Unit 3: THERMOCHEMISTRY

PART 2 OF UNIT 2 OUTLINE

Lesson 12. Energy Changes in Chemical

Reactions

Lesson 13. Exothermic Processes

Lesson 14. Endothermic Processes

Lesson 15. First Law of Thermodynamics

Lesson 16. Enthalpy of a Chemical

Reaction

Lesson 17. Calorimetry

Lesson 18. Standard Enthalpy of

Formation and Reaction Hess’ Law

Prepared by:
This learning material was the collaborative efforts of the Pre-Service Sciences Teachers who are having their on-campus
internship at Central Mindanao University Laboratory High School under Ma’am Mary-Ann V. Galo, a cooperating
DOQUIT, FE M.
teacher. Further, this learning material aims to provide a cross-reference, and comprehensive conceptual information to the
Grade Eleven students DEofVERA,
CMU LHS MERCY M.
A.Y 2021-2022.
BUADLART, JEYGER B.
ARCILLAS, IAN MARK G.
TABALBA, CHYNA MAE C.
MASILANG, MARIA CHRISTINE JOY
O.

General Chemistry 2- Pre-Service Sciences Teachers

 General Chemistry 2- Pre-Service Sciences Teachers
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Unit 3: THERMOCHEMISTRY
Ti me allotment: 2 hours

OVERVIEW
Energy! This keeps our microscopic particles moving or staying
in place. In our daily mundane, every movement, breath or step we take
involves energy. Our ability and the chemical reactions that occur when
we cook our breakfast, take a bath, do household chores and modules,
ride a bicycle, or simply stand are all due to energy. In the field of
thermochemistry, it specifically looks at the chemical reactions between Time Allotment: 2 hours
the reactants that are always accompanied by energy change.

In the previous unit, we tackled the properties of solutions and KEY CONCEPTS
different ways of calculating concentrations of solutions, as well as the 
properties of their colligative properties. Now, in Unit 3, we will
navigate and explore the field of thermochemistry, specifically the first  Enthalpy
law of thermodynamics. This unit will help you gain knowledge about
the energy changes in chemical reactions, the First Law of  Calorimetry
Thermodynamics,
LEARNING enthalpy, calorimetry, and Hess’s Law.
OBJECTIVES
 Hess’ Law
Now, together,
Upon takinglet
anduscompleting
continue our
thisescapade
learninginmaterials,
exploringyou
theare
first
expected to:
law of thermodynamics and find-out how we can apply these concepts in
our daily lives.
 explain the energy changes during chemical reactions;
 distinguish between exothermic and endothermic processes;
 explain the first law of thermodynamics;
 explain enthalpy of a reaction;
 write the thermochemical equation for a chemical reaction; and
 calculate the change in enthalpy of a given reaction using Hess Law.

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LESSON 12: ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

KEY TERMS
Specific Learning Objectives: Calorie (cal)
 unit to express energy, amount of heat needed to increase the
 explain the energy changes during temperature of 1 g of pure water by 274 K (1°C)
 In SI, 1 Joule (J) or kg · m2/ s2 = 0.2390 cal
chemical reactions; and Enthalpy - stored chemical energy, or heat content, of the system
 distinguish between exothermic and Bond dissociation energy (kJ⋅mol−1kJ·mol−1)-
endothermic processes;  energy that is needed to break a bond
Energy- capacity to do work/ supply heat
Thermochemistry
 study of energy changes during a chemical reaction and/or change in
phase

ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL

REACTIONS
CAUSES: occurrence of chemical reactions, where the bonds in reactants break and new bonds form in
the product. For bonds to break, energy must be absorbed, and when bonds form energy is released. Simply,
changes in chemical reactions are always accompanied with energy change.
ENERGY
 has neither mass nor volume, thus no concrete form but can only detected based on its effects
 state function dependent on the present state of the system
 Can be classified as:
a. Potential Energy- energy at rest, due to the position or composition of an object
b. Kinetic Energy – energy in motion , dependent on mass and velocity,
such that;
1 2
KE = mv
2
 Energy changes occurs due exchange of heat and work
between a system and its surroundings.

SYSTEM
 Could be a reactant or a product , or a reaction vessel including its components

SURROUNDINGS
 System’s intermediate environment or the things found outside of the system.
 For instance, (1) the room where you are in and everything that is inside it make up the system, while
everything outside that is your surroundings or (2) A mug containing hot coffee could be considered as a
system , and everything beyond the confines of the mug is treated as surrounding.
HEAT
 Energy that is either released or absorbed due to differences in temperature conditions
1. Heat flows from the system into surrounding – if system has higher temperature than its surrounding.
Note: The energy transferred to the surroundings causes increase in thermal motion of the particles of it, while the
system’s thermal motion of particles decreases accordingly.

