Renal Function

Renal function
Renal function, in nephrology, is an indication of the state of the kidney and its role in renal
physiology. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) describes the flow rate of filtered fluid through
the kidney. Creatinine clearance rate (CCr or CrCl) is the volume of blood plasma that is
cleared of creatinine per unit time and is a useful measure for approximating the GFR. Both GFR
and CCr may be accurately calculated by comparative measurements of substances in the blood
and urine, or estimated by formulas using just a blood test result (eGFR and eCCr).
The results of these tests are important in assessing the excretory function of the kidneys. For
example, grading of chronic renal insufficiency and dosage of drugs that are primarily excreted
via urine are based on GFR (or creatinine clearance).
It is commonly believed to be the amount of liquid filtered out of the blood that gets processed
by the kidneys. Physiologically, these quantities (volumetric blood flow and mass removal) are
only related loosely.
Diagram showing the basic physiologic mechanisms of the kidney
Indirect markers
Most doctors use the plasma concentrations of the waste substances of creatinine and urea (U), as
well as electrolytes (E) to determine renal function. These measures are adequate to determine
whether a patient is suffering from kidney disease.
Unfortunately, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine will not be raised above the normal
range until 60% of total kidney function is lost. Hence, the more accurate Glomerular filtration
rate or its approximation of the creatinine clearance are measured whenever renal disease is
suspected or careful dosing of nephrotoxic drugs is required.
Another prognostic marker for kidney disease is Microalbuminuria; the measurement of small
amounts of albumin in the urine that cannot be detected by urine dipstick methods.
Glomerular filtration rate
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney)
glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be calculated by measuring any chemical that has a steady
level in the blood, and is freely filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys. The
rate therefore measured is the quantity of the substance in the urine that originated from a
calculable volume of blood. The GFR is typically recorded in units of volume per time, e.g.
milliliters per minute ml/min. Compare to filtration fraction.
There are several different techniques used to calculate or estimate the glomerular filtration rate
(GFR or eGFR).
Measurement using inulin
The GFR can be determined by injecting inulin into the plasma. Since inulin is neither
reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidney after glomerular filtration, its rate of excretion is directly
proportional to the rate of filtration of water and solutes across the glomerular filter. Compared
to the MDRD formula, the inulin clearance slightly overestimates the glomerular function. In
early stage renal disease, the inulin clearance may remain normal due to hyperfiltration in the
remaining nephrons. Incomplete urine collection is an important source of error in inulin
clearance measurement.
Creatinine-based approximations of GFR
In clinical practice, however, creatinine clearance or estimates of creatinine clearance based on

