INTERCARGO Bulk Carrier Casualty Report 2024 FINAL
INTERCARGO Bulk Carrier Casualty Report 2024 FINAL
INTERCARGO Bulk Carrier Casualty Report 2024 FINAL
Carrier
Casualty
Report
www.intercargo.org | info@intercargo.org
Bulk Carrier
Casualty Report
Years 2014 to 2023 and trends
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION
OF DRY CARGO SHIPOWNERS
3
Contents
8 Introduction
12 Summary
While this report has been developed using the best informa-
tion currently available, it is intended purely as guidance and
is to be used at the user’s own risk. No responsibility is ac-
cepted by INTERCARGO or by any person, firm, corporation
or organisation who or which has been in any way concerned
with the furnishing of information or data, the compilation,
publication or authorised translation, supply or the sale of this
report, for the accuracy of any information or advice given
herein or for any omission here from or for any consequenc-
es whatsoever resulting directly or indirectly from compliance
with or adoption of guidance contained herein.
4 5
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However, examining the trends over the past 10 years it is clear there Bulk carrier safety must never be overlooked. We must continue to
is a trend of improving safety and declining ship losses between 2014 remind ourselves of how INTERCARGO’s work has contributed to
and 2023. In 2023 there was only one total loss of a dry bulk vessel significant improvements in safety, moving us away from the ‘dark
and no loss of life. days’ of the past, where significant losses of lives and ships occurred.
As shown in the graph below, from 1990 to 2000, our sector was
As the trends illustrate below, the average number of ships lost between losing between 5 and 26 bulk carriers per year, resulting in the tragic
1990 and 2023 within the bulk carrier industry continues to go down, loss of 23 to 186 seafarers respectively.
showing positive signs of improvement in safety performance. These
statistics and trends can also be set against a backdrop of a significant Since then, safety performance in the sector has steadily improved.
growth in the global bulk carrier fleet 2014-2023. Over the past decade This is an impressive achievement especially when considering the
the bulk carrier fleet has grown from 10,000 vessels in 2013 to almost considerable rise in the number of bulk carriers in the world fleet
12,200 by Jan 2024. Today’s bulk fleet represents more than 40% of during this period.
world tonnage.
200 200
180 180
160 160
140 140
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
No. of ship No. of ship
20 26 17 8 14 5 14 11 27 14 19 4 5 4 5 6 7 8 4 9 7 13 3 9 2 5 3 2 1 1 2 2 2 1
losses losses
No. of life No. of life
46 186 30 78 106 57 50 80 87 43 23 64 4 0 13 8 37 39 15 39 44 38 0 25 0 18 0 32 0 27 9 0 12 0
losses losses
8 9
Enhancement of safety awareness of the people onboard and ashore is a SOLAS – PSPC
priority to reduce and remove safety gaps. Reviewing the past decade, a • December 2008 – MSC 82 adopted Performance Standard for Protective
significant contributing factor to the safety performance of bulk carriers is the Coatings for dedicated seawater ballast tanks in all types of ships and
development and implementation of new international rules and regulations and, double-side skin spaces of bulk carriers
as a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) within the International Maritime • December 2008 – MSC 82 also adopted amendments to SOLAS regulations
Organization (IMO), INTERCARGO has played its part in the development of II-1 Regulation 3-2 Protective coatings of dedicated seawater ballast tanks in
this legislation. The application of new technology to improve ship design and all types of ships and double-side skin spaces of bulk carriers thus making
building and the introduction of new materials has also played its part. above standard mandatory.
The casualty data in this report confirms the right direction of the following PSC
milestone developments: • November 1991 - adoption of resolution A.682(17) on regional co-operation
in the control of ships and discharges raised the standard of the Port State
SOLAS - Additional Safety Measures Control (PSC) inspection.
