs 20 lbf on earth.
b. The object weighs 20 N.
Given:
a.) Weight of object on earth = 20lbf
b.) Weight of object on earth = 20 N
Note: Acceleration of gravity on moon’s surface = 1/6 of acceleration of gravity on
earth
Required:
Weight of object on moon’s surface both in English and SI units.
Solution:
English Units
a.) Solving for mass of object.
W = mg

 ft 
20lb f = m  32.2 2 
 s 
m = 0.6211slugs
Therefore, the weight of object on moon surface is;
 ft  1 
W = mg = ( 0.6211slugs )  32.2 2   = 3.33lb f Answer!
 s  6 
SI Units
b.) Solving for mass of object.
W = mg

 m
20 N = m  9.81 2 
 s 
m = 2.0387 kg
Therefore, the weight of object on moon surface is;
 m  1 
W = mg = ( 2.0387kg )  9.81 2   = 3.33N Answer!
 s  6 

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C.5. TEMPERATURE

Temperature – is the measure of random motion of molecules of a fluid or system. It

is also the thermal condition of fluid with reference to its ability to communicate heat
from one body to another body or fluid. It the measure of hotness and coldness of a fluid.

Absolute Temperature – is the temperature of a fluid measured with respect to an

absolute zero, which is -460oF or -273oC.

➢ Relations of Celsius to Fahrenheit

a.) Celsius to Fahrenheit Temperature

o
F=
9
5
( C ) + 32
o

b.) Fahrenheit to Celsius Temperature

o
C=
5
9
( o
F − 32 )
➢ Absolute Temperatures

a.) Kelvin
oK = oC + 273

b.) Rankine
oR = oF + 460

c.) Kelvin to Rankine

oR = 1.8oK

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Common Temperature Scales for Water

Example 1
A system has a temperature of 250oF. convert this value to oR, oC, oK.

Given:
T = 250oF

Required:
Temperatures in oR, oC, oK

Solution:
Solve for temperature in oR;
o
R =o F + 460 = 250o F + 460 = 710o R Answer!

Solve for temperature in oC;

o 5
9
( ) 5
( )
C = o F − 32 = 250o F − 32 = 121.11o C Answer!
9
Solve for temperature in K;
o
o
K =o C + 273 = 121.11o C + 273 = 394.11o K Answer!

Alternate solution:
o
R 710o R
o
K= = = 394.44o K Answer!
1.8 1.8

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D. ACTIVITIES/EXERCISES
Instructions: Write your answer in A4 size bond paper, type written. (25
points)
Activity: Select an engineered design (e.g. hydroelectric power as in a dam, an artificial
heart) that involves fluid mechanics and is also highly motivating to you. Write a one-page
essay that addresses the following questions. Why is this application motivating to you?
How does the system you selected work? What role do you suspect engineers played in the
design and development of this system?

Exercise: Solve the following problems clearly and neatly. (5 points each)

(1) A quart of water weights about 2.08 lb. Compute its mass in slugs and in kilograms.

(2) An object has a mass of 2.0 slugs at sea level, what would its mass be at a location
where the acceleration due to gravity is 30.00 ft/s2?

(3) What would be the weight of a 3-kg mass on a planet where the acceleration due to
gravity is 10.00 m/s2?

(4) Determine the weight of a 5-slug boulder at a place where the acceleration due to
gravity is 31.7 ft/s2.

Instructions: Answer the following questions clearly and neatly.

Write your answer in A4 size bond paper. Your paper must be written
with a black or blue ballpoint pen.

PART 1: FILL IN THE BLANK. (1 point each)

Directions: Read each question carefully and write your answer on the space provided.

1. A physical science dealing with the action of fluids at rest or in motion, and with
applications and devices in engineering using fluids is called
___________________________?
2. A pressure of 1 millibar is equivalent to _____________________________?
3. One N-m is equal to one _______________________________?
4. S.I. unit of force is _________________________?
5. The branches of fluid mechanics which deals with velocities and streamlines without
considering forces or energy is called
________________________________?
6. One of the classifications of fluids which have little resistance to change either in form
or volume and occupies all the space in which it is contained is called __________?
7. One of the classifications of fluids which offer great resistance to change in volume
and occupies a definite portion in which it is contained is called
________________?

