Unit - 5

Array
An array is a type of data structure that stores a fixed-size of a homogeneous collection of
data. In short, we can say that array is a collection of variables of the same type.

An array is defined as the collection of similar type of data items stored at contiguous
memory locations. Arrays are the derived data type in C programming language which can
store the primitive type of data such as int, char, double, float, etc. It also has the capability to
store the collection of derived data types, such as pointers, structure, etc. The array is the
simplest data structure where each data element can be randomly accessed by using its index
number.

Array is beneficial if you have to store similar elements. For example, if we want to store the
marks of a student in 6 subjects, then we don't need to define different variables for the marks
in the different subject. Instead of that, we can define an array which can store the marks in
each subject at the contiguous memory locations.

By using the array, we can access the elements easily. Only a few lines of code are required
to access the elements of the array.

Properties of Array
o Each element of an array is of same data type and carries the same size, i.e., int = 4 bytes.
o Elements of the array are stored at contiguous memory locations where the first element is
stored at the smallest memory location.
o Elements of the array can be randomly accessed since we can calculate the address of each
element of the array with the given base address and the size of the data element.

Advantage of C Array
1) Code Optimization: Less code to the access the data.

2) Ease of traversing: By using the for loop, we can retrieve the elements of an array easily.

3) Ease of sorting: To sort the elements of the array, we need a few lines of code only.

4) Random Access: We can access any element randomly using the array.

Disadvantage of C Array
1) Fixed Size: Whatever size, we define at the time of declaration of the array, we can't
exceed the limit. So, it doesn't grow the size dynamically.
Declaration of C Array
We can declare an array in the c language in the following way.

1. data_type array_name[array_size];

Now, let us see the example to declare the array.

1. int marks[5];

Here, int is the data_type, marks are the array_name, and 5 is the array_size.

Initialization of C Array
The simplest way to initialize an array is by using the index of each element. We can
initialize each element of the array by using the index. marks[0]=80;//initialization of array

1. marks[1]=60;
2. marks[2]=70;
3. marks[3]=85;
4. marks[4]=75;

C array example
1. #include<stdio.h>
2. int main(){
3. int i=0;
4. int marks[5];//declaration of array
5. marks[0]=80;//initialization of array
6. marks[1]=60;
7. marks[2]=70;
8. marks[3]=85;
9. marks[4]=75;
10. //traversal of array
11. for(i=0;i<5;i++){
 12. printf("%d \n",marks[i]);
13. }//end of for loop
14. return 0;
15. }

Output

80
60
70
85
75

Functions
In c, we can divide a large program into the basic building blocks known as function. The
function contains the set of programming statements enclosed by {}. A function can be called
multiple times to provide reusability and modularity to the C program. In other words, we can
say that the collection of functions creates a program.

Advantage of functions
o By using functions, we can avoid rewriting same logic/code again and again in a program.
o We can call C functions any number of times in a program and from any place in a program.
o We can track a large C program easily when it is divided into multiple functions.
o Reusability is the main achievement of C functions.

Function Aspects
There are three aspects of a C function.

o Function declaration A function must be declared globally in a c program to tell the

compiler about the function name, function parameters, and return type.
o Function call Function can be called from anywhere in the program. The parameter list must
not differ in function calling and function declaration. We must pass the same number of
functions as it is declared in the function declaration.
o Function definition It contains the actual statements which are to be executed. It is the most
important aspect to which the control comes when the function is called. Here, we must notice
that only one value can be returned from the function.
 SN C function aspects Syntax

1 Function declaration return type function name (argument list);

2 Function call Function name (argument list)

3 Function definition Return type function name (argument list) {function body;}

1. Return type function name(data type parameter...){

2. //code to be executed
3. }
Types of Functions
There are two types of functions in C programming:

1. Library Functions: are the functions which are declared in the C header files such as scanf(),
printf(), gets(), puts(), ceil(), floor() etc.
2. User-defined functions: are the functions which are created by the C programmer, so that
he/she can use it many times. It reduces the complexity of a big program and optimizes the
code.

Return Value
A C function may or may not return a value from the function. If you don't have to return any
value from the function, use void for the return type.

Let's see a simple example of C function that doesn't return any value from the function.

Example without return value:

1. void hello(){
2. printf("hello c");
 3. }

If you want to return any value from the function, you need to use any data type such as int,
long, char, etc. The return type depends on the value to be returned from the function.

Let's see a simple example of C function that returns int value from the function.

Example with return value:

1. int get(){
2. return 10;
3. }

In the above example, we have to return 10 as a value, so the return type is int. If you want to
return floating-point value (e.g., 10.2, 3.1, 54.5, etc), you need to use float as the return type
of the method.

1. float get(){
2. return 10.2;
3. }
Different aspects of function calling
A function may or may not accept any argument. It may or may not return any value. Based
on these facts, There are four different aspects of function calls.

o function without arguments and without return value

o function without arguments and with return value
o function with arguments and without return value
o function with arguments and with return value

Example for Function without argument and return value

Example 1

1. #include<stdio.h>
2. void printName();
3. void main ()
4. {
5. printf("Hello ");
6. printName();
7. }
 8. void printName()
9. {
10. printf("cse 1st");
11. }

Output

Hello cse 1st

Example 2

1. #include<stdio.h>
2. void sum();
3. void main()
4. {
5. printf("\nGoing to calculate the sum of two numbers:");
6. sum();
7. }
8. void sum()
9. {
10. int a,b;
11. printf("\nEnter two numbers");
12. scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
13. printf("The sum is %d",a+b);
14. }

Output

Going to calculate the sum of two numbers:

Enter two numbers 10

24

The sum is 34
Example for Function without argument and with return value
Example 1

