StowLash

User Manual

DNV GL - Maritime
Contents
0. Introduction 5
0.1. What is new? ......................................................................................................... 5
0.2. License registration ............................................................................................... 9
0.3. How to use StowLash ............................................................................................ 9
0.3.1. Help function .............................................................................................. 9
0.3.2. Tree view ................................................................................................... 9
0.3.3. Info View ................................................................................................. 10
0.3.4. General Commands .................................................................................. 10
0.3.4.1. File menu ................................................................................................10
0.3.4.2. View menu ..............................................................................................10
0.3.4.3. Stack menu .............................................................................................11
0.3.4.4. Tools menu ..............................................................................................11
0.3.4.5. Help menu ...............................................................................................11
0.3.5. How to use tables ..................................................................................... 12
0.3.5.1. General commands for tables ..................................................................12
0.3.5.2. Interactive preview-plots ........................................................................12
0.3.6. Printing tables and plots .......................................................................... 13
0.4. Description of dialog boxes ................................................................................. 13
0.4.1. Options .................................................................................................... 13
0.4.2. Input lashing ............................................................................................ 16

1. General Data 19
1.0. Common data structure of StowLash files ........................................................... 19
1.1. Project Data ........................................................................................................ 19
1.2. Ship Data............................................................................................................. 19
1.3. History ................................................................................................................ 21

2. Stack Data 22
2.1. General Data ....................................................................................................... 22
2.2. General Stack Data .............................................................................................. 22
2.3. Calculation Parameters ....................................................................................... 24
2.4. Containers ........................................................................................................... 26
2.5. Acceleration Parameters ..................................................................................... 28
2.6. Individual Accelerations (old 2D only) ................................................................ 30
2.7. Lashing................................................................................................................ 31
2.8. Connecting .......................................................................................................... 32

3. Results 33
3.1. Loads................................................................................................................... 33
3.2. Loads Overview ................................................................................................... 34
3.3. Loads Overview (gap) ......................................................................................... 35
3.4. Intermediate results ........................................................................................... 36

4. Additionals 37
4.1. Cell Guide Stowage ............................................................................................. 37

Introduction • 3
5. Appendix 38
5.1. Definition and Computation of various z-levels related to Lashings .................... 38

4 • Introduction
0. Introduction

0.1. What is new?

What is new in Version 3.1.0

• Resolved some bugs in the 3D plot especially in combination with opening/creating

files, calculating and/or changing stack configuration.
• Fixed a problem with occasionally un-reproducible results on multiprocessor systems

What is new in Version 3.0.3

• Documentation updates
• Fixed zero fetch treatment for lowermost container
• 3D plot of container stacks and deformations
• Fixed: wind and sloshing loads for very small or single row wind-exposed bays

What is new in Version 3.0.2?

• Fixed error with unusual mixed stowage / double row stacks.

• Fixed erroneously displayed wind forces

What is new in Version 3.0.1?

• Several bug fixes.

• Improved performance
• Data of fwd and aft container in mixed stowage row can be set independently
• Wind force calculation for 3D according to CG-0060 2019

What is new in Version 3.0.0?

• new nonlinear 3D calculation method.

• asymmetrical lashing, offset in x direction.
• different lashing bridges for forward and aft side, multi-tier.
• Reverse stowage, mixed stowage.
• 3D results at forward and aft (and gap if mixed stowage)

What is new in Version 2.2.3?

• Bug fix: Surfaces exposed to wind are not considered with 0kN when height over the
top of shielded area < 0.33*8.5".
• Bug fix: Individual wind force parameters removed in intermediary results if wind force
correction is switched off.
• Bug fix: After changing the active bay, the checkboxes of default values are not
updated in "2.3 Calculation Parameters".

What is new in Version 2.2.2?

• Bug fix: Wind forces of second container row were not correct when using blind frame
and applied wind force correction if upper containers are only partly shielded.

Introduction • 5
 • Bug fix: Activation of default values for "2.3 Calculation Parameters" was not resulting
in properly set default values. Checkboxes were switched off next time the window was
opened.
• Input of additional data in "2.4 Containers" is now restricted to records where changes
are applicable.

What is new in Version 2.2.1?

• Mirror copy of a container stack (see The Stack menu).

• Correct size of container and lashing dimensions in all plots.
• Wind force using correct height of the centre of the exposed surface.
• Wind force using correct reduction terms due to gaps between container rows.
• Wind force and height of the mid of the exposed area can be set by user per container.
• Mixed stowage calculation support improved by definition of supports for the bigger
container.
• Default calculation parameters are filled in and a check box must be set for
overwriting.