• July 1999 - new SOLAS chapter XII Additional Safety Measures for Bulk
Carriers. IACS -URs
• 1997 - UR S1A “Additional Requirements for Loading Conditions, Loading
Common Structural Rules including related SOLAS requirements Manuals and Loading Instruments for Bulk Carriers, Ore Carriers and
• December 2005 – IACS adopts Common Structural Rules for Double Combination Carriers”
Hull Oil Tankers (CSR-OT) and Common Structural Rules for Bulk • 1997 - UR S18 Evaluation of Scantlings of Corrugated Transverse Watertight
Carriers (CSR-BC) Bulkheads in Non-CSR Bulk Carriers Considering Hold Flooding
• May 2010 – MSC 87 adopts the International Goal-based Ship • 1997 - UR S20 “Evaluation of Allowable Hold Loading for Non-CSR Bulk
Construction Standards for Bulk Carriers and Oil Tankers Carriers Considering Hold Flooding”
• May 2010 – MSC 87 adopts new SOLAS regulation Chapter II-1, 3-10 • 1997 - UR S21 “Evaluation of Scantlings of Hatch Covers and Hatch
Goal Based ship construction standards for bulk carriers and oil tankers Coamings and Closing Arrangements of Cargo Holds of Ships”
• May 2016 – MSC 96 confirms the CSR OT&BC complies with the goal-
based ship construction standards Those lines of defence to safeguard the safety performance of bulk carriers are
essential and fundamental. The joint effort of all the safety links is necessary to
SOLAS – ESP improve existing rules and regulations, enhance implementation of them, and
• 1993 – IMO Assembly adopts Guidelines on the Enhanced Programme continue to raise safety awareness – not just for the people working on board but
of Inspections during Surveys of Bulk Carriers and Oil Tankers also to ensure lessons are learned.
• January 1996 - Enhanced Survey Programme becomes mandatory
by SOLAS Chapter XI-1, SPECIAL MEASURES TO ENHANCE There is no room for complacency. Any loss of life is tragic, and the shipping
MARITIME SAFETY industry must pay close attention to the causes explained in this report. However,
INTERCARGO believes the dry bulk sector should be proud of this achievement and
IMSBC Code recognise that improved safety is largely thanks to constant learning, better crew
• January 2011 - IMSBC Code, mandatory under the provisions of the training, improved ship design, new technology and stronger regulatory compliance.
SOLAS Convention.
It is the intention of INTERCARGO to continue to work tirelessly with all stakeholders in
BLU CODE (Code of Practice for the Safe Loading and Unloading of Bulk order to improve bulk carrier safety and ultimately to strive for zero losses of seafarers
Carriers) and zero losses of dry bulk ships every year.
• June 1997 – MSC 68 Code of Practice for the Safe Loading and
Unloading of Bulk Carriers (BLU Code) We must never forget about safety and INTERCARGO will always be a strong
• November 1997 – IMO Assembly adopted the BLU Code supporter of decarbonisation with safety, also actively supporting crew safety initiatives
and improved bulk carrier management practices to achieve our zero loss goal.
10 11
Analysis of causes by ship size
2
Likely
root causes
Number of losses
Navigation
21 bulk carriers (of over 10,000 dwt1) have been identified as 1 Unknown
Year 10k-34,999 dwt 35k-49,999 dwt 50k-59,999 dwt 60k-79,999 dwt 80k+ dwt Total Human element
0
2014 1 1 0 0 0 2
ng
r
in
if
he
di
2015 2 0 1 2 0 5
nd
Sh
at
oo
ou
We
Fl
o
2016 0 1 0 0 2 3
Gr
rg
Ca
2017 0 0 1 0 1 2
2018 0 0 1 0 0 1
2019 0 0 1 0 0 1
Reported causes
2020 0 0 0 0 2 2
2021 1 1 0 0 0 2
2022 1 1 0 0 0 2 Casualties - 35,000-49,999 dwt bulk carriers Casualties - 50,000-59,999 dwt bulk carriers
2023 1 0 0 0 0 1
4
Total 6 4 4 2 5 21
3 Likely
Number of losses
Likely
Number of losses
root causes 3 root causes
Total losses - bulk carriers by size and year
3
2
Human element 2 Fire/Exposion
1
Significant findings
Navigation Cargo
1
Liquefaction
0 Unknown
• 80,000+ dwt: Six ships were lost, accounting for 23.8% of the 0
n
in
he
io
total 21 casualties reported. These casualties cost 22 lives, or
ti go
n
nd
is
at
io
on
ac ar
We
ll
ou
os
ef C
24.7% of the total 89 lives lost during the period. In 2020 the
Co
Gr
xp
/E
re
losses of one Capesize and one VLOC vessel (Wakashio and
qu
Fi
Li
Reported causes Reported causes
Stellar Banner) focused attention on large bulk carrier safety.
