Lecture # 1

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME321)

Pre-Req.: MT-101, ME-212

Dr. Ali Turab Jafry

2024 Fall Semester

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 1
About me
About me
 Course Instructor and Assistants
 Instructor: Dr. Ali Turab Jafry
Associate Professor at FME
Research: Microfluidics
Office: G-06 FME Faculty Lobby, GIK Institute
Phone Ext: 2528
Email: ali.turab@giki.edu.pk
Office hours: 09:00 AM ~ 10:30 AM, 03:00 PM ~ 05:00 PM

 Research Interests:
Clinical, chemical and environmental diagnostic platforms using Paper-based
Microfluidics, Digital microfluidics, Electrohydrodynamic jet printing, Surface
treatments, Biocatalytic materials

 Teaching Assistant:
 Hammas Ullah (Sec A) - hammas.ullah@giki.edu.pk
 Samar Abbas (Sec B) - samarabbas@giki.edu.pk

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ME321 Course Timetable

Section A Section B

Monday 9:00 – 9:50 LH3

Tuesday 14:30 – 15:20 LH3 12:30 – 13:20 LH3

Wednesday

Thursday 10:30 – 11:20 LH1

Friday 11:00 – 11:50 MLH 12:00 – 12:50 LH2

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 Course Material
Textbook:
 “Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics”, 7th Edition, by Munson
By
Young & Okiishi, John Wiley & Sons

Reference Books
 “Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and application”, 4th Edition
By
John Cimbala and Yunus A. Cengel

 “Fluid Mechanics”, 6th Edition

By
Frank M. White

Lecture Handouts
 PPT slides

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 Course Contents (Pre-Mid Term)
CH 1. Introduction: Fluid behavior and properties, specific weight,
viscosity, compressibility, vapor pressure, surface tension.

CH 2. Fluid Statics: Pressure at a point, basic equation of pressure field,

pressure variation in a fluid at rest, measurement of pressure,
manometry, hydrostatic forces on plane and curved surfaces, buoyancy,
pressure variation of fluids with rigid body motion.

CH 3. Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Newton’s second law of motion

along and normal to a streamline, static, stagnation and total pressure,
Bernoulli equation, energy line and hydraulic grade line, Restriction on
use of Bernoulli equation.

CH 4. Fluid Kinematics: The velocity field, Eulerian and Lagrangian

Flow Descriptions, steady and unsteady flows, The acceleration field.

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 Course Contents (Post-Mid Term)
CH 4. Fluid Kinematics: The material derivative, Unsteady effects,
Convective effects, Control volume and system representation, The
Reynolds transport theorem.

CH 5. Flow Analysis Using Control Volume: Conservation of Mass;

The Continuity Equation, Derivation of Continuity Equation, Fixed, Non
deforming Control volume, Moving Non deforming control Volume,
Newton’s Second law, First law of Thermodynamics.

CH 7. Dimensional Analysis, Modeling and Similitude: Dimensional

Analysis, Buckingham Pi Theorem, Determination of Pi Terms, Selection
of variables, Determination of Reference Dimensions, Common
Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics.

CH 8. Pipe Flow: General Characteristics of Pipe Flow, Laminar and

Turbulent Flow, Fully developed Laminar Flow, Fully developed Turbulent
Flow, Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow, Pipe Flow examples. Pipe Flow
rate measurement.
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 Grading Policy
 Assignment Sessions: 10%
 Quizzes: 10%
 Complex Engg Problem: 10%
 Mid Exam: 30%
 Final Exam: 40%

 6 Quizzes ,6 Assignments,1 CEP, 1 Mid term and 1 Final term exam

will contribute towards the award of Letter grade at the end of course.

 The minimum absolute cut off passing marks is set at 35% for all FME
undergraduate course. Marks above this will be based on Avg – 1.5
Std Dev.

 The CEP grading will be communicated later.

 Mid term exam will constitute chap 1-3 while final term will include
syllabus from chap 4,5,7 and 8.

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Course Learning Outcomes and Assessments

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 Attendance Policy
 After 5 minutes of start of lecture, no attendance will be marked.

 Institute leave policy will be followed.

 Attend all the classes and Make Sure To Comply With the
Attendance Policy (80% minimum_9 Absents allowed out of 45
lectures) reserved for emergencies and illness. No Relaxation
Will Be Granted in this regard.

 Attendance Proxy caught by the Course TA will be punished by

FME policy of Rs.5000.