What is new in Version 2.2.0?

• Support for external lashing.

• Update of GLRules tree. Rules document will be viewed in the default web browser.
• Limitation on number of allowed tiers, rows and lashings removed.
• Default fetch of lashing bridge set to 35 mm for the 3rd tier.

What is new in Version 2.1.0?

• New branding for DNV GL.

What is new in Version 2.0.1?

• Further route-specific reduction factors added.

• Some minor bug fixes.

What is new in Version 2.0?

• Edition 2013 rules for container stowage and lashing are implemented including route-
specific reduction factors.
• Hold acceleration factors for rules editions up to 2012 can be calculated.
• New sorted input dialogues.
• Option to adjust twistlock height.
• Option to adjust container breadth.
• Option to adjust wind and sea sloshing load.
• Option to adjust container spring stiffness.

What is new in Version 1.2?

• Check for allowable configuration of container lengths corrected.

• Entered fetch of lashing bridges now considered in calculation.
• More bug fixes.
• Individual lashing data displayed in the report.
• Blind frames and lashing bridges can be combined.

6 • Introduction
 • Loads overview grid added.
• Return key in grids causes reentering the last value.

What is new in Version 1.105?

• Twistlocks with and without plates are considered.

• Number of allowed tiers set to 12.
• Check for allowable configuration of container lengths added.
• Check for allowable configuration of container weights added.
• Setting data at once for multiple fields in tables implemented.

What is new in Version 1.0?

• New graphical user interface implemented supporting file handling and the generation
of reports as RTF-documents (readable by several office solutions).
• Calculation for blind frames and lashing bridges added.
• Lashing elements now available up to the 4th tier.
• Some issues in calculation algorithms fixed.

Introduction • 7
0.2. License registration
[...] The actual version of StowLash is licensed, as confirmed by the license agreement
accepted by filling the registration form before downloading the software from our internet
server.

0.3. How to use StowLash

0.3.1. Help function

In each section, the corresponding text of the manual can be displayed with F1. The help file
is displayed with the Windows™ help function; thereby, the relevant help text is immediately
available. The help texts for each program part are quickly accessed with the Contents,
Index, History and Search buttons.

0.3.2. Tree view

StowLash's data structure is represented by a tree view. Clicking on a folder icon opens or
closes the folder. Clicking a worksheet icon opens or closes the view for this part of
StowLash. A click with the right mouse button may open a context menu, e.g. for showing
information about the worksheet. The window for the tree-view can be closed. If the tree-
view is closed there is still a button for the corresponding pull-down-list in the tool bar.

Doc-To-Help Standard Template Introduction • 9

0.3.3. Info View

By default, a window for a program status protocol is in the lower part of the StowLash’s
application window Error messages and warnings are recorded in this area also. This area
can be cleaned, printed or saved by commands from the context-menu which you get by
clicking the right mouse button. The context menu contains also the clipboard commands
cut, copy and paste.

0.3.4. General Commands

0.3.4.1. File menu

New Closes the actual StowLash project and all views before a new
empty StowLash project is initialized.

Open Closes the actual StowLash project and all views, before a new
file can be selected in the file-open dialog-box. StowLash files
use the extension .slx. Alternatively binary files with the
extension .slb can be opened.
Close Closes the actual StowLash project and all opened views.

Save Saves the actual StowLash project in the previously open file
(extension .slx or .slb).
Save As Saves the actual StowLash project, whereby the (new) location
and filename can be given or changed.

Page setup Use this command to customize the layout of the printed pages.

Page preview Use this command to preview the printed pages.

Print Use this command to print the active view.

Bugreport Use this command to create a bug report. First, a dialog-box,

containing the actual status and a note field, will be displayed.
In the note-field, the description of the problem should be
entered. Once the OK button is selected, the user leaves the box
and the report will be saved. In addition to the data of the
dialog-box, the current StowLash data will also be saved in a
new file. The files will be stored either in the temporary
directory (file names: "bug<number>.txt", "-.slx" or “-.slb”) or
in a bug report directory under the "ship register path" if
specified at the Options command below. Both files can now
be sent by e-mail or by storage device to (stowlash-
bugs@dnvgl.com)

0.3.4.2. View menu

This menu contains options to display or deactivate parts of StowLash's user interface.
Additionally, some properties of the views for tables can be adjusted.