• The lowest number of casualties occurred in the 60,000-79,999
dwt range, representing 9.5% of the total of 21 ship losses, with Casualties - 60,000-79,999 dwt bulk carriers Casualties - 80,000+ dwt bulk carriers
no fatalities. There was no life lost as a consequence of those ship 5
losses.
4
• Other categories saw the loss of six ships with significant loss of
3 Likely Likely
Number of losses
Number of losses
life as a result. The 50,000-59,999 dwt range accounted for 55 root causes 3 root causes
seafarers’ lives, (61.8% of the total), and 12 fatalities in the 10,000- 2
Unknown Human element
2
34,999 dwt range. 1
Weather Structural
1
0
1 A 9,999 dwt cement carrier was included as an exceptional case for this report. 0
g
ng
in
di
nd
ng
oo
in
2 This document provides information on casualty data related to bulk carriers
ou
di
Fl
nd
above 10,000 dwt. INTERCARGO’s classification of ship casualties follows the same
oo
Gr
ou
Fl
principles used in IMO’s classification on GISIS. The assumed definitions of vessel
Gr
sizes used in this report are for continuity and easier comparison with past reports.
Reported causes Reported causes
3 These arbitrary size ranges are used for easy comparison with past reports.
12 13
Safety performance of bulk carriers
OF TOTAL LOSSES
improvement in terms of the rolling 10-year average of ship
losses. As the trends illustrate below, the average number of
• 21 bulk carriers over 10,000 dwt have been identified A growing fleet
as lost, an average of 2.1 per year.
• These statistics and trends can also be set against a backdrop
• 89 crew members lost their lives as consequence, of a significant growth in the global bulk carrier fleet 2014-2023.
or on average nine fatalities per year.
• The average age of the bulk carriers lost was 19.4 years. • Industry figures show that the global bulk carrier fleet has
• Vessels amounting to 1.78 million dwt in total have been seen significant growth in the years since 2013. About 10,400
lost, an average 177,526 dwt per year.
bulk carriers were operating in 2013. That figure had grown to
12,226, according to the MIS data, by January 2024.
Losses by cause
Reported cause Losses of life Losses of ships Likely root cause Losses of ships
Cargo liquefaction 55 3 Cargo liquefaction 3
Rolling ten-year trend of average annual number of ships lost
Cargo shift 0 1 Unknown 1
Fire/explosion 0 1 Human element 1
Structural 1
Flooding 22 3
Unknown 2
20 018
20 019
12 0
3
20 015
08 6
7
3
8
19 004
19 005
01 9
02 0
01
02
01
01
02
02
00
02
01
00
0
00
00
01
• Groundings remain the greatest cause of ship losses, with
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
11
07
97
10
13
14
03
09
96
05
94
98
99
00
95
20
20
20
20
20
19
20
20
20
19
19
20
19
20
nine losses or 42.9% of the total.
• Three casualties (14.3% of the total) were a result of flooding Period 1994-2023
No of Casualties
19% Ship size 19% Ship size
50,000-59,999 dwt 35,000-49,999 dwt
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
YEAR
AGE (YEARS)
17
Average age of ships lost Flag state performance - report of
Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
investigation submitted to IMO’s GISIS
Average age
28.5 16.8 19.7 16.5 26.0 18.0 9.5 26.0 16.5 16.0
(years)
Lessons learnt from past incidents play an important role in
determining where additional safety improvement is needed.