the serum creatinine level are used to measure GFR. Creatinine is produced naturally by the body
(creatinine is a break-down product of creatine phosphate, which is found in muscle). It is freely
filtered by the glomerulus, but also actively secreted by the peritubular capillaries in very small
amounts such that creatinine clearance overestimates actual GFR by 10-20%. This margin of
error is acceptable considering the ease with which creatinine clearance is measured. Unlike
precise GFR measurements involving constant infusions of inulin, creatinine is already at a
steady-state concentration in the blood and so measuring creatinine clearance is much less
cumbersome. However, creatinine estimates of GFR have their limitations. All of the estimating
equations depend on a prediction of the 24-hour creatinine excretion rate, which is a function of
muscle mass. One of the equations, the Cockcroft and Gault equation (see below) does not
correct for race, and it is known that African Americans, for example, both men and women,
have a higher amount of muscle mass than Caucasians; hence, African Americans will have a
higher serum creatinine level at any level of creatinine clearance. A common mistake made when
just looking at serum creatinine is the failure to account for muscle mass. Hence, an older woman
with a serum creatinine of 1.4 may actually have a moderately severe degree of renal
insufficiency, whereas a young muscular male, particularly if African American, can have a
normal level of renal function at this serum creatinine level. Creatinine-based equations should
be used with caution in cachectic patients and patients with cirrhosis. They often have very low
muscle mass and a much lower creatinine excretion rate than predicted by the equations below,
such that a cirrhotic patient with a serum creatinine of 0.9 may have a moderately severe degree
of renal insufficiency.
Creatinine Clearance CCr
One method of determining GFR from creatinine is to collect urine (usually for 24-hours) to
determine the amount of creatinine that was removed from the blood over a given time interval.
If one removes, say, 1440 mg in 24 hours, this is equivalent to removing 1 mg/min. If the blood
concentration is 0.01 mg/mL (1 mg/dL), then one can say that 100 mL/min of blood is being
"cleared" of creatinine, since to get 1 mg of creatinine, 100 mL of blood containing 0.01 mg/mL
would need to have been cleared.
Creatinine clearance (CCr) is calculated from the creatinine concentration in the collected urine
sample (UCr), urine flow rate (V), and the plasma concentration (PCr). Since the product of urine
concentration and urine flow rate yields creatinine excretion rate, which is the rate of removal
from the blood, creatinine clearance is calculated as removal rate per min (UCr×V) divided by the
plasma creatinine concentration. This is commonly represented mathematically as
Example: A person has a plasma creatinine concentration of 0.01 mg/ml and in 1 hour produces
60ml of urine with a creatinine concentration of 1.25 mg/mL.
Commonly a 24 hour urine collection is undertaken, from empty-bladder one morning to the
contents of the bladder the following morning, with a comparative blood test then taken. The
urinary flow rate is still calculated per minute, hence:
To allow comparison of results between people of different sizes, the CCr is often corrected for
the body surface area (BSA) and expressed compared to the average sized man as mL/min/1.73
m2. While most adults have a BSA that approaches 1.7 (1.6-1.9), extremely obese or slim
patients should have their CCr corrected for their actual BSA.
BSA can be calculated on the basis of weight and height.
The creatinine clearance is not widely done any more, due to the difficulty in assuring a
complete urine collection. When doing such a determination, to assess the adequacy of a
complete collection, one always calculates the amount of creatinine excreted over a 24-hour
period. This amount varies with muscle mass, and is higher in young people vs. old, in African
Americans vs. Caucasians, and in men vs. women. An unexpectedly low or high 24-h creatinine
excretion rate voids the test. Nevertheless, in cases where estimates of creatinine clearance from
serum creatinine are unreliable, creatinine clearance remains a useful test. These cases include
"estimation of GFR in individuals with variation in dietary intake (vegetarian diet, creatine
supplements) or muscle mass (amputation, malnutrition, muscle wasting), since these factors are
not specifically taken into account in prediction equations.
Normal ranges
The normal range of GFR, adjusted for body surface area, is similar in men and women, and is in
the range of 100-130 ml/min/1.73m2. In children, GFR measured by inulin clearance remains
close to about 110 ml/min/1.73m2 down to about 2 years of age in both sexes, and then it
progressively decreases. After age 40, GFR decreases progressively with age, by about 0.4 - 1.2
mL/min per year.
Chronic kidney disease stages
Risk factors for kidney disease include diabetes, high blood pressure, family history, older age,
ethnic group and smoking. For most patients, a GFR over 60 mL/min/1.73m2 is adequate. But, if
the GFR has significantly declined from a previous test result, this can be an early indicator of
kidney disease requiring medical intervention. The sooner kidney dysfunction is diagnosed and
treated, the greater odds of preserving remaining nephrons, and preventing the need for dialysis.
The severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is described by six stages; the most severe three
are defined by the MDRD-eGFR value, and first three also depend whether there is other
evidence of kidney disease (e.g. proteinuria):
0) Normal kidney function – GFR above 90mL/min/1.73m 2 and no proteinuria

1) CKD1 – GFR above 90mL/min/1.73m2 with evidence of kidney damage
2) CKD2 (Mild) – GFR of 60 to 89 mL/min/1.73m 2 with evidence of kidney damage
3) CKD3 (Moderate) – GFR of 30 to 59 mL/min/1.73m 2
4) CKD4 (Severe) – GFR of 15 to 29 mL/min/1.73m 2
5) CKD5 Kidney failure - GFR less than 15 mL/min/1.73m 2 Some people add CKD5D for those
stage 5 patients requiring dialysis; many patients in CKD5 are not yet on dialysis.
Note: others add a "T" to patients who have had a transplant regardless of stage.
Controversies regarding the KDOQI classification

One problem with the KDOQI classification is, that it may overlabel patients with mildly
reduced kidney function, especially the elderly, as having a disease.

Renal Function

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Renal function

Diagram showing the basic physiologic mechanisms of the kidney

Glomerular filtration rate

Measurement using inulin

Creatinine-based approximations of GFR

In clinical practice, however, creatinine clearance or estimates of creatinine clearance based on

Creatinine Clearance CCr

BSA can be calculated on the basis of weight and height.

Chronic kidney disease stages

0) Normal kidney function – GFR above 90mL/min/1.73m 2 and no proteinuria

2) CKD2 (Mild) – GFR of 60 to 89 mL/min/1.73m 2 with evidence of kidney damage

3) CKD3 (Moderate) – GFR of 30 to 59 mL/min/1.73m 2

4) CKD4 (Severe) – GFR of 15 to 29 mL/min/1.73m 2

Controversies regarding the KDOQI classification

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