10 • Introduction
0.3.4.3. Stack menu

New Adds a new container stack to the current open file.

Copy Creates a copy of the current activated container stack. The

created container stack becomes active immediately.

Mirror Copy Creates a mirrored copy of the current activated container

stack. The created container stack becomes active immediately.

Delete Deletes the current activated container stack. The program will
ask the user to confirm the deletion.

Select Activates a container stack from the current open file. All
existing container stacks are presented in a dialog box where
the user can choose one to activate.

Calculate Calculates the current activated container stack. Results will be

shown in the info view. Available calculations can be selected in
a dialog box preceding the calculation. Every choice will be
briefly described.

Report Generates a report for the current activated container stack.

Available reports can be chosen within the dialog preceding the
generation.

Import Imports one or more stacks from an external file.

Export Exports one or more stacks to an external file.

Note: All menu entries have a corresponding button in the "stack" toolbar.

Note: The command "Select" will be represented in the toolbar by a combo box. The
active container stack can be determined in this combo box, too.

0.3.4.4. Tools menu

Options This command opens the dialog-box "Options". See also 0.4.1.

0.3.4.5. Help menu

Help for active view Context-sensitive help. This command opens the on-line help file
and displays the relevant part for the currently active view.

Help Opens the content-view of the on-line help file for StowLash.

DNV GL Online This command tries to connect you with the homepage of DNV
GL www.dnvgl.com

StowLash Online This command tries to connect you with the StowLash page of
the DNV GL internet server.

Doc-To-Help Standard Template Introduction • 11

0.3.5. How to use tables

In a table-view, the data is structured in records. Each record is displayed in one or two
rows. The records can be sorted for a specific column by double-clicking this column-header.
The usage of the tables is like the usage of Microsoft Excel tables.

Note: Sorting the table by double-clicking a column-header changes only the view, not the
order of the stored table. A marker in the corresponding column-header indicates a
sorted view and the direction (ascending/descending).

An important feature, especially during the learning phase, is the ToolTip for the columns of
a table. Just move the mouse pointer over a column header and wait for a second.
The right mouse-button context-menu can be used for the clipboard commands cut, copy
and paste. If cells are marked, the "set data" command is also available.
For some commands, a dialog box asked for the row number. This is true only for records,
with more than one row for each record. Select the row number from the presented list-box.
If you press the return key, the last entered value will be inserted into the current field
again and the selection will go to the next record. This useful feature may help you to input
all the data of a table quickly if a lot of identical values must be recorded.

0.3.5.1. General commands for tables

Edit lines The Paste command overwrites the existing values in the table.

Edit/Undo Use this command to undo the last change made inside the
actual table. Note: not all actions can be undone, e.g. closing a
window or selecting a different frame number destroys the undo
buffer for that view.

Edit/Redo Use this command to redo the action of the last "undo" action.

Edit/Find Use this command to find any text inside a column. Place the
cursor in the desired column before using this command.

Edit/Replace Use this command to find any text inside a table or inside of a
selection and replace this text by any other text.
Edit/Set Data Use this command to set any text to all selected cells. To mark a
column, click the column header.
Edit/Repeat Repeats the last Find command.
Tools/Additional Commands/

Options/Plot Properties Use this command to set properties for the actual preview-plot.
See also 0.3.5.2.

0.3.5.2. Interactive preview-plots

General
Most of StowLash's tables and form-views have been supplemented with a preview-plot.
These plots visualize the input data directly. The plots immediately update whenever data
changes.

Preview Properties

12 • Introduction
The preview-plots can be customized ( ), especially for showing different things. Each
preview-plot has its own properties and starts up with a default setting optimized for the
current table-view. These settings can be changed and stored, so that they are also
available when the view is opened next time. The plot properties should be self-explanatory;
changes are shown immediately in the preview.

Interaction with the Table

Clicking on an element in the preview-plot, e.g. on a container in the table "Containers",
selects the corresponding record in the table. For some tables, e.g. “Lashings” a double click
on the lashing point creates, changes or deletes the corresponding lashing.

ToolTips
A ToolTip is displayed for all members in a preview-plot when the mouse-pointer is located
on a member for a while. For example, a ToolTip for a container displays the tier and the
row of that container.

Zooming
To see more details in a preview-plot it is possible to zoom in a region of the plot. Press the
left mouse button when the mouse pointer is on an edge of the region of interest and move
the mouse while the left -mouse button is still pressed. The selected region is plotted when
the mouse button is released. The original view can be reached by just clicking the left
mouse button.