35
At the end of January 2024, 13 of the 21 bulk carrier losses in this
Average age of ship lost
30
25 analysis had investigation reports made available on IMO’s GISIS
20 (Global Integrated Shipping Information System) database. That
15
represents 61.9% of the total.
10
5
0 The average time from an incident to a report becoming available
on GISIS has been 26.2 months for these investigations, with the
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
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22
23
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20
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20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
YEARS
shortest 7 months and the longest 44 months.
Total losses (dwt) The following analysis shows those casualties that have been
reported by flag states and appear on the IMO GISIS database.
Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Losses (dwt) 63,580 255,230 375,386 323,508 50,587 52,378 503,790 72,935 45,361 32,500
Flag No. of cases GISIS with reports Average months* GISIS without report
Australia 1 1 37.0
800000
Bahamas 1 1 7.0
Deadweight tonnage
China 2 2
600000
Cyprus 1 1 42.0
400000 Hong Kong, China 1 1 44.0
Indonesia 1 1 27.0
200000 Liberia 1 1 33.0
Marshall Islands 2 2 23.0
0
Mexico 1 1 38.0
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Panama 9 4 24.3 5
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
YEARS Tuvalu 1 1
Total 21 13 26.2 8
Loss of life
Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
*Average number of months from the incident date to the date of the reports shown on
Loss of life 0 18 0 32 0 27 0 0 12 0 GISIS
70
60
Loss of life
50
40
30
20
10
0
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
YEARS
18 19
Casualty list Name IMO No.
Incident
Date
Deadweight Built Flag Class Loss of life
The Equasis website, IMO GISIS and other public sources were used 9045912 24-Oct-15 71665 1993 Mexico ABS 0
Reported cause: Grounding (Likely root cause: Weather) - being victim to Hurricane Patricia
to compile the data. Because of the limited information available, it which hit the Mexico’s Pacific coast, the ship ran aground on the rocks and sustained
Los Llanitos considerable damage while at anchor off the coast with approximately 11,484 litres of oil, 489
is likely that errors exist, and consequently readers and users of this cubic meters of diesel and other contaminants aboard the ship. The ship’s hull was cracked in
report seeking confirmation regarding the accuracy and/or updates the middle.
Investigation report on IMO GISIS: available on 2018.12.13 (37 months)
of the compiled data, are recommended to contact the relevant
shipowners and flag states.
2016
Incident
Name IMO No. Deadweight Built Flag Class Loss of life
Date
9138953 25-Feb-16 170082 1997 Panama NK 0
Suspected cause: Allision, grounding and flooding (Likely root cause: human error) - carrying
20 21
2018 2021
Incident Incident
Name IMO No. Deadweight Built Flag Class Loss of life Name IMO No. Deadweight Built Flag Class Loss of life
Date Date
9047740 18-Jun-18 50587 1993 Australia DNV GL 0 Isthmus
8401793 13-Jan-21 23386 1984 Panama Bureau of 0
Reported cause: Fire (Likely root cause: human element) - during cargo discharge operations
Shipping
of the ship’s cargo of dolomite while alongside at Port Kembla, a fire broke out in the
internal cargo handling spaces and eventually extinguished about 5 days after it started. The Yong Feng Reported cause: Cargo shift (Likely root cause: unknown) - Yong Feng, carrying a cargo of timber,
Iron Chieftain self-unloading (SUL) bulk carrier sustained substantial structural damage, including breaches of listed sharply when the cargo shifted, took on water, capsized and sank in the Philippine Sea on
two fuel oil tanks, and key components of the SUL system were largely destroyed. The ship was 13 Jan 2021. All 22 crewmembers were rescued.
declared a constructive total loss. The ship’s crew were evacuated. There were no serious injuries
or pollution of the sea reported. Investigation report on IMO GISIS: No.
