PHYSICS

Page 10 (PHYSICS)
 EXPERIMENT – 8
Aim: To find the focal length of a convex mirror using a convex lens.
Apparatus: An optical bench with four uprights (2 fixed upright in middle two outer uprights with lateral movement),
convex lens, convex mirror, a lens holder, a mirror holder, 2 optical needles (one thin, one thick), a knitting needle, a
half meter scale.

Formula Used:
R
Focal length of a convex mirror f 
2
Where R is radius of curvature of the mirror.
Observation:
(i) Actual length of knitting needle, x = 15 cm.
(ii) Observed distance between image needle I and back of convex mirror, y = 15 cm
(iii) Index error = y - x = 15 – 15 = 0 cm No index correction
Observation Table:
Position of: Radius of
S. N. Object needle Lens Mirror Image needle Curvature
0 (cm) L cm M cm I (cm) MI (cm)
1 25 50 56 70.5 14.5
2 28.5 50 60 73.3 13.3
3 31.5 50 65 78.4 13.4
4 30.5 50 60 74 14
Mean R = 13.8

Calculation:
R
Mean corrected MI = R = 13.8 cm f=  6.9 cm
2
Result:
The focal length of the given convex mirror = 6.9 cm
Precautions:
(i) The tip of the needle, centre of the mirror & centre of lens should be at the same height.
(ii) Convex lens should be of large focal length.
(iii) For one set of observations, when the parallax has been removed for convex lens alone, the position of the lens &
needle uprights should not be changed.

Page 11 (PHYSICS)
 EXPERIMENT – 9
Aim: To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting a graph:
1 1
(i) between u and v (ii) between and
u v
Apparatus: An optical bench with three uprights, a convex lens, lens holder, two optical needles, a knitting needles &
a half-metre scale.

Formula Used:
The relation between u, v and f for convex lens is:
1 1 1
 
f v u
Where f: focal length of convex lens
u: distance of object needle from lens’ optical centre.
v: distance of image needle from lens’ optical centre.
Observations:
(i) Rough focal length of the lens = 10 cm
(ii) Actual length of knitting needle, x = 15 cm.
(iii) Observed distance between object needle & the lens when knitting needle is placed between them, y = 15.2 cm.
(iv) Observed distance between image needle & the lens when knitting needle is placed between them, z = 14.1 cm.
(v) Index correction for the object distance u, x – y = – 0.2 cm
(vi) Index correction for the image distance v, x – z = +0.9 cm
Observation Table:

Position of: (cm)

S. No. Object Image u (cm) v (cm) 1/v (cm-1) 1/u (cm-1)
Lens
needle needle
1 66 50 26 16 24 0.041 0.062
2 67 50 27 17 23 0.043 0.058
3 68 50 28 18 22 0.045 0.055
4 70 50 30 20 20 0.05 0.05
5 75 50 33 23 17 0.058 0.043
6 80 50 34 24 16 0.062 0.041

Calculation of focal length by graphical method:

(i) u – v graph: The graph is a rectangular hyperbola:
Scale: X’ axis: 1 cm = 5 cm of u
Y’ axis: 1 cm = 5 cm of v
AB = AC = 2f or OC = OB = 2f

Page 12 (PHYSICS)
 OB OC
f = and also f 
2 2
 Mean value of f = 10.1 cm.
1 1
(ii)  graph : The graph is a straight line.
u v
1
Scale; X’ axis: 1 cm = 0.01 cm-1 of
u
1
Y’ axis: 1 cm = 0.01 cm-1 of
v
1 1
Focal length, f =   10.2cm.
OP OQ
Result:
(i) From u-v graph is, f = 10.1 cm

1 1
(ii) From  graph is, f = 10.2 cm
u v
Precautions:
(i) Tips of object & image needles should be at the same height as the centre of the lens.
(ii) Parallax should be removed from tip-to-tip by keeping eye at a distance at least 30 cm. away from the needle.
(iii) The image & the object needles should not be interchanged for different sets of observations.

EXPERIMENT – 10
Aim: To find the focal length of a concave lens using a convex lens.
Apparatus: An optical bench with four uprights, a convex lens (less focal length), a concave lens (more focal length),
two lens holder, two optical needles, a knitting needle & a half – metre scale.