Labelling
All preview-plots can be labelled. The size of labels can be adjusted. Select the desired font
for this. Use the option “force size” to get always the same font size. Otherwise the font size
is adjusted for the pre-view window automatically.

0.3.6. Printing tables and plots

Each table and preview-plot can be printed. To print a table or a form, open it and use the
"File/Print" command or the "File/Page preview" command to check the layout first.
To print a preview-plot click the right-mouse-button inside the preview window and select
the "Print" or "Page preview" command from the popup menu.
The margins for the printed page and some other layout features can be adjusted with the
"File/Page setup" command.
The paper size and the orientation (landscape or portrait) can be adjusted with the
"File/Print…" command.

0.4. Description of dialog boxes

0.4.1. Options

This dialog-box can be opened with the Tools/Options: command

Doc-To-Help Standard Template Introduction • 13

14 • Introduction
Explanation of some of the available options:
Application Window Determines the size and the position of the StowLash application
window at start-up.
Child Window Determines the size and the position of the child windows inside
of StowLash’s workspace.
Table Settings These options modify the behavior of the navigation inside the
tables and the way to enter data.
StandardDataPath Directory where StowLash looks first for files.
Temp Path Directory where StowLash stores temporary files.
Rules Path Not used any longer. Use the DNV GL Rules online entry in the
Help menu instead.
Ship Register Path Directory of the root for the ship register. StowLash files can be
stored and loaded from a ship register number. For each
register number, an own directory will be generated in a
hierarchical tree structure.
Logo for printouts A bitmap file of the logo, which will be printed on the header of
each printed page. Default is the logo of DNV GL. The file must
be of the type windows bitmap file (*.bmp).
Show coordinates… Click this option to show the co-ordinates of the mouse while it
is inside a preview-plot.

Doc-To-Help Standard Template Introduction • 15

Enable drag and drop Click this option to enable the "drag and drop" feature inside the
grids

0.4.2. Input lashing

This dialog box sets lashing length, angle, offset, diameter and E modulus by means of
lashing start and end point.
It can be opened with a right click on a selectable lashing edge in the lashing plot view. A
click on a portside lashing edge will create an external lashing, a click on a starboard lashing
edge will create an internal lashing. The dimension will be set to “individual”.
D and E are set depending on the lashing length. These values also can be set explicitly. To
re-calculate the default value set the value in question to 0 and leave the input field to re-
estimate.
After closing this dialog (with the ok button) all created values appear in the lashing grid
(and can there be edited, see 2.7 Lashing).

Explanation of the input fields:

end co-ordinates the end co-ordinates of the lashing, initialized with default
values StowLash would use in automatic lashing.
X X- offset between lashing point and container in mm.
Y Y- offset in mm.
Y = 0.0 results in an Y offset of 2500 mm for external lashing,
resp. 2260 mm for internal lashing.
Z Z- offset (height) in mm.
Depending on the bridge and lashing configuration the nearest
lashing Z value is set as default.
D diameter of lashing element in mm.
Set to 0 to re-calculate default value.

16 • Introduction
E E-Modulus of lashing element in kN/cm².
Set to 0 to re-calculate default value.

Explanation of the output fields:

start co-ordinates are set by StowLash according to the stack dimensions in mm.
Lashing data calculated data, re-estimated after every input in this dialog.
These data will be transferred to actual lashing grid line after
pressing the ok button. For description, see also 2.7 Lashing

Doc-To-Help Standard Template Introduction • 17

1. General Data

1.0. Common data structure of StowLash files

A StowLash file consists of project data, ship data, a history and container stacks. The latter
are the essential part of a StowLash file. They represent a certain container stack of a ship.
Container stacks of one ship may be recorded in one file. To maintain the container stacks of
a file a menu and the corresponding toolbar can be used. For further information see The
Stack menu.

1.1. Project Data

In the project data dialog, a general description for the file can be given. Further the editor
of the file can be set.
Additionally, the whole file can be locked by clicking the checkbox “project is locked”. For
changing the locking state further information, especially a reason, are required and must
be entered in the dialog shown. After confirmation using the button “OK” all open windows
will be closed for safety and an entry is added in the history (see History).

Explanation of the input fields:

project explanatory text to identify the project.
editor explanatory text to identify the editor.
description: explanatory text.

1.2. Ship Data

This is a form for ship-specific data, particularly to identify the ship, set principal ship
dimensions and select the calculation type.