2. Heat flows from the surrounding into system – if surrounding has higher temperature than its system
a. EXOTHERMIC PROCESS – process/ reaction involving the release of heat, favor
EXOTHERMIC PROCESS decrease in temperature

b. ENDOTHERMIC PROCESS – absorption of heat, favor increase in temperature

Steps in determining the process:

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Step 1. Identify the system and the surrounding

Step 2. Consider the direction of the flow of heat.
Step 3. Determine if heat is released or absorbed.

For instance, consider the melting of butter at room temperature.

Step 1. The butter is the system, and the air is the surrounding.
Step 2. To melt the butter, its temperature must increase, thus heat must flow from the air to the butter.
Step 3. Absorption of heat will be involved, thus it is endothermic process.

LESSON 13: EXOTHERMIC PROCESS

Exothermic process release heat and light into their surroundings.

For example, combustion reactions are usually exothermic. In exothermic
reactions, the products have less enthalpy than the reactants, and as a result,
an exothermic reaction is said to have a negative enthalpy of reaction. This
means that the energy required to break the bonds in the reactants is less
than the energy released when new bonds form in the products. Excess
energy from the reaction is released as heat and light.
Another way of describing an exothermic reaction is that it is one in
which the energy of the products is less than the energy of the reactants,
because energy has been released during the reaction. We can represent this
using the following
general formula:
Figure 1: Chemical reaction A thermite Reactants → Products + Energy
reaction, which produces molten iron.

LESSON 14: ENDOTHERMIC PROCESS

Endothermic process, on the other hand, absorb heat

and/or light from their surroundings. For example,
decomposition reactions are usually endothermic. The
products have more enthalpy than the reactants. Thus, an
endothermic reaction is said to have a positive enthalpy of
Figure 2: Chemical reaction A
thermite reaction, which produces
reaction. This means that the energy required to break the
molten iron. bonds in the reactants is more than the energy released when
new bonds form in the products; in other words, the reaction
requires energy to proceed.

Figure 2 : The decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen When

water is heated to over 2000 degrees Celsius, a small fraction will
decompose into hydrogen and oxygen. Significant heat energy is needed for
this reaction to proceed, so the reaction is endothermic.

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Another way of describing an endothermic reaction is that it is one in which the energy of the products is
greater than the energy of the reactants, because energy has been absorbed during the reaction. This can be
represented by the following general formula:

Note: The difference in energy (E) Reactants + Energy → Products between the
reactants and the products is known as the heat of the
reaction. It is also sometimes referred to as the
enthalpy change of the system.

LESSON 15: FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Specific Learning Objectives:

KEY TERMS
 Explain the first law of thermodynamics. System- the portion we single out for study.
Surroundings- everything else
Thermodynamics- study of energy and its transformations

The First Law of Thermodynamics

states that energy of the universe is constant,
a.k.a law of conservation of energy that states that;

“Energy is neither created nor destroy, it can be only be converted from one form to another.”

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SYSTEM AND SURROUNDINGS

Systems can be open, closed, or isolated. An open system is one in which matter and energy can be
exchanged with the surroundings. An open system is an uncovered pot of boiling water on a stove: heat enters the
system from the stove, and water is released into the surroundings as steam.

The systems that we can most easily study in thermochemistry are known
as closed systems—systems that can exchange energy but not matter with their
surroundings. Consider a mixture of hydrogen gas, H2, and oxygen gas, O2, in a
cylinder with a piston. The system is only hydrogen and oxygen; the cylinder, piston,
and everything beyond them (including us) are the surroundings. When the gases
react to form water, energy is released:

2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(g) + energy

Figure 3. Closed System

Although this reaction changes the chemical form of the hydrogen and
oxygen atoms in the system, the system has not lost or gained mass, implying that it has not exchanged any matter
with its surroundings. It can, however, exchange energy in the form of work and heat with its surroundings.

An isolated system is one that cannot exchange energy or matter with its surroundings. An isolated
system is approximated by an insulated thermos containing hot coffee. However, we know that the coffee
eventually cools, so it is not completely isolated.

