Models in SE

PERSPECTIVE PROCESS MODEL
A set of process elements—framework activities, software

engineering actions, tasks, work products, quality assurance, and change
control mechanisms for each project. Each process model also prescribes
a process flow (also called a work flow)—that is, the manner in which the
process elements are interrelated to one another.
 The software process model is also known as Software
Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Model for or software
paradigm.
 Various prescriptive process models are
Prescriptive Process
Waterfall Model Waterfall Model Incremental Process

Evolutionary Process
Need for Process Model

Each team member in software product development will
understand –what is the next activity and how to do it. Thus process
model will bring the definiteness and discipline in overall
development process.
Waterfall Model
 In a waterfall model, each phase must be completed fully before the next phase
can begin. This type of model is basically used for the project which is small and
there are no uncertain requirements.
 In this model the testing starts only after the development is complete.
 The waterfall model was the first process model to be introduced.
 It is also referred to a linear sequential life cycle model.
 Simple to understand and use.
 In a waterfall model each phase must be completed before the next phase can
begin and there is no overlapping in the phases.
Waterfall model design
The waterfall approach the whole process of software development process of software
development is divided into separate phases.
In the waterfall model the outcome of one phases acts as the input for the next phases of
the waterfall model.
Requirement Gathering and analysis
All possible requirements of the system to be developed are captured in this phase and
documented in a requirements specification document.
System Design
System design is prepared.
System design helps in specifying hardware and system design requirements and also
helps in defining overall system architecture.
Implementation
With inputs from system design, the system is first developed in small programs called
units, which are integrated with the next phase.
Each unit is developed and tested for its functionality which is referred to as unit testing.
Integration and testing

All the units developed in the implementation phases are integrated into a system after
testing each unit.
Post integration the entire system is tested for any faults and failures.
Deployment of the system

Once the functional and non-functional testing is done, the product is deployed in the
customer environment or released into the market.
Maintenance
There are some issues come up in the client environment, to fix those issues, patches the
product some better versions are released.
Maintenance is done to deliver these changes in the customer environment.
Waterfall Model Application

Requirements are well documented, clear and fixed.
Advantages
Simple and easy to understand and use
Phases are processed and completed one at a time.
East to arrange tasks.
Disadvantages
Difficult to measure progress within stages.
No working software is produced until late during the life cycles.
V-Model
The V-Model is the SDLC model where execution of processes happens in a sequential
manner in V-shape.
It is also verification and validation model.
It is an extension of the waterfall model and is based on the association of a testing phase
for each corresponding development stage.
This means that for every single phase in the development cycle there is a directly
associated testing phase.
This is highly disciplined model and the next phase only starts after completion of the
previous phase.
V-Model design
Under V-model
Under V Model the testing phase of the development phase is organized parallel.
Both the sides there are verification phases on one side and validation phases on the other
side of the V model.
Verification phases
Business Requirements Analysis
This is the first phase in the verification phase where the product
requirements are understood from the customer side.
This phase is detailed discussion with the customer to understand this

expectations and requirements.
System Design
In this phase, system design involves the finding hardware and

communication setup for the product under the development
System test plan is developed based on the system design.
Architectural design:
System design is divided in to modules taking on different functionality
(HLD).
Modular design:
Internal design for all the system modules are identified and also referred to
as LLD.
Unit tests can be designed at this stage based on the internal module designs.
Unit tests are essential part of any development process and help to eliminate
the maximum faults and errors.
Coding phase:
Suitable language is decided and performed.
Validation process
Unit testing:
Unit testing is the testing at the code level and designed in the module design
phase that is executed during the validation phases.
Its helps to eliminate bugs and all defects cannot be covered by unit testing.
Integration testing:
Integration testing is associated with the architectural design phase.
System check the entire functionality.
Most of the hardware compatibility issues can be uncovered during system
test execution.
Acceptance Testing
Acceptance testing is associated with the business requirement analysis phase
and involves testing the product .
It discovers the functional and nonfunctional issues.
V model applications
Requirements are well defined, clearly documented and fixed.
Product definition is stable.
Project is short.
Advantages
Phases are completed one at a time.
Works well for smaller projects where requirements are well understood.
Simple and easy to understand.
Disadvantages
Not a good model for complex projects
Poor model for long and ongoing projects.
Once an application is in the testing stage, it is difficult to go back and
change a functionality.
Iterative Model

Models in SE

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PERSPECTIVE PROCESS MODEL

A set of process elements—framework activities, software

Waterfall Model Waterfall Model Incremental Process

Need for Process Model

Integration and testing

Deployment of the system

Waterfall Model Application

It is also verification and validation model.

This phase is detailed discussion with the customer to understand this

In this phase, system design involves the finding hardware and

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