General Data • 19
Explanation of the input fields:
DNV GL Id The DNV GL Id is used to determine the default saving position
in the ship register path, but is not necessary and can be
modified before saving the file using command “File/Save As”.
ship identification Self-explanatory text fields to describe the ship
ship dimensions Self-explanatory, in m. Further details can be found in the
applicable rules set. Lpp, B, draught and speed must be set. For
application of the 2013 edition of our rules part 1 chapter 20

20 • General Data
 “stowage and lashing of containers”, either the design draft or
an actual draft for the loading condition can be used. For the
block coefficient, as also for the bilge keel area approximated
default values will be used, if no individual input is being done
by the user.
calculation type “DNV GL 2018” selects the new nonlinear 3D calculation method
and should be used for all new projects.
“DNV GL 2016” selects the old 2D method and is only available
for backward compatibility.
Attention: if you change the calculation type you have to check
your input data, especially the lashings and the bridge
definitions!

1.3. History
The history contains information about different important actions done to the file. A brief
description of the action, the user name, a time stamp for the time when the action first
occurred, and some comments will be recorded as a single history entry. Possible actions
are the saving of the file, particularly the saving of the new file (“save new” + file name as
comment), common saving (“save”) and saving as (“save as” + new file name), and
changes to the locking state (“lock” or “unlock” + reason).

General Data • 21
2. Stack Data

2.1. General Data

In this form, general data about every container stack are recorded.

Explanation of the input fields:

designation Arbitrary name to identify the stack.
calculation date Should be used to determine the date and time of the last
calculation. The button enters the current date and time.
comment Can be added for every single container stack. This may include
additional information about the state of calculation or links to
documents referring to the calculation

2.2. General Stack Data

This form contains some general data of the stack and the definition of the lashing
bridge(s). Depending on the calculation type one out of two different forms is displayed. All
input values of the old 2D form are also included in the new 3D one. In addition, the new
form allows some more input to define the aft and forward lashing bridges.

22 • Stack Data
2D calculation (old):

3D calculation (new):

Explanation of the input fields:

Distance from AP (x) according rules, needed to calculate transverse accelerations, in
m.
z bottom of stack according rules, needed to calculate transverse accelerations, in
m.
max. design stack weight according rules, used to mark overweight in plots in t.
vertical clearance A vertical clearance of the twistlocks must be given (in mm) to
calculate the induced lashing forces resulting from the lifting of
the containers. Default values will be set automatically when the
type of twistlock is set to "semi-automatic" or to "fully
automatic". To specify an individual value, choose "individual".
stack under weather deck If checked, the wind load flag will be unchecked and - if rules
other than edition 2013 will be applied - the transversal
acceleration factors for cargo holds will be calculated according

Stack Data • 23
 tables in respective rules section 3 unless individual
accelerations are available.
blind frame if checked, a blind frame in the lower left corner of the stack is
created. All lashing elements, that are invalid for the new
configuration, will be deleted.
Lashing bridges (old 2D) A lashing bridge with one lashing tier can be defined. All lashing
elements, that are invalid for the new configuration, will be
deleted.
Lashing bridges (new 3D) “no lashing bridges”: neither aft nor forward bridge
“symmetrical lashing bridges”: same bridge in aft and forward
“unsymmetrical lashing bridges”: different lashing bridge height
in aft and fwd
“aft bridge only”: aft bridge, but no forward bridge
“forward bridge only”: forward bridge, but no aft bridge.
depending on these types input fields for aft and/or forward
bridge are displayed.
symmetrical lashing P+S if checked, lashing is mirrored in port side/starboard direction.
symmetrical lashing F+A if checked, lashing is mirrored in aft/forward direction.
lashing on multiple tiers if checked, lashing is allowed on every tier of lashing bridge.
default lashing x offset default value for x-distance between stack and bridge (aft+fwd),
in mm.
lashing platform at tier lashing tier of the bridge. Uppermost lashing tier, if “lashing on
multiple tiers” is checked.

xx tier level fetch fetch at the tier in mm. resets fetches according
rules. See also 5.1
z above bottom lashing z co-ordinate at the tier in mm. See also 5.1

2.3. Calculation Parameters

This form allows the change of certain default calculation parameters.

24 • Stack Data
Explanation of the input fields:
center of gravity default: center of gravity at 45% of the container height for
each container.
use wind force if checked, wind force is considered.
container breath is considered being 2,26m between centres of ISO-holes in
corner castings. This value must not be entered individually, if
stacks of ISO-containers shall be calculated.
twistlock height if using fittings with different height of flanges, individual flange
heights can be entered in mm.
min. SWL of lashing rod minimum save work load for lashing rods in kN. Used to check
and display overload.
spring constants (old 2D) according rules, if checked.
default wind force according rules, if checked.
default sea sloshing force according rules, if checked.