INTERNAL ENERGY

The internal energy, E, of a system is the sum of its components' kinetic and potential energies.
Assume we begin with a system that has an initial internal energy Einitial. The system then goes through a
change, which could involve work or heat transfer. Efinal is the system's final internal energy after the change. The
change in internal energy, denoted by ΔE (read "delta E"), is defined as the difference between Efinal and Einitial:

ΔE = Efinal – Einitial

Thermodynamic quantities such as ΔE have three parts:

1. a number
2. a unit
3. a sign
(1) and (2) together provide the magnitude of the change,
whereas (3) provides the direction. When Efinal > Einitial, a positive

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Figure 4. Changes in the internal energy
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value of ΔE results, indicating that the system has gained energy from its surroundings. When Efinal < Einitia, a
negative value of E results, indicating that the system has lost energy to its surroundings. When discussing
energy changes, keep in mind that we are discussing them from the perspective of the system rather than the
surroundings. We must keep in mind, however, that any increase in the system's energy is accompanied by a
decrease in the energy of the surroundings, and vice versa.

In a chemical reaction, the reactants are the initial state of the system, and the products are the final state.

2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l)

Figure 5. Energy diagram for the
reaction 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l)

RELATING ΔE TO HEAT AND

WORK
The internal energy of a system changes in magnitude as heat is added to or removed from the
system or as work is done on or by the system. If we think of internal energy as the system’s bank
account of energy, we see that deposits or withdrawals can be made in the form of either heat or work.
Deposits increase the energy of the system (positive ΔE), whereas withdrawals decrease the energy of
the system (negative ΔE).
Using these concepts, we can write a useful algebraic expression of the first law of
thermodynamics. When a system changes chemically or physically, the resulting change in internal
energy, ΔE, is the sum of the heat added to or liberated from the system, q, and the work done on or by
the system, w:

ΔE = q + w

When heat is added to a system or work is done on a

system, its internal energy increases. Therefore, when heat is
transferred to the system from the surroundings, q has a
positive value.

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Figure 6. Signs conventions for heat

and work

The sign conventions for q, w, and ΔE are summarized in Table 1. Notice that any energy
entering the system as either heat or work carries a positive sign.

LESSON 16: ENTHALPY OF A CHEMICAL REACTION

KEY TERMS
Specific Learning Objectives: Energy- capacity to supply heat or do work

 Calculate enthalpy changes for various Enthalpy (H)- sum of a system’s internal energy and the mathematical
chemical reactions. product of its pressure and volume.

Enthalpy Change (ΔH)-heat released or absorbed by a system under

constant pressure during a chemical or physical process.enthalpy change for
the reaction is the sum of all changes.

ENTHALPY

Enthalpy is the amount of energy possessed by a thermodynamic

system for transfer between itself and its environment. For example, in a
chemical reaction, the change enthalpy of the system is the heat of the reaction. In
a phase change, as from a liquid to a gas, the change in enthalpy of the system is
the latent heat of vaporization. In a simple temperature change, the change in
enthalpy with each degree is the heat capacity of the system at constant pressure.
The German physicist Rudolf J.E. Clausius originated the term in 1850.
Mathematically, enthalpy H is identified as U+PV, where U is the internal energy,
P is pressure, and V is volume. H is measured in joules or British thermal units
(BTUs)

Enthalpy or heat content is a property related to the heat liberated or

Fig 7. German physicist Rudolf J.E. absorbed by a chemical reaction. If the products of a reaction have higher
Clausius

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enthalpy than the reactants, the heat is absorbed in the process. Such type of reaction is said to be endothermic
and the change in enthalpy, ΔH for the reaction liberates heat. Such type or reaction is said to be exothermic.

ENTHALPY or HEAT OF A CHEMICAL REACTION:

THERMOCHEMICAL EQUATIONS

GUIDELINES IN WRITING AND INTERPRETING THERMOCHEMICAL

EQUATIONS

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1. When writing thermochemical equations, we must always specify the physical states of all reactants and
products, because they help determine the actual enthalpy changes. For example, in the equation for the
combustion of methane, if we show water vapor rather than liquid water as a product,

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) ∆H = -802.4 kJ/mol
the enthalpy change is -
802.4 kJ rather than -809.4 kJ because 88.0 kJ are needed to convert 2 moles of liquid water to water vapor; that is,

2H2O (g) 2H2O (l) ∆H = 88.0 kJ/mol

2. If we multiply both sides of a thermochemical equation by a factor n, then ∆H must also change by the same factor.
Thus, for melting of ice, if n = 2, we have