Formulae Used: From lens formula, we have:

uv
f 
u v
Observations:
Actual length of knitting needle, x= 15 cm.
Observed distance between object needle & the lens when knitting needle is placed between them, y = 15 cm.
Observed distance between image needle & the lens when knitting needle is placed between them, z = 15 cm.
Index correction for u = x – y = 0 cm
Index correction for v = x – z = 0 cm

Page 13 (PHYSICS)
Observation Table:
Position of (cm) uv
S. No. ’ u = IL2 v = I’L2 f=
0 (cm) L1 at O1 I L2 I u v
1 29 50 75 69 78 6.0 9.0 –18.0
2 27 50 71.5 65 77.5 6.5 12.5 –13.54
3 25 50 70.5 65 72.8 5.5 7.8 –18.64
4 28 50 71.3 63 71.2 8.3 8.2 –17.45

Calculations:

Mean f =
f1  f 2  f 3  f 4
4
= – 16.9 cm  - 17cm.
Result: The focal length of given concave lens = – 17 cm.
Precautions:
(i) The lenses must be clean.
(ii) A bright image should be formed by lens combination.
(iii) Focal length of the convex lens should be less than the focal length of the concave lens, so that the combination is
convex.

EXPERIMENT – 11
Aim: (i) To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between angle of incidence
& angle of deviation.
(ii) To determine the refractive index of the material (glass) of the prism.
Apparatus: Drawing board, a white sheet of paper, prism, drawing pins, pencil, half metre scale, office pins, graph
paper & protector.

Formulae Used:
The refractive index,  of the material of the prism is given by:
 A  Dm 
sin  
 
2  Where Dm is the angle of minimum deviation & A is the angle of prism.
 A
sin  
2
Calculations:
From graph between angle of incidence, i and angle of deviation, we get the value of Dm (angle of minimum
deviation): Dm = 37.8o

Thus,
 A  Dm 
sin   =

sin 97.8
o

2

 
2 
 A
sin 30o
sin  
2
  1.5077

Page 14 (PHYSICS)
Result:
(i) From i  D graph we see that as i increases, D first decreases, attains a minimum value (Dm) & then again
starts increasing for further increase in i .
(ii) Angle of minimum deviation = Dm = 37.8o
(iii) Refraction index of material of prism,   1.5077
Precautions:
(i) The angle of incidence should be between 30o – 60o.
(ii) The pins should be fixed vertical.
(iii) The distance between the two pins should not be less than 8 cm.
Sources of Error:
(i) Pin pricks may be thick.
(ii) Measurement of angles maybe wrong.

EXPERIMENT – 12
Aim: To determine the refractive index of a glass using travelling microscope.
Apparatus: A marker, glass slab, travelling microscope, lycopodium powder.

Formulae Used:
real depth r r
Refractive index    3 1
apparent depth r2  r1
Observations:
Least count of travelling microscope = 0.001 cm or 0.01 mm
Mean values: r1 = 0 mm r2 = 6.81 mm r3 = 10.25 mm
Observations: Reading of Microscope focused on:
Mark without slab Mark with slab on it Powder on top of slab
S. No.
r1 = M + n x LC min r2 = M + n x LC min R3 = M + n x LC min
1 0 6.5 + 29 x 0.01 = 6.79mm 10 + 23 x 0.01 = 10.23mm
2 0 6.5 + 31 x 0.01 = 6.81mm 10 + 25 x 0.01 = 10.25mm
3 0 6.5 + 33 x 0.01 = 6.83mm 10 + 27 x 0.01 = 10.27mm
Calculations:
Real depth = dr = r3 – r1 = Mean dr = 10.25 mm
Apparent depth = da = r2 – r1
Mean da = 6.81 mm
real depth d
 Refractive index,    r    1.52
apparent depth d a
Result:
The refractive index of the glass slab by using travelling microscope is determined as 1.52 = 
Precautions:
(i) Microscope once focused on the cross mark, the focusing should not be disturbed throughout the experiment. Only
rack and pinion screw should be turned to move the microscope upward.
(ii) Only a thin layer of powder should be spread on top of slab.
(iii) Eye piece should be so adjusted that cross-wires are distinctly seen.
Page 15 (PHYSICS)
 On 1s usea to
aesign an Io.

