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    Unit III: Arrays and Pointers

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    Sarmi Harsha
    This document discusses arrays and pointers in C programming. It begins by defining arrays as a data structure that stores homogeneous data in a linear sequence. It describes one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays. It then defines pointers as variables that contain the memory address of another variable. Pointers allow dynamic memory allocation and are useful for structures like linked lists. The document explains pointer declaration, initialization, and dereferencing operators. It also discusses void pointers, null pointers, and pointers to pointers.

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    Unit III: Arrays and Pointers

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    Sarmi Harsha
    27 views46 pages
    This document discusses arrays and pointers in C programming. It begins by defining arrays as a data structure that stores homogeneous data in a linear sequence. It describes one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays. It then defines pointers as variables that contain the memory address of another variable. Pointers allow dynamic memory allocation and are useful for structures like linked lists. The document explains pointer declaration, initialization, and dereferencing operators. It also discusses void pointers, null pointers, and pointers to pointers.

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    U3

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    This document discusses arrays and pointers in C programming. It begins by defining arrays as a data structure that stores homogeneous data in a linear sequence. It describes one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays. It then defines pointers as variables that contain the memory address of another variable. Pointers allow dynamic memory allocation and are useful for structures like linked lists. The document explains pointer declaration, initialization, and dereferencing operators. It also discusses void pointers, null pointers, and pointers to pointers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    27 views46 pages

    Unit III: Arrays and Pointers

    Uploaded by

    Sarmi Harsha
    This document discusses arrays and pointers in C programming. It begins by defining arrays as a data structure that stores homogeneous data in a linear sequence. It describes one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays. It then defines pointers as variables that contain the memory address of another variable. Pointers allow dynamic memory allocation and are useful for structures like linked lists. The document explains pointer declaration, initialization, and dereferencing operators. It also discusses void pointers, null pointers, and pointers to pointers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 46

    Unit III

    Arrays and Pointers


    Introduction to Arrays – Single
    Dimensional Arrays – Multidimensional
    Array – Pointers – void Pointer – Null
    Pointer – Relationship between Arrays
    and Pointers – Arrays of Pointers –
    Pointer to a Pointer – Pointer to an Array.
    ARRAY - Definition
     An array is a data structure, that is
    used to store the homogeneous data.
     An array is a collection of similar data
    items that are stored under a common
    name.
     A value in an array is identified by it’s
    index or subscript.
     subscript enclosed in square brackets
    with an array name.
     Array is derived data type
    K.ANGURAJU AP /CSE - KNCET
    Types of Array
    Array can be classified into:
    • One dimensional Array
    • Two dimensional Array
    • Multi dimensional Array

    K.ANGURAJU AP /CSE - KNCET


    1. One Dimensional Array
     The collection of data items can be stored
    under a single variable name using only one
    subscript
     so such a variable called one dimensional
    Array.
     It store fixed number of elements with same
    data type.
     It is organized in a linear sequence.
     It is also named as linear array and vector.
    Array Declaration:
    Array are declared in the same manner as an ordinary
    variables except that each array name must have one
    subscript.
    Syntax:
    data type array_variable[size or subscript of the array];
    Example:
    • int a[5];
    a[0]
    a[1]
    a[2]
    a[3]
    a[4]

    K.ANGURAJU AP /CSE - KNCET


    Array Initialization
    The value can be initialized to an array,
    when they are declared like ordinary
    variables. Otherwise they hold garbage
    value.
    The array can be initialized into two way’s:
    1. At compile time
    2. At run time

    K.ANGURAJU AP /CSE - KNCET


    At compile time:
    syntax: data type array_name[size] =
    {list of values}

    Example: int marks[3] = {98,67,97};


    (or)
    marks[0]=98;
    marks[1]=67;
    marks[2]=97;
    Example Program:
    #include<stdio.h>
    #include<conio.h>
    void main()
    {
    int b[3] = {2,4,5} , i ;
    clrscr();

    for(i=0; i<3 ;i++)