1. #include<stdio.h>
2. int sum();
3. void main()
4. {
 5. int result;
6. printf("\nGoing to calculate the sum of two numbers:");
7. result = sum();
8. printf("%d",result);
9. }
10. int sum()
11. {
12. int a,b;
13. printf("\nEnter two numbers");
14. scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
15. return a+b;
16. }

Output

Going to calculate the sum of two numbers:

Enter two numbers 10

24

The sum is 34

Example 2: program to calculate the area of the square

1. #include<stdio.h>
2. int sum();
3. void main()
4. {
5. printf("Going to calculate the area of the square\n");
6. float area = square();
7. printf("The area of the square: %f\n",area);
8. }
9. int square()
10. {
11. float side;
12. printf("Enter the length of the side in meters: ");
13. scanf("%f",&side);
14. return side * side;
15. }

Output
Going to calculate the area of the square
Enter the length of the side in meters: 10
The area of the square: 100.000000
Example for Function with argument and without return value
Example 1

1. #include<stdio.h>
2. void sum(int, int);
3. void main()
4. {
5. int a,b,result;
6. printf("\nGoing to calculate the sum of two numbers:");
7. printf("\nEnter two numbers:");
8. scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
9. sum(a,b);
10. }
11. void sum(int a, int b)
12. {
13. printf("\nThe sum is %d",a+b);
14. }

Output

Going to calculate the sum of two numbers:

Enter two numbers 10

24

The sum is 34

Example 2: program to calculate the average of five numbers.

1. #include<stdio.h>
2. void average(int, int, int, int, int);
3. void main()
4. {
5. int a,b,c,d,e;
6. printf("\nGoing to calculate the average of five numbers:");
7. printf("\nEnter five numbers:");
8. scanf("%d %d %d %d %d",&a,&b,&c,&d,&e);
9. average(a,b,c,d,e);
 10. }
11. void average(int a, int b, int c, int d, int e)
12. {
13. float avg;
14. avg = (a+b+c+d+e)/5;
15. printf("The average of given five numbers : %f",avg);
16. }

Output

Going to calculate the average of five numbers:

Enter five numbers:10
20
30
40
50
The average of given five numbers : 30.000000
Example for Function with argument and with return value
Example 1

1. #include<stdio.h>
2. int sum(int, int);
3. void main()
4. {
5. int a,b,result;
6. printf("\nGoing to calculate the sum of two numbers:");
7. printf("\nEnter two numbers:");
8. scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
9. result = sum(a,b);
10. printf("\nThe sum is : %d",result);
11. }
12. int sum(int a, int b)
13. {
14. return a+b;
15. }

Output

Going to calculate the sum of two numbers:

Enter two numbers:10
20
The sum is : 30
 C Library Functions
Library functions are the inbuilt function in C that are grouped and placed at a common place
called the library. Such functions are used to perform some specific operations. For example,
printf is a library function used to print on the console. The library functions are created by
the designers of compilers. All C standard library functions are defined inside the different
header files saved with the extension .h. We need to include these header files in our program
to make use of the library functions defined in such header files. For example, To use the
library functions such as printf/scanf we need to include stdio.h in our program which is a
header file that contains all the library functions regarding standard input/output.

The list of mostly used header files is given in the following table.

SN Header Description
file

1 stdio.h This is a standard input/output header file. It contains all the library
functions regarding standard input/output.

2 conio.h This is a console input/output header file.

3 string.h It contains all string related library functions like gets(), puts(),etc.

4 stdlib.h This header file contains all the general library functions like malloc(),
calloc(), exit(), etc.

5 math.h This header file contains all the math operations related functions like
sqrt(), pow(), etc.

6 time.h This header file contains all the time-related functions.

7 ctype.h This header file contains all character handling functions.

Parameter passing in C refers to the mechanism by which values or references are transferred
to a function when it is called. There are different ways to pass parameters to a function in C,
and they can be broadly categorized into two types: pass by value and pass by reference.

1. Pass by Value:
 - In pass by value, the actual value of the argument is passed to the function. The changes
made to the parameters inside the function do not affect the original values outside the
function. It is the default method of parameter passing in C.

- Example:

1. void increment(int a) {
2. a++;
3. printf("a inside function: %d\n", a);
4. }
5. int main() {
6. int x = 5;
7. increment(x);
8. printf("x outside function: %d\n", x);
9. return 0;
10. }

Output:

a inside function: 6
x outside function: 5

the function increment takes an integer parameter a by value. The function increments the
value of a and prints it to the console. We call the function increment with the variable x as
the actual parameter. As we can see, the value of x is not affected by the function increment,
even though we passed it as a parameter.

2. Pass by Reference :

- In pass by reference, the address (reference) of the actual argument is passed to the
function using pointers.

- Changes made to the parameters inside the function affect the original values outside the
function.

- Example:

1. void swap(int* a, int* b) {

2. int temp = *a;
3. *a = *b;
4. *b = temp;
5. }
6. int main() {
7. int x = 5;
 8. int y = 10;
9. printf("x before swap: %d\n", x);
10. printf("y before swap: %d\n", y);
11. swap(&x, &y);
12. printf("x after swap: %d\n", x);
13. printf("y after swap: %d\n", y);
14. return 0;
15. }

Output:

x before swap: 5
y before swap: 10
x after swap: 10
y after swap: 5

the function swap takes two integer parameters a and b by reference, using pointers. The
function swaps the values of the two pointers by dereferencing them and using a temporary
variable. We call the function swap with the variables x and y as the actual parameters,
using the & operator to get their memory addresses. As we can see, the values of x and y are
swapped inside the function swap, and the changes are reflected outside the function.