 Attendance record once uploaded cannot be changed. It is sole

responsibility of the student to check his attendance record
regularly and contact the Course Instructor incase of any error
within a week.

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 Course and classroom Regulations
 For queries, kindly follow the office hours (given in course outline) in
order to avoid any inconvenience.

 Make-Up Of Assignment/quiz, Sessions Will Not Be Entertained.

Make Sure To Attend It As Scheduled informed through official email.

 Section change requests will not be accepted after first week. Sort out
any clashes within the first week classes.

 You can take lecture notes during class. The ppt slides will be
uploaded on the GIKI Shared network & MS Teams (\\10.1.17.20)

 Cheating during examinations or assignments and miss behavior with

TAs will be handled strictly as per institute policy.

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 Which comes first?
Curiosity comes first. We can practice curiosity
everywhere. Speculate, hypothesize, analyze, discover
and learn how things work and how things are made.
Everything! This is the domain of the engineer. This is the Engineering Curiosity
intellectual pursuit of the engineer.

Engineering comes last. Engineering is the careful

implementation of a creative idea.
Creativity

Creativity comes in the middle. It is a natural extension of

curiosity. Through curiosity you wonder why it isn’t done
another way − your better way! That’s CREATIVITY!!!

Goals of Education

Confidence Creativity Character

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 Fluid Mechanics
What is a Fluid?

Any substance that continually deforms (flows) when subjected to shear

stress is called a fluid.

Fluid includes both the liquid and gas phases.

A solid is “hard” and not easily deformed, whereas a fluid is “soft” and is
easily deformed (we can readily move through air).

Mechanics is the branch of physics that is concerned with the analysis of

the action of forces on matter.

Fluid Mechanics is the analysis of action of forces on fluids. It is the

discipline within the broad field of applied mechanics that is concerned
with the behavior of liquids and gases at rest or in motion.

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 Scales for Fluid Mechanics
2.5 nm

10–3 m

10 m

10–4 m
1m 7 µm

10-1 m

10-2 m 15
Application of Fluid Mechanics

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Application of Fluid Mechanics

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 Power unit Car profile Weight distribution
Driving Skills
(Thermodynamics) (Aerodynamics) (Manufacturing)
 Branches of Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Statics: The analysis of action of forces on fluids at rest e.g. Water
stored in a tank

Fluid Dynamics: The analysis of action of forces on moving fluids e.g.

water flowing in a river or a pipe flow.

Other Related Terminologies and Definitions (Recent developments)

Microfluidics:
Fluid and mass transport in components or devices with a characteristic length
scale of micrometer (10-6 m) (less than a millimeter) in at least one dimension
(not transport of microliter volumes of fluids)
Nanofluidics:
Fluid and mass transport in components or devices with a characteristic length
scale of nanometer (10-9 m) (less than a micron) in at least one dimension
MEMS:
Microelectromechanical systems
BioMEMS, biochips:
MEMS devices and microchips for biological or life sciences applications
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 Characteristics of fluids
 For a solid, application of a shear stress causes a deformation which, if
modest, is not permanent and solid regains original position.

 A closer look at the molecular structure of solid reveals densely spaced

molecules with large intermolecular cohesive forces that allow the solid
to maintain its shape, and to not be easily deformed.

 For gases, intermolecular spacing is on the order of 10 -6 mm, and for

liquids it is on the order of 10-7 mm.
 The number of molecules per cubic millimeter is on the order of 10 18 for
gases and 1021 for liquids. 21
 Characteristics of fluids
 For liquids, the molecules are spaced farther apart, the intermolecular
forces are smaller than for solids, and the molecules have more freedom
of movement. Thus, liquids can be easily deformed but not easily
compressed.

 Continuous deformation takes place with an infinite number of layers

sliding over each other. Deformation continues until the force is
removed.

Fluid

 A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms continuously when

acted upon by a shearing stress of any magnitude.

 Gases have even greater molecular spacing and freedom of motion with
negligible cohesive intermolecular forces, and as a consequence are
easily deformed and compressed. 22
 Course Learning Outcomes and Assessments
What can we accomplish in this course?
Learning outcomes:

 Apply the principles of fluid statics to solve variety of fluid problems

 Analyze fluid dynamic systems using basic laws of mechanics

 Carry out the dimensional analysis for various problems in fluid

mechanics.

 Analyze various fluid flow systems through optical visualization

techniques

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