    {
    Printf(“%d”, b[i]);
    }
    } K.ANGURAJU AP /CSE - KNCET
    At run time initialization:
    The array can be explicitly initialized at run
    time.
    Here we use the for loop as well as scanf()
    statement to get a value of an array variable.
    Example:1
    int n[3],i;
    for(i=0 ; i<3 ; i++)
    {
    scanf( “%d”, &n[i] );
    }
    K.ANGURAJU AP /CSE - KNCET
    Example program:
    #include<stdio.h>
    void main()
    {
    int mark[3], i;
    printf(“enter the marks:”);
    for(i=0 ; i<3 ; i++)
    {
    scanf( “%d”, &mark[i] );
    }
    for(i=0 ; i<3 ; i++)
    {
    printf( “%d”, mark[i] );
    }
    } K.ANGURAJU AP /CSE - KNCET
    #include<stdio.h>
    void main()
    {
    int mark[5],i,total=0, avg;
    printf("Enter your mark");
    for(i=0;i<5;i++)
    {
    scanf("%d", &mark[i]);
    }
    printf("Your mark is");
    for(i=0;i<5;i++)
    {
    printf("%d\n", mark[i]);
    }
    total = mark[0]+mark[1]+mark[2]+mark[3]+mark[4];
    for(i=0;i<5;i++)
    {
    total=total+mark[i];
    }

    avg=total/5;
    printf("TOTAL:%d\nAVERAGE:%d", total, avg);

    }
    #include<stdio.h>
    void main()
    {
    int rollno[5] , i, srollno ;
    Printf("Enter the rollno");
    for(i=0; i<5; i++)
    {
    scanf("%d", &rollno[i]);
    }
    printf("Enter the srollno");
    scanf("%d", &srollno);
    for(i=0;i<5;i++)
    {
    if(srollno==rollno[i])
    {
    printf("Element is found");
    break;
    }
    }
    printf("element not found");
    }
    Assigning an array to another array:
     To assign the one array element into another
    array by using it’s index position.
     Here not possible to assign array1=array2.
     variable only possible to assign like this
    assignment.
    Example :
    int a[3], b[3]={2,4,6}, I;
    for(i=0;i<3;i++)
    a[i]=b[i]
    Two Dimensional Array
     The array variable declared using two
    subscript then it is called as two dimensional
    array.
     Two dimensional array are used to store table
    of values also called as matrix.
     It’s element arranged in rectangular grid of
    rows and column.
     to access this data by using both column and
    row subscript.
    Declaring two dimensional array
     To declare the two dimensional array with two
    subscript.
     First subscript with row size and 2nd subscript
    with column size.
     The terms enclosed within angular brackets
    (<>) are optional.
     data type and identifier with row and column
    subscript are mandatory.
    Syntax:
    <storage_class_specifier> <Type_modifier> <type
    Qualifier> data_type array_name[row size]
    [column size];
    Example:
    int a[3][3];
    col0 col1 col2
    Row0 A[0][0] A[0][1] A[0][2]

    Row1 A[1][0] A[1][1] A[1][2]

    Row2 A[2][0] A[2][1] A[2][2]

    K.ANGURAJU AP /CSE - KNCET


    Initializing a two dimensional array:
    To initialize two dimensional array like one
    dimensional array
    The number of values initialize in an array is less than
    or equal to array size(row size * column size)
    Example:
    int a[2][2]={
    {23,34},
    {43,45},
    };
    Or
    Int a[2][2]={23,34,34,34};
    K.ANGURAJU AP /CSE - KNCET
    Example Program:
    #include<stdio.h>
    #include<conio.h>
    void main()
    { 0 1
    int s[3][2]= {0{ 23,34 },
    1{ 45,45 },
    2{ 76,86 } }
    int i , j ;
    clrscr();
    for(i=0;i<3;i++)
    {
    for(j=0;j<2;j++)
    {
    printf(“%d”, s[i][j]);
    }
    printf(“\n”);
    }
    } K.ANGURAJU AP /CSE - KNCET
    #include<stdio.h>
    Void main()
    {
    int a[2][2], i, j ;
    printf(“Enter a matrix”);
    for(i=0 ; i<2 ; i++)
    {
    for(j=0 ; j<2 ; j++)
    {
    scanf( “ %d ” , &a[i][j]);
    }
    }
    for(i=0 ; i<2 ; i++)
    {
    for(j=0 ; j<2 ; j++)
    {
    printf( “%d”, a[i][j]);
    }
    }
    0 1
    0 2 4
    A=
    1 6 8

