Lesson 4

Graphs
2.4 STEM-AND-LEAF-PLOT
John Tukey
A statistician who
introduced the
stem-and-leaf-plot.
The stem is leading digit(s)
and the leaf is the trailing
digit.
The stem is placed at the
first column and the leaf is
at the second column.
 EXAMPLE:
SJS Travel Agency, a
nationwide local travel
agency, offers special rates
on summer period. The
owner wants additional
information on the ages of
people taking travel tours.
A random sample of 50
customers taking travel tours
last summer revealed these
ages.
SOLUTION:
The stems (leading digits)
for the raw data are 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7. The leaves for
each stem (trailing digit
0 are recorded at the same
row and are rank-ordered to
form a stem-and-leaf-plot.
 EXERCISE
Construct a stem-and-leaf
plot:
The following data represents
the bounced check fee in
pesos for a sample of 50
banks for direct deposit
customers who maintain a
Php. 10,000 balance.
42 31 26 17 36

51 34 16 23 11

25 36 39 32 34

16 33 17 41 46

24 27 40 55 22

22 31 20 12 49

23 13 29 13 54

18 13 19 23 44

25 52 48 15 44

38 25 52 25 25
2.5 GRAPHING FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
A. Histogram
- graph which the classes
are marked on the
horizontal axis and the
class frequencies on the
vertical axis.
The height of the bars
represents the class
frequencies, and the bars
are drawn adjacent to each
other. Focuses on the
frequency of each class.
B. Frequency Polygon
- graph that displays the
data using points which are
connected by lines.
The vertical axis represents
the frequency of the
distribution while the
horizontal axis represents
the midpoints of the
frequency distribution.
C. Cumulative Frequency
Polygon (Ogive)
- graph that displays the
cumulative frequencies for
the classes in a frequency
distribution.
The vertical axis represents
the cumulative frequency of
the distribution while the
horizontal axis represents
the upper class boundaries
of the frequency
distributions.
EXAMPLE:
As shown below is the
frequency distribution
 SOLUTION:
a. Constucting a Histogram
STEP 1 Find the midpoints of each
class.
STEP 2 Draw and label the x-axis
and y-axis.
STEP 3 Represent the frequency on
the y-axis and the
midpoints on the x-axis.
STEP 4 Use the frequency to
represent the height and
draw the vertical bars.
Figure Histogram for Call Center
2.1 Agent's Salary
 b. Constructing a
Frequency Polygon
STEP 1 Find the midpoints of each
class.
STEP 2 Draw and label the x-axis
and y-axis.
STEP 3 Represent the frequency on
the y-axis and the
midpoints on the x-axis.
STEP 4 Connect adjacent points
with line segments. Draw a
line back to the x-axis at
the beginning and end of
the graph.
Figure Frequency Polygon for
2.2
Call Center Agent's Salary
 c. Constructing a
Cumulative Frequency
Polygon (ogive)
STEP 1 Find the cumulative
distribution of the data set.
STEP 2 Draw and label the x and
y-axis.
STEP 3 Represent the cumulative
frequency on the y-axis and
the upper class boundaries
on the x-axis.
STEP 4 Connect adjacent points
with line segments.
Figure Ogive for Call Center
2.3 Agent's Salary
 EXERCISE

Construct the graphs.

1. Complete the table and
construct a histogram and
frequency polygon.
 Solution:
Class Limits f x

94-97 4
98-101 10
102-105 15
106-109 13
110-113 6
114-117 2
2. Complete the table and
construct a frequency
polygon and ogive.
Class f x cf
Limits
34-36 2
37-39 4
40-42 5
43-45 10
46-48 6
49-51 3
52-54 1
2.6 OTHER TYPES OF
GRAPHS/CHARTS
A. Pareto Chart
- used to represent a
frequency distribution
for a categorical data and
frequencies are
displayed by the heights
of vertical bars, which
are arranged in order
from highest to lowest.
B. Bar Chart (Bar Graph)
- similar to bar histogram. The
bases of the rectangles are
arbitrary intervals whose centers
are the codes.
C. Pie Chart (Circle
Graph)
- circle divided into
portions that
represent the
relative frequencies
of the data
belonging to
different categories.
D. Time Series
Graph
- represents data that
occur over specific
period of time under
observation. In
addition, it shows for
a trend or pattern on
the increase or
decrease over the
period of time.
 E. Pictograph
(Pictogram)
- immediately suggests
the nature of the data
being shown. It is a
combination of
attention-getting quality
and the accuracy of the
bar chart.
F. Scatter Plot
- used to examine
possible
relationships
between two
numerical values.
The two variables
are plot in x-axis
and y-axis.
EXAMPLE 1:
Using the information in the
table about the favorite snacks
of 870 youths, construct a
pareto, bar and pie chart.
Products Sales in thousand pesos
Junk Foods 135
Candy 250
Ice cream 185
Chocolate 210
burger 90
 SOLUTION:
a. Constructing a Pareto
Chart
STEP 1 Arrange the data from
highest to lowest according
to frequency.
 Products Sales in thousand pesos
Junk Foods 135
Candy 250
Ice cream 185
Chocolate 210
burger 90