Corrections values are just for information and for special purposes and therefore must not
be changed.

Stack Data • 25
2.4. Containers
In the Containers grid all containers including the number of tiers and rows can be
determined. If you open the grid and no containers are defined, you will be asked to set the
number of tiers and rows in a dialog box. This can also be done using the button in the
grid toolbar.
The container dimensions are visualised in the plot view. The length is visualised by
colouring: the darker the green, the longer the container.

26 • Stack Data
Explanation of the input fields:

Note: To change all containers at once click on the table column header to select a whole
column and choose "set data" from the context menu (right click at the table
column header). Leaving the following dialog box after entering the desired value
will alter all values in this column at once.

weight container weight in t. If set to 0, the container will not be

considered during calculation.
door Position of the door (aft = normal, forward = reverse stowage).
type Select one of the given container types or “individual” to enter
own container dimensions.
length Container length in inch or m (if not set by type).
height Container height in inch or m (if not set by type).

Note: Optional parameters will be displayed as "default" and colourized light grey if not
overwritten. To reset the value to its default, delete the field or enter "default".

Note: For a more common explanation about the use of grids / tables see How to use
Tables.

Explanation of additional input fields (wind force):

wf Individual container wind force.
hc Height of center of exposed area relative to container height.

Explanation of additional input fields (mixed stowage):

Mixed stowage is detected if not all containers have the same length. In this case a second
set of fields (to define the forward containers) is displayed.

Stack Data • 27
type fwd Type of forward container.
weight fwd Weight of forward container in t.
length fwd Length of forward container in inch or m.
height fwd Height of forward container in inch or m.
supports If a larger container is on top of a smaller one: Supporting side
of the container.
wf Wind force in kN.
hc Center of exposed area related to container height in m.
Buttons

Set dimensions: A dialog box asks for the number of tiers and rows to be set. To
fit the new dimensions, additional tiers/rows of containers will
be added at the top/right of the container stack or tiers/rows
will be deleted from the top/right.

Show/Hide Supports: Toggles the table column where the supported side can be
recorded in case of mixed stowage.

Show/Hide WF Params: Toggles the table columns for individual wind force parameters
that can be given for each container. Parameters are the Wind
force and the height of the center of the exposed area.

2.5. Acceleration Parameters

In the Acceleration Parameters form the type of acceleration is selected and the needed
values are given. For the new 3D calculation method always calculates according rules, only
GM value and route selection are visible.

28 • Stack Data
Explanation of the input fields:
individual GM value Metacentric height in m.
max. no of tiers (old 2D) If “interpolation” is selected in the transverse accelerations, the
maximum number of tiers on deck must be given here.
scantling (old 2D) Scantling draught in m.
transverse acceleration (old 2D) new calculation always calculates acc. actual rules
standard: calculation acc. 2012 rules
reduced: calculation acc. 2012 rules, reduced GM
individual: use individual accelerations given in 2.6 Individual
Accelerations
interpolation: calculation acc. 2012 rules, acceleration
interpolated between standard and reduced GM
acc. rules: calculation according actual rules
route selection either unrestricted service or route-specific reduction factors can
be chosen. For unrestricted service the reduction set to 1.0. For
other routes reduction factors according container lashing rules
will be applied. Individual reduction factors for specified routes
can also be entered.

Note: For a more common explanation about the use of grids / tables see How to use
Tables.

Stack Data • 29
2.6. Individual Accelerations (old 2D only)
If individual accelerations are selected as transverse acceleration parameter in 2.5
Acceleration Parameters, an individual acceleration factor may be entered for each tier in
this grid that will be considered in the calculation.

Explanation of the input fields:

acc. Acceleration at tier

30 • Stack Data
2.7. Lashing
In the Lashing grid, lashing elements for the current activated container stack can be
defined.
All lashing elements can be set by choosing the type and dimensioning parameter in the
table. If dimensioning is not set to “individual”, lashing dimensions are calculated
automatically (see 5.1).
Furthermore, a double click at the yellow squares will set or delete a lashing element.
External lashings can be created by clicking on a port side square, internal lashing by
clicking on a starboard square. These elements have default settings and can be modified
directly in the grid after changing the dimension to “individual”. Yellow squares only appear
if lashing is allowed.
If “individual” is selected as dimension a right click on the selected lashing shows a context
menu and via the entry input lashing a dialog box for more comfortable input is shown.
In old 2D calculation, lashing is always symmetric in port side/starboard, for a better
overview in plot, external lashings are plotted on port side, internal on starboard side.
External and internal lashing must not be mixed within one container row.
In new 3D calculation, symmetry information is taken from 2.2 General Stack Data. All
lashings are displayed in the plot view. If lashing is different in aft and forward direction, the
button toggles between aft and forward view.