2H2O (g) 2H2O (l) ∆H = 2 (6.01 kJ/mol) = 12.0 kJ/mol

3. When we reverse an equation, we change the roles of reactants and products. Consequently, the magnitude of
∆H for the equation remains the same, but its sign changes. For example, if a reaction consumes thermal energy
from its surroundings (that is, if it is endothermic), then the reverse reaction must release thermal energy back to
its surroundings (that is, it must be exothermic) and the enthalpy change expression must also change its sign.
Thus, reversing the melting of ice and the combustion of methane, the thermochemical equations become

H2O (l) H2O (s) ∆H = -6.01 kJ/mol)

CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) ∆H = 890.4 kJ/mol
and what was endothermic becomes exothermic, and vice-versa.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1.0

0
Sample Problem: Given the thermochemical equation;

Calculate the heat evolved when 74.6 g of SO2 (molar mass + 64.07 g/mol) is converted to SO3

Strategy: The thermochemical equation shows that for every mole of SO 2 burned, 99.1 kJ of heat are given off
(note the negative sign). Therefore, the conversion factor is

Question: How many moles of SO2 are in 74.6 g of SO2 ? What is the conversion factor between grams and
moles ?

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SOLUTIONS: We need to first calculate the number of moles of SO2 in 74.6 g of the compound and then
find the number of kilojoules produced from the exothermic reaction. The sequence of the conversion is as
follows:

Thus, the heat produced is given by

CHECK: Because 74.6 g is greater than the molar mass of SO 2, we expect the heat released to be large than -99.1
kJ. The negative sign indicates that this is an exothermic reaction/ process .

LESSON 17: CALORIMETRY

KEY TERMS
Specific Learning Objectives: Calorimeter- a device used to measure heat flow

 Write the thermochemical equation for a Molar heat capacity- the heat capacity of one mole of a substance
chemical reaction.

The value of ΔH can be determined experimentally by measuring the heat flow accompanying a reaction at
constant pressure. Typically, we can determine the magnitude of the heat flow by measuring the magnitude of the
temperature change the heat flow produces.

Calorimetry- used to measure the amount of thermal energy transferred in a chemical or physical process

Heat Capacity and Specific Heat

The more heat an object gains, the hotter it gets. All substances change temperature when they are heated,
but the magnitude of the temperature change produced by a given quantity of heat varies from substance to
substance. The temperature change experienced by an object when it absorbs a certain amount of heat is
determined by its heat capacity, denoted C. The heat capacity of an object is the amount of heat required to raise
its temperature by 1 K (or 1°C ). The greater the heat capacity, the greater the heat required to produce a given
increase in temperature.
For pure substances, the heat capacity is usually given for a specified amount of the substance. The heat
capacity of one mole of a substance is called its molar heat capacity, Cm. The heat capacity of one gram of a
substance is called its specific heat capacity, or merely its specific heat. The specific heat, Cs, of a substance can
be determined experimentally by measuring the temperature change, ΔT , that a known mass m of the substance
undergoes when it gains or loses a specific quantity of heat q:

( quantity of heat transferred)

Specific Heat =
( grams of substance)×(temperature change)

q
CS =
m× Δ T

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For example:
209 J is required to increase the temperature of 50.0 g of water by 1.00 K.
Thus, the specific heat of water is
209 J
CS = =4.18 J/g-K
(50.0 g)(1.00 K )

Constant-Pressure Calorimetry

A constant-pressure calorimeter measures the change in enthalpy of a

reaction occurring in a liquid solution. In that case, the gaseous pressure
above the solution remains constant, and we say that the reaction is occurring
under conditions of constant pressure. The heat transferred to/from the
solution in order for the reaction to occur is equal to the change in enthalpy
( ΔH=qPΔH=qP), and a constant-pressure calorimeter thus measures this heat
of reaction. In contrast, a bomb calorimeter’s volume is constant, so there is no
pressure-volume work and the heat measured relates to the change in internal
energy (ΔU=qVΔU=qV).

Figure 8 Coffee Cup

Calorimeter
Bomb Calorimetry

An important type of reaction studied using calorimetry is combustion, in which a compound reacts
completely with excess oxygen. Combustion reactions are most accurately studied using a bomb calorimeter.
The substance to be studied is placed in a small cup within an insulated sealed vessel called a bomb. The bomb,
which is designed to withstand high pressures, has an inlet valve for adding oxygen and electrical leads. After the
sample has been placed in the bomb, the bomb is sealed and pressurized with oxygen. It is then placed in the
calorimeter and covered with an accurately measured quantity of water. The combustion reaction is initiated by
passing an electrical current through a fine wire in contact with the sample. When the wire becomes sufficiently
hot, the sample ignites. The heat released when combustion occurs is absorbed by the water and the various
components of the calorimeter (which all together make up the surroundings), causing the water temperature to
rise. The change in water temperature caused by the reaction is measured very precisely.