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PART 2: MULTIPLE CHOICE (1 point each)

Directions: Read each question carefully and write the correct answer on your answer
sheet.
8. For computation convenience, fluid is usually classed as _________?
c. Rotational or irrotational c. real or ideal
a. Laminar and turbulent d. Newtonian or dilatant
9. Each of the following are correct values of standard atmospheric pressure except
b. 1.000 atm b. 14.962 psia c. 760 torr d. 1013 mm Hg
10. The following are all commonly quoted values of standard temperatures and pressure
except
a. 32oF and 14.696 psia c. 0oC and 760 mm Hg
b. 273.15K and 101.325 kPa d. 0oF and 29.92 in Hg
11. The instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure is:
b. Rotameter b. manometer c. venture d. barometer

PART 3: ENUMERATION
12. List down the 3 branches of fluid mechanics. (3 points)
13. List down 2 classifications of fluids. (2 points)
14. List down the 5 properties of ideal fluid. (5 points)
15. List down the 4 properties of real fluids. (4 points)

PART 4: ESSAY (5 points)

16. Explain the difference between weight and mass.
17. Explain the difference between gas and liquid fluid.

PART 5: PROBLEM SOLVING (10 points each)

18. The weight of a body is 100 lb. Determine (a) its weight in newtons, (b) its mass in
kilograms, and (c) the rate of acceleration [in both feet per second per second (ft/s 2)
and meters per second per second (m/s2) if a net force of 50 lb is applied to the body.

19. Convert (a) 122oF to oC and to oK, (b) -40oC to oF and to oR, (c) 942oR to oC and to oK,
(d) 373oK to oF and to oR.

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E. REFERENCES

Crowe, C. T., Elger, D. F., Roberson, J. A. & Williams, B. C. (2010). Engineering Fluid
Mechanics (9th Edition). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Daugherty, R. L., Franzini, J. B., & Finnemore, E. J. (1989). Fluid Mechanics with
Engineering Applications. McGraw-Hill Book Company

Faires, V. M. & Simmang, C. M. (1978). Thermodynamics (6th Edition). Macmillan

Publishing Co., Inc.

Bonsor, Kevin (2001). How Hydropower Plants Work. September 6, 2001. Retrieved August
25, 2020, from https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/hydropower-
plant.htm> 23 August 2020

Mandawe, J. A., Capote, R. S. (2001). 1001 Solved Problems: Power and Industrial
Engineering Volume 1. JRT Publishers

Mudawar, I. (2012). Enhanced Design of Cross-Flow Micro-Channel Heat Exchanger for

High-Performance Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines. Journal of Heat Transfer, (134),
10.1115/1.4006037.

https://civilsolution.wordpress.com/2013/02/06/the-hydrological-cycle/

https://www.aircraftsystemstech.com/2017/04/aerodynamics-aircraft-assembly-
and.html

https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/diagram-showing-blood-flow-in-
human-heart-vector-10948801

https://pubs.spe.org/en/ogf/ogf-article-detail/?art=4486

https://www.lifewire.com/types-of-solder-flux-818850

https://genesiswatertech.com/blog-post/municipal-wastewater-treatment-important/

https://slideplayer.com/slide/6403814/

https://www.clipart.email/clipart/post-test-clipart-288258.html

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ANSWERS

Lesson 1: Fluid Mechanics Basic Concepts

EXERCISES
1) 0.0646slug ; 0.943kg
2) 2.0slugs
3) 30N
4) 158lb

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Congratulations for completing this module!

Student’s Information

Name:
Program:
Year and Section:
Contact No.:
E-mail address:
Facebook Account:
Messenger Account:

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Vision 2020
WPU: the leading knowledge center for sustainable
development of West Philippines and beyond.

Mission
WPU commits to develop quality human resource and
green technologies for a dynamic economy and
sustainable
development through relevant instruction,
research and extension services.

Core Values (3CT)

Culture of Excellence
Commitment
Creativity
Teamwork

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)