    a[0][0]
    int A[2][2]={
    {2,4},
    {6,8}
    }
    A[0][1]
    A[1][0]
    A[1][1]
    Multidimensional Array
    If a variable having more than two
    subscript then those array variable is called as
    multidimensional array
    three dimensional arrays can be visualized
    as a cube that has a number of planes
    Each plane is a two dimensional arrays, so
    we made a three dimensional array using
    many two dimensional array.
    Declaring three dimensional array:
     Here the data type and array variable with
    plane_specifier, row and column_specifier are
    mandatory
     plane, row and column specifier are compile time
    constant, it must be greater than zero.
    Syntax:
    <storage_class_specifier> <Type_modifier> <type
    Qualifier> data_type
    array_variable[plane_specifier][row_specifier]
    [column_specifier];
    Example
    Int a[2][5][3];
    Int a;
    a= 15;
    Int *b;
    b=&a;
    POINTER
    Pointer is a variable that contains memory
    address of a normal variable or a function.
    it is a derived data type in C language.
    pointer can be used to access and
    manipulate data stored in the memory.
    Advantages of pointer
     Pointer allow dynamic memory management
     Pointers provide an efficient tool for
    manipulating dynamic data structure
     such as structures , linked list , queues ,
    stacks and trees.
     Pointer reduce length and complexity of the
    program.
    Pointer Declaration
     pointer variable declaration is same as normal variable
    declaration ,
     In additionally we add ‘*’symbol before the variable
    name then that variable called pointer variable.
     Here the terms enclosed with in angular bracket are
    optional. And data type and * symbol with variable
    are mandatory
    Syntax:
    <storage_class_specifier> <Type_Qualifier>
    <Type_modifier> data type * pointer variable name ;
    Example:
    int *a;
    Pointer Initialization
    Syntax:
    data type * pointer variable = &normal
    variable name;

    Example:
    variable value address
    int *p; p 9000 6000

    int x=20; x 20 9000

    p = &x;
    Example program:
    #include<stdio.h>
    #include<conio.h>
    Void main()
    {
    int *p , x=15 ;
    p=&x;
    clrscr();
    printf(“the value of x is %d”, x); 15
    printf(“the address of x is %u“, &x); 4000
    printf(“the value of pointer is %d”, *p);15
    printf(“the address of p is %u”, &p); 4002
    getch();
    }
    POINTER OPERATOR
    Referencing operator
     The reference to an object can be created
    using referencing operator ( & )
     It is a unary operator and it appear before the
    operand.
     The operands of referencing operator should
    be arithmetic type.
    .
    Dereferencing operator:
    The object referenced by a pointer can be
    indirectly accessed by dereferencing the
    pointer.
    A pointer can be dereferenced by using a
    dereference operator ( * ),
    It is a unary operator it is appear before the
    dereferenced operand
    Example – 2
    #include<stdio.h>
    void main()
    {
    int a=10;
    int *b=&a;
    printf ( "%d\n“ , a);
    printf ( "%u\n“ , &a);
    printf( "%d\n“ , *b);
    printf( "%u\n“ , &b);
    }
    10
    6487580
    10 output
    6487568
    --------------------------------
    Process exited after 0.05086 seconds with return value 8
    Press any key to continue . . .
    Void pointer or generic pointer
    The pointer are used for pointing different data types.
    if a pointer points any data types and is known as void
    pointer.
    Syntax:
    void *pointer variable name ;
    Example:
    void *a;
    float x=10.0;
    a = &x;
    Accessing variable through pointer
    1.Null pointer
    A null pointer is a special pointer does not points
    anywhere.
    it does not hold address of any variable ,it is assigned by
    0.
    Syntax:
    datatype *ptr=0;
    Example:
    int *a ,*b;
    a=b=0;
    Pointer expression