Note: For a more common explanation about the use of grids / tables see How to use
Tables.

Explanation of the input fields:

type none: no lashing
chain: internal chain lashing
rope: internal rope lashing
rod: internal rod lashing
external: external (rod) lashing

Stack Data • 31
dim 8’6”: Lashing for standard container height
9’6”: Lashing for high cube height
individual: individual lashing input
length Lashing length in cm.
X-Dist. X distance between lashing point and container in mm.
2D angle Lashing angle in yz- plane in degrees.
D Diameter of lashing element in mm.
E E-modulus of lashing element in kN/cm².
Buttons

toggle aft/fwd: (only visible if lashing in aft and forward is different) If button is
clicked, forward lashings are displayed, if button is unclicked, aft
configuration is displayed. Default is non-clicked.

2.8. Connecting
Connecting elements can be set in the Connecting grid. As in the Lashing grid there are two
ways to define connecting elements: via selecting the connection type in the table and via
double clicking into the yellow squares in the preview plot. Note that bridge fittings can be
set only in the top tier whereas double stacking cones and pressure adapters can be used
only for none top tiers.

Note: For a more common explanation about the use of grids / tables see How to use
Tables.

32 • Stack Data
3. Results
The calculation results are shown in this part of the tree.
3.1 Loads visualizes one result type (e.g. the racking force) within the container stack plot.
3.2 Loads Overview and 3.3 Loads Overview (gap) display all results in grids.
Values exceeding the allowable ranges are marked red, in lashed condition values ± 1%
near the range are marked yellow.

3.1. Loads
Depending on the calculation type (2D or 3D) some of the buttons are disabled. Values
exceeding the allowable ranges are marked red, values near the range are marked yellow.
All values are shown in kN.

Note: You can choose a smaller font for the numbers in the plot by right clicking into the
preview plot and calling the properties dialog box from the context menu. You can
also zoom into or enlarge the window.
Results will be calculated either by clicking the result tabs in the tree or by clicking
the “calculate” button . By using the button, more comprehensive calculation
output will be shown in the output window.

Explanation of the input fields:

Results • 33
show results of unlashed (2D only): results without lashing
lashed: results including lashing

at aft side: aft side results

at forward side: forward side results
at gap mid aft (mixed stowage 3D only): aft gap side results
at gap mid forward (mixed stowage 3D only): forward gap side
results
show kind of loads select the result type to be displayed

3.2. Loads Overview

An overview of all aft and forward results is shown in the loads overview grid. Values
exceeding the allowable ranges are marked red, values near the range are marked yellow.
All values are shown in Kn.

Note: Use the tooltip function at the column names to get a longer description of the
displayed data.

For the old 2D calculation, the grid shows unlashed and lashed results in one table.

For the new 3D calculation the lashed results at aft and forward are displayed, containing
results for port side and starboard lashing.

Explanation of the output fields:

Each 3D result is evaluated for aft and forward.

34 • Results
Each 2D result is evaluated for door end, front wall and for the unlashed case.
tier tier number.
row row number.
RF racking force.
LB Load at bottom.
CPL Corner post load.
LF Lifting force.
LCE Load of connecting element.
LFT Lashing force at top.
LFT P Lashing force at top port side.
LFB P Lashing force at bottom port side.
LFB Lashing force at bottom.
LFT S Lashing force at top starboard.
LFB S Lashing force at bottom starboard.

3.3. Loads Overview (gap)

An overview of all gap results (in case of mixed stowage) is shown in this grid. Values
exceeding the allowable ranges are marked red, values near the range are marked yellow.
All values are shown in kN.

Note: Use the tooltip function at the column names to get a longer description of the
displayed data.

For the new 3D calculation the lashed results at aft gap (front wall side of aft containers)
and forward gap (door side of forward containers) are displayed (without lashing results as
there is no lashing in the gap).

Results • 35
Explanation of the output fields:
See 3.2 Loads overview.