STEP 2 Draw and label the x-axis

(Products) and y-axis
(Sales).
STEP 3 Construct the chart by
arranging the frequency
from highest to lowest and
from left to right. Make a
bar with the same width
and draw the height
corresponding to the
frequencies.
Figure Pareto Chart for Example 1
2.4
 b. Constructing a Bar Chart
STEP 1 Draw and label the x-axis
(Products) and y-axis
STEP 2
(Sales).
Make a bar with the same
width and draw the height
corresponding to the
frequencies.
Figure Bar Chart for Example 1
2.5
 c. Constructing a Pie Chart
STEP 1 Since there are 360 degrees
in a circle, the frequency of
each class must be
converted into a
proportional part on the
circle.
where
f = frequency of each class
and
n = sum of frequencies
STEP 2 Each frequency must also
be converted to a
percentage and has a total
of 100%.
where
f = frequency of each class
and
n = sum of frequencies
STEP 3 Using a protractor, graph
each section and write its
name and appropriate
percentage.
Figure Pie Chart for Example 1
2.6
EXAMPLE 2:
Using the information in the table below
about the dollar to peso exchange rate
from January to December of 2015,
construct a time series graph.
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Exchange 41 42 43 46 44 45
rate
Month July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Exchange 43 42 45 44 45 43
rate
 SOLUTION:
STEP 1 Draw and label the x-axis
and y-axis.
STEP 2 Label x-axis for months
and y-axis for Peso per US
Dollar.
STEP 3 Plot each point according to
the table.
STEP 4 Draw a line segment
connecting adjacent points.
Figure Time Series Graph for
2.7
Example 2
EXAMPLE 3:
The VSAS Reality Inc. is a
real estate who develops
household in Rizal
province. The information
in the table show the
number of house
construction from 2011 to
 Construct a pictograph.
Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

No. of 400 250 600 550 700

Houses
STEP 1 Draw and label the x-axis
and y-axis.
STEP 2 Label the x-axis for years
and y-axis for the Number
of Houses.
STEP 3 Draw a house to represent
the number of houses.
Figure
2.8
Pictograph for Example 3
EXAMPLE 4:
The owner of a chain of
halo-halo stores would like
to study the effect of
atmospheric temperature on
sales during the summer
season.
 A random sample of 12days
is selected with the results
given as follows:
Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Tem 79 76 78 84 90 83 93 94 97 95 88 82
pera
ture
(F)

Total 147 143 147 168 206 155 192 211 209 187 200 150
Sale
s
 SOLUTION:
STEP 1 Draw and label x and
y-axis.
STEP 2 Label the x-axis for
temperature and y-axis for
sales.
STEP 3 Plot the points of each
ordered pairs in the
Cartesian coordinate
system.
Figure Scatter Plot for Example 4
2.9
 EXERCISE
Construct the graphs.
1. Department of Labor and
Employment statistical data
for the recent year shows the
average monthly earnings of
Filipino workers with the
respect to educational level.
 Draw a pareto, pie, and bar
chart that shows this
information.
Educational Level Average Monthly
Earnings
Elementary graduate (EG) Php. 8,000
Less than 4 years of high Php. 10,000
school (HSL)
High school graduate Php. 12,500
(HSG)
College level (CL) Php. 15,800
College graduate (CG) Php. 19,200
2. The data in the following
table represents the number
of professionals actively
using their credit cards
payment on shopping from
2010-2017.
 Construct a time series graph
for the number credit card
payments.
Year Card Payments (in Millions)
2010 11.2
2011 13.4
2012 14.5
2013 17.6
2014 15.8
2015 28.3
2016 25.1
2017 23.7
3. The following table
shows the number of
desktop computers sold by
a company for the months
of January to June.
Construct a pictograph for
the table.
Months Number of Computer
January 145
February 160
March 150
April 120
May 115
June 130
4. The following data
represents the digita-mode
talk time in hours and
battery capacity in
milliampere-hours of
cellular phone.
 Construct a scatter plot.
Talk Time Battery Capacity
4.50 850
3.90 700
4.20 1,200
2.80 900
3.70 650
2.60 700
4.80 1,100
3.50 600
3.80 1,000
2.7 GUIDELINES FOR
DEVELOPING GOOD
GRAPH/CHARTS

1. The graph/chart should

include title.
2. The scales for all axes
should be excluded.
3. The scale on the y-axis
should start at zero.
4. The graph/chart should
not be disfigure the data.
5. The x-axis and y-axis
should be properly labeled.
6. The graph/chart should
not contain unnecessary
decorations.
7. The simplest possible
graph/chart should be
used for any data set.
Prepared by:
Glaiza P. Cabrera
BSE_Math