    Here we using pointer variable to do any arithmetic operation


    through pointer expression.
    Example:
    #include <stdio.h>
    void main()
    {
    int * a ;
    int * b;
    int x=10 , y = 20;
    a=&x;
    b=&y;
    printf(“%d ” , (*a+*b));
    printf(“%d” , (*a - *b));
    }
    Pointer to pointer
    If a pointer variable holds the address of another
    pointer variable , then that pointer variable is said
    to be pointer to pointer variable
    Syntax:
    data type **pointer to pointer variable;
    Example:
    int *b;
    int x=10;
    int **a;
    b=&x;
    a=&b ;
    #include<stdio.h>
    #include<conio.h>
    Void main()
    {
    int a=10;
    int *b;
    int **c;
    b=&a;
    c=&b;
    printf(“the value of a is %d”, a); 10
    printf(“the value of b is %d”, *b);10
    printf(“the value of c is %d”, **c); 10
    printf(“the address of a is %u”, &a); 1000
    printf(“the address of b is %u”, &b); 2000
    printf(“the address of c is %u”, &c); 3000
    }
    Pointer Arithmetic
    • Arithmetic operation also possible by using
    pointer variable , it is mostly performed in
    restricted form.
    • Addition process : *a + *b
    • Subtraction process : *a - *b
    • Increment process : ++ptr
    • Decrement process : --ptr
    Addition process :
    In pointer possible add two pointer values
    Here we add two pointers by using ‘+’ operator
    .
    Here we access the pointer variable by using
    dereference operator ‘ *’
    Example:
    int *a ,*b;
    int x=10 , y=20;
    a=&x , b=&y;
    printf(“%d” , (*a + *b));
    Subtraction process :
    In pointer possible to subtract two pointer values
    Here we subtract two pointers by using ‘ - ’
    operator .
    Here we access the pointer variable value by
    using dereference operator ‘ *’
    Example:
    int *a ,*b;
    int x=10 , y=20;
    a=&x , b=&y ;
    printf( “%d” , (*a - *b));
    #include<stdio.h>
    #include<conio.h>
    Void main()
    {
    int *a , *b , x=10, y=20;
    a=&x;
    b=&y;
    printf( “Addition :%d”, *a + *b);
    printf( “Subtraction: %d”, *a - *b);
    printf( “Multiplication: %d”, *a * *b);
    getch() ;
    }
    Effect of increment & increment operator

    • Increment and decrement operation only


    performed on pointer address,
    • Here output of the increment and decrement
    operation is performed based on the data
    type declared .
    Example program:
    #include<stdio.h>
    #include<conio.h>
    Void main()
    {
    int *p , x ;
    p=&x;
    Clrscr();
    printf(“%u”, &x);2000
    printf(“%u”, ++p); 2002
    printf(“%u”, --p); 2000
    printf(“%u”, p++); 2002
    printf(“%u”, p--); 2000
    getch();
    }
    Arrays of pointer
    It is possible to create a pointer that points to a complete
    array instead of pointing to the individual element of an
    array. Such a pointer is known as a pointer to an array.
    Syntax:
    Datatype * array pointer variable [size] ;
    Example:
    Int *ptr[10]
    Int x=10 , y=20;
    Ptr[0]=&x
    Ptr[1]=&y
    #include<stdio.h>
    #include<conio.h>
    Void main()
    {
    int a[5]={10,20,12,13,14}, c;
    int *p[5]; a[5]
    clrscr(); 2000 10

    for(i=o ; i<5 ; i++) 2002 20

    { 2004 12

    p[i]= &a[i]; 2006 13


    printf( “ %u”, p); 2008 14
    printf( “%d”, *p);
    getch();
    }
    Selection sort
    0 1 2 3 4 index
    A={ 1 , 3 , 5, 6 , 10}
    <

    5<3 T temp =
    Temp=A[0]
    A[0]=A[3]
    A[3]=temp

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