3.4. Intermediate results

This table shows some additional results, mainly for research purpose and determined
during calculation.

36 • Results
4. Additionals
This part of the tree contains small calculation grids independent from the lashing
calculation. In these grids the input values must be given in the left part of the grid and the
corresponding results are calculated and displayed on the right part after leaving the input
cell.

4.1. Cell Guide Stowage

In the cell guide stowage grid, permissible stack weights according rules for container stacks
beneath deck can be evaluated. If you open the grid for the first time, you will be asked to
set the number of rows in a dialog box. This can also be done using the button in the grid
toolbar.
For cell guide stowage calculation, ship data values must be given. Container dimensions are
assumed to be 20'x8'x8'6".

Explanation of the input fields:

no. of tiers number of tiers in the row.
z bottom z co-ordinate of the row above bottom line in m.

Note: For a more common explanation about the use of grids / tables see How to use
Tables.

Buttons

Set dimensions: A dialog box asks for the number of rows to be set. To fit the
new dimensions, additional lines will be added at the bottom of
the grid or rows will be deleted from the bottom.

Explanation of the output fields:

bq transverse acceleration factor bq .

perm. stack weight Permissible stack weight, in t, of 20’ containers not topped by
40’ containers.
perm. stack weight, topped Permissible stack weight, in t, of 20’ containers topped by 40’
containers.

Additionals • 37
5. Appendix

5.1. Definition and Computation of various z-levels

related to Lashings
zB : z bottom of stack. The level (above keel) of the lower twistlock face below the
lowermost container.
HT : twist lock height (from lower face to upper face).
H i : height of the container stowed at tier i .
H S (i ) z
: sum of heights: height (above B ) of the upper edge of the container stowed at
tier i .
i
H S (i ) =  (H k + H T )
k =1

Htop (i ) = H S (i ) − 83mm : height (above ) where a lashing is attached

to the top corner casting of the container at tier .

H bot (i ) = H S (i − 1) + H T + 28mm : height (above zB ) where a

lashing is attached to the bottom corner casting of the container at tier .
: length of lashing rod (between centers of attachment)
: difference of z-coordinates between lashing rod’s lower and upper centers of attachment.
 z = l cos  3 , where is the (three-dimensional) angle between the vertical axis
and the lashing rod. Note: if a non-zero x-distance is applied then that angle will be different
from the projected 2D angle as input into StowLash column ‘2D angle’ of ‘2.7 Lashings’.
H L : the height (above zB ) where the lower end of the lashing rod is attached to the ship
structure. H L = H top (i ) −  z or H L = H bot (i ) −  z .

Estimation of lashing dimensions:

If the column ‘dim’ of ‘2.7 Lashings’ is not set to ‘individual’ then the dimensions of the
lashings are estimated from the lashing bridge z-levels:
1. For each lashing element defined in the stack, the z-level ( or ) of its
container-attached end (upper end of lashing) is computed as above.
2. StowLash then looks for the highest lashing level (‘z above bottom’ as provided in
‘2.2 General Stack Data’) that is less than or equal to the z-level of the lashing’s
upper end. The z-level of that lashing bridge is then used as the z-level of the
lashing’s lower end z-level HL .
3. If no lower-or-equal lashing bridge level is found, is applied (assuming the
lashing is directly connected to the bottom of the bay).
4. The lower attachment point is shifted in x-direction by the value contained in column
‘X-Dist.’ of ‘2.7 Lashings’. An additional fixed y-shift (2500mm for external, 2260mm
for internal lashings) is applied.
5. The lengths of the lashing element and the angle projected into the yz-plane are
computed and inserted into the columns ‘length’ and ‘2D angle’ of ‘2.7 Lashings’.
6. Based on the type and the resulting length of the lashing element, default values for
its diameter and Young’s modulus are looked up in a table. Those values are then
inserted into columns ‘D’ and ‘E’ of ‘2.7 Lashings’.

38 • Appendix
Determination of applied fetches:
For each lashing element defined in the stack, the level H L of its lower end’s center of
attachment is computed as above. StowLash then looks for the highest lashing level (‘z
above bottom’ as provided in ‘2.2 General Stack Data’) that is less than or equal to H L . The
corresponding fetch is applied to that lashing element. If H L is below the lowermost lashing
bridge level then a zero fetch is applied (applicable to, e.g., additional lashings that are
directly attached at the bottom of the bay).
For lashings attached at the lowermost container (bottom or blind frame), a zero fetch is
always applied - no matter how the level and fetch values are configured.

Appendix • 39