To calculate the heat of combustion from the measured temperature increase, we must know the total heat
capacity of the calorimeter, C cal. This quantity is determined by combusting a sample that releases a known
quantity of heat and measuring the temperature change.

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Figure 9 Bomb Calorimeter

FOR EXAMPLE:
Combustion of exactly 1 g of benzoic acid, C6H5COOH, in a bomb calorimeter produces 26.38 kJ of
heat. Suppose 1.000 g of benzoic acid is combusted in a calorimeter, leading to a temperature increase of 4.857°C.
kJ
The heat capacity of the calorimeter is thenC cal=26.38 ° C=5.431° C . Once we knowC cal, we can
4.857
measure temperature changes produced by other reactions, and from these we can calculate the heat evolved in
the reaction, q rxn:
q rxn=¿ -C cal × ΔT
Measurements made with a bomb calorimeter are generally more precise than those made with coffee-
cup Calorimeter.

LESSON 18: STANDARD ENTHALPY OF FORMATION AND REACTION HESS’S

LAW
KEY TERMS
Specific Learning Objectives: Standard Phase – strictly defined phase of a substance/ reference point
used to determine changes in the properties of a substance.
Standard enthalpy of reaction (∆ H°rxn ) – enthalpy of a reaction carried
out at 1 atm.
Hess’s Law of constant heat summation - regardless ofPage 13 of
the multiple 17
stages/ steps of a reaction, the total enthalpy change for the reaction is the
sum of all changes.
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 Calculate the change in enthalpy of a given reaction using Hess Law.

STANDARD ENTHALPY OF
FORMATION
Standard Enthalpy of Formation (∆H°f) of a compound
Su b sta n c e / Sta te o f STANDARD PHASES
Ma tte r Defined as the change in the enthalpy that accompanies the
Ele m e n t (m o st sta b le fo rm Te m p e ra tu re = 298 K, Pre ssure = 1.01
formation of one mole of a compound from its elements with all
x 10 5 Pa , a n d e n th a lp y fo rm a tio n = 0
Su b sta n c e in a so lu tio n 1 M a t a p re ssure o f 1.01 x 10 5 Pa substances in their standard phase or simply defined as the heat
Pu re sub sta n c e p u re liq uid / p ure so lid change that results when 1 mole of a compound is formed from its
G a se s 1.01 x 10 5 Pa
elements at a pressure of 1 atm.

NOTE:
GENERALIZATIONS: STANDARD PHASES OF GAS, PURE SOLID, and LIQUID
“°” - represents standard-state conditions (1 atm)
SUBSTANCE and ELEMENT/ SUBSTANCE PRESENT IN A SOLUTION
Subscript “f” = formation

∆H° reaction = ∑ ∆ H °f (products) -

∑ ∆ H ° f (reactants)
Table 5.2 Standard Enthalpies of Formation for Some Inorganic Substances at 25 ° C

SUBSTANCE ∆H°f SUBSTANCE ∆H°f SUBSTANCE ∆H°f

(kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol)

Ag(s) 0 O (g) 249.4 AgCl (s) - 127.0

Al(s) H (g) 218.2 CuO (s) - 155.2

0

Ca(s) O3 (g) 142 .2 H2O2 (l) -187.6

0

Cu(s) NO (g) 90.4 H2O (g) - 241.8

0

Mg (s) N2O (g) 81.56 HF (g) - 271.6

0

Cl2 (g) NO2 (g) 33.85 H2O (l) - 285.8

0

F2 (g) HI (g) 25.9 SO2 (g) - 296.1

0

H2 (g) N2O4 (g) 9.66 ZnO (s) - 348.0

0

I2 (S) C (diamond) 1.90 CO2 -393.5

0

N2 (g) S (monoclinic) 0.30 SO3 (g) - 395.2

0

O2 (g) H2S (s) - 20.15 MgO (s) - 601.8

0

Hg (l) HBr - 36.2 CaO (s) - 635.6

0

Br2 (l) NH3 (g) - 46.3 MgCO3 (s) -1112.9

0

S(rhombic) HCl (g) - 92.3 CaCO3 (s) - 1206.9

0

C (graphite) CO (g) - 110.5 Al2O3 (s) - 1669. 8

0
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1.0
0

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SAMPLE PROBLEM: Consider acetylene (C2H2), which is an organic compound used as a fuel. Calculate the standard enthalpy change
for the combustion of acetylene, given the following data. The standard enthalpy of formation for C 2H2 (g) is 227 kJ/mol.