ACTIVITY NO. 1
AIM: To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor anda capacitor from a mired collection
ofsuch items.
MATERIALS REQUIRF Amixed collection of diode, a transistor, an IC, a resistor, a capacitor and multimeter.
THEORY: LED (Light emitting diode), resistor and capacitor all have two terminals each.
terminals and an IC has minimum of eight terminals. Thus IC and transistor can be easily identified
Atransistor has three
just by counting
their legs.
For the identification of two terminal devices, following characteristics of components can be utilized.
1. Resistor: When D.C. current is passed through it, it shows a constant current.
2. When
Capacitor:
suddenly shows
connected
zero
in a d.c. circuit, a multimeter set at R initially shows a full scale defletion and
deflection.
3. Diode: It conducts electricity when forward biased and do not conduct when reverse biased. When it emits
light, then it is termed as LED.
PROCEDURE:
1. First pick up the components with maximum number of legs, i.e., one which has eight or more than eight legs.
This component would have a flat face and its legs are of flat metal strip. Then this component is IC
Fig. 1.1.e).
2. The component with three legs is a transistor [Fig. 1.1d)].
3. Take a multimeter with selector switch turned on to position R for checking the continuity.
4. Now touch the two pribes of multimeter with the two ends of respective device if.
4
Physics.7h Manual-XII/85
 (i)The multimeter shows deflection in direet as well as in reverse direction, then the component is a resistor
[Fig. 1.1 (a)).
(ii) The multimeter shows deflection only in one direction. But, when we reverse the polarity it shows no
deflection, then such a component is known as diode [Fig. 1.1c).
(ii) While conducting, if component emits light, then it is LED (Fig. 1 (c).
(iv) The multimeter shows a full scale deflection initially but it decays to zero with a passage of time, then
such a component is termed as capacitor [Fig. 1.16).

1234
Wire 1000uF
0.47 F 6V
Paper
Rings Mica Electrolytic
(a) Carbon Resistor (6) Capacitor

pnp or npn
LED

(c) Diodes (d) Transistor

23145L
UUUUQUUUT
(e) Integrated Circuit

Fig. 1.1. Some of the commonly available electronic components.

RESULT: Various items have been identified from mixed collection of electronic components, e.g., resistor,
capacitor, diode, LED, transistor and IC.
VIVA-VOCE
Q.1. How many terminals are there in a capacitor ?
 ACTIVITY NO. 5
AIM: To observe polarisation of
light using two polaroids.
MATERIALS REQUIRED: An unpolarised source
of light, e.g., sunlight, electric bulb, two polaroid pieces.
THEORY : A polaroid passes only that of
part light which has vibrations
polaroid. It means that unpolarised light after passing through the polarised along
the axis of polarisation of the
piece becomes plane polarised.
If the axis of two polaroid pieces are perpendicular to each other then no light will pass
through the second piece
and if both the axes are parallel to each other then
polarised light produced by the first polaroid is able, to pass through
the second polaroid Fig. 5 (a) and (6).
PROCEDURE:
1. Place the polaroid (P,), in front of light say a bulb and look at the intensity of light, it will decrease.
2. Now take another polaroid (P,) in front of P, and now look at the intensity of light
system. through the combined
3. Rotate one polaroid with respect to the other.
Physics Lab Manual-XII/94
 Tourmaline crystal

Unpolarised light Polarised light Polarised light

HH Plane Polarised (Parallel axis of P, and P2)

Light
P Axis Axis
P2
Polariser Analyser

Unpolarised light No Light

P2
P. Crossed portion or P, and P2
(axis of P, lies on axis of P,)

the polaroid If polaroid P, is placed parallel to P, then the plane

P,.
Fig. 5. (a) Plane polarised light is produced by
polarised light passes through P, also.
a r e crossed, i.e., axis of P is perpendicular to that of P,
(b) No light passes if the two polaroids
a n analyser and the first polaroid is polariser.
The second polaroid P, is called
transmission axis of polaroid and analyser are parallel,
then the intensity of light
CONCLUSION : When
the
will be s a m e from polariser.
from analyser
closed, no light comes out from analyser.
and analyser are
When the transmission axis of polaroid

YIVA-VOCE
 ACTIVITY NO. 6
AIM: To observe diffraction oflight due to a thin slit.
MATERIALS REQUIRED: Two micro slides, two razor blades, adhesive tapes, a screen and laser penci), black paper.
THEORY: When visible mpnpchromatic light passes through a narrow slit whose width is of the order ofwavelength
of light and impinges on a dark background, it produces a single slit diffraction pattern. The location of dark fringes is
given by the equation
d sin 0, n
where n = 1,2,3,..
B
= angle of diffraction of the nth order
n = 0 is not included in this equation, indeed, it corresponds to the central maximum.

PROCEDURE:
1. Place two razor blades facing their sharp edges to each other such that there is a small gap between both the
razor blades.
2. Paste the blades leaving no gap between paper and glass plate. Glass plate
2

DIC
3. Cut small slit between the sharp edges of blades.
4. Place the slit about 0.5 m from a wall and a source of light with a slit Blades
in front of it at distance of about 20 cm from the slit.
5.
5. Observe the light falling on the wall. Black paper
of having a bright slit like light on
6. It will be observed that instead
6.
the screen/wall.
the wall, the light spreads on
Fig. 6.1.
made to be incident
CONCLUSION : When light w a v e s are on very

fine slit they always bond showing the phenomenon of diffraction of light.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The slit should be as thin as possible.
Black naper should be pasted such that there is no air gap between the glass plate and paper.
2.
VIVA-VOCE