5
C2H2 (g) + O2 (g) = CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
2
L ∆H° reaction = ∑ ∆ H ° products - ∑ ∆ H ° reactants
Balance Chemical Reaction

5
1. H2 (g) + O2 (g) H2O (l) ∆H = -286 kJ
2
2. C(s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) ∆H = -394 kJ
3. 2C(s) + H2 (g) C2H2 (g) ∆H = 227 kJ

NOTE: The standard enthalpy change for the combustion of acetylene can be obtained by subtracting the sum of the enthalpies of the reactants
from the sum of the enthalpies of the products:
∆H° reaction = ∑ ∆ H ° products - ∑ ∆ H °reactants
∆H° combustion = [∆H° for CO2 (g) + ∆H° H2O (l)] - [∆H° for C2H2 (g) + ∆H° O2 (g) ]

Because there are two (2) moles of CO2 (g) produced in the reaction, the ∆H° for CO2 (g) must be multiplied by two. On the other hand, O2 is in its
standard phase; hence, its ∆H° for O2 (g) is equal to zero. THUS,

∆H° combustion = [2 (-394 kJ) + - (-286 kJ) - [-227 kJ+ 0 ]

HESS’s LAW

 This states that when reactants are converted to products, the change in enthalpy is
the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps.

 Useful in indirectly determining the heat of formation of a reaction from 2 or

more known thermochemical equations.

 Convenient way of deriving the change in enthalpy involved in a given reaction.

 Two fundamental guidelines must be followed in the application of Hess’s

Law:

1. The change in enthalpy indicates the direction of the flow of heat. Hence, should the thermochemical equation describing a
particular reaction be written in the reversed direction, then - ∆H must also be reversed.

2. Because ∆H is an extensive property, its magnitude is dependent on the amount of both reactants and products. Thus, the
thermochemical reaction should be balanced, and the appropriate coefficients reflecting the number of moles of reactants and products
should
SAMPLE be determined.
PROBLEM Should the thermochemical
2.0 equation be multiplied by an integer, then the change in enthalpy of the reaction
must also be multiplied by the same integer.
0
SAMPLE PROBLEM: Calculate ∆H for the reaction 2C(s) + H2 (g) C2H2 (g) using the following data:

1
1. H2 (g) + O2 (g) H2O (l) ∆H = -286 kJ
2
2. C(s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) ∆H = -394 kJ
5 Page 15 of 17
3. C2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + H2O (l) ∆H = -1 300 kJ
2
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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books and/or Journals:

(1) Chang, R. (2005). Chemistry 8th Ed. New York: McGraw- Hill pp. 214-241

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(2) Papa, E.C.R (2020). DIWA Senior High School Series: General Chemistry 2 (Second Edition) Module.
Makati City, Philippines: DIWA Learning Systems Inc. pp.82-100

(3) Teaching Guide for Senior High School General Chemistry 2. Commission on Higher Education, 2016.

(4) Brown, T. L. et al. (2012). Chemistry: The Central Science (12th Ed.). Pearson Education Inc. pp. 175-178

(5) Brown, T., LeMay, H.E., Bursten, B., Murphy, C. & Woodward, P. (2009). Chemistry: the Central
Science, 11th Ed. Philippines: Pearson Education South Asia PTE. LTD. pp. 149-154

Websites

(1) https://www.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-11/energy-and-chemical-change/12-energy-and-
chemical-change-01#:~:text=You%20have%20probably%20seen%20a,chemical%20reactions
%20involve%20energy%20changes.

(2) https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/energy-changes-in-chemical-reactions/
#:~:text=The%20energy%20change%20in%20a,is%20known%20as%20its%20enthalpy.

(3) https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ddscalorimeters.com%2Fthe-difference-
between-a-coffee-cup-calorimeter-and-a-bomb-calorimeter
%2F&psig=AOvVaw1Hr1knsXtegYCJDqhbBJ7a&ust=1644667604819000&source=im

(4) https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/constant-pressure-calorimetry/#:~:text=A
%20constant%2Dpressure%20calorimeter%20measures%20the%20change%20in%20enthalpy
%20of,under%20conditions%20of%20constant%20pressure.

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