22 23
Alphabetical list
Loss of
Name IMO No. Incident Date Deadweight Built Flag Class
life
Emerald Star 9449261 13-Oct-17 57367 2010 Hong Kong, China DNV GL 10
Isthmus
Yong Feng 8401793 13-Jan-21 23386 1984 Panama Bureau of 0
Shipping
24 25
Industry Topics
INTERCARGO In addition to addressing unique issues affecting the dry bulk sector,
– Who we are
INTERCARGO also focuses on a number of important topics which are of broader
concern to international shipping as a whole. The role of INTERCARGO is to
explore them from the angle of dry bulk shipping, bringing forward solutions that
correspond to the special characteristics and needs of the dry bulk sector.
Our Association provides the forum where SAFETY – SECURITY ENVIRONMENT – QUALITY REGULATION
Cargoes, ‘Liquefaction’ Ballast Water International Maritime
dry bulk shipowners, managers and Organization (IMO)
Design & Construction, Coatings
operators are informed about, discuss, and Machinery & Operations Other Legislation
Emissions
share concerns on key topics and regulatory Class & Statutory Rules Miscellaneous Issues
Green House Gas - CO2
challenges, especially in relation to safety, Cargo Gear emissions
the environment, and operational excellence.
INTERCARGO is committed to Hatch Covers Sulphur Cap, SOx and
Particulate Matter (PM)
The Association promotes its Members’ Loading Rates
safety, security, and quality in positions to IMO, as well as to other shipping Incidents & Casualties
emissions
Other emissions (NOx,
ship operations, with a focus and international industry fora, having Life Saving Black Carbon)
on operational efficiency and free and fair competition as a principle. Piracy Ports & Terminals
Cyber Risks Reception Facilities
the protection of the marine INTERCARGO is committed to safety,
Port State Control
security, and quality in ship operations,
environment & Transparency
with a focus on operational efficiency and Corruption, Criminalisation
the protection of the marine environment. Training, Manpower & Human
26 Element 27
INTERCARGO Benefits • Companies and ships registered with INTERCARGO arguably enjoy
– Membership for Full a badge of quality widely recognised by the industry as a marker
membership
of excellence. Along with a Company Certificate and the right to
use the INTERCARGO membership logo, a Vessel Certificate
is provided for each registered vessel. Entered ships are tagged
Visit intercargo.org/join on Equasis as registered with INTERCARGO. Vessel membership
for all the available info
There are three categories of membership within INTERCARGO with INTERCARGO is displayed on the vessel dashboard of the
regarding the benefits RightShip Safety Score.
Full, Consociate and Associate:
of Membership for Full
Members. • INTERCARGO and RightShip are founding partners of DryBMS,
Full Consociate Associate
Member Member Member a quality standard for the dry bulk sector. Safety, environmental
and operational excellence are promoted through company
Any company that owns, operates or Any company that owns, operates Any entity that provides goods self-assessment. Please visit www.intercargo.org/drybms/
manages dry bulk carriers of 10,000 or manages dry bulk carriers below or services to the dry cargo shipping
dwt and above. 10,000 dwt. industry.
• Members are invited to appoint a representative to INTERCARGO’s
GBP 5,000 for 1 to 10 ships and GBP Half the fees that would be paid GBP 1,250
350 for each subsequent ship up to as a Full Member. Executive Committee and are eligible to put forward a
a capped maximum of GBP 20,000. representative to the Technical Committee (conditions apply).
Details can be found in our Constitution under ‘Management’ at
Members joining after the start of the membership year (1 January) are entitled to an initial pro-rata membership fee.
For the latest updates about joining INTERCARGO please visit www.intercargo.org/join/ www.intercargo.org/constitution/
Enquiries regarding joining should be sent to the Secretariat at info@intercargo.org
• The Association is represented at the International Maritime
Organization (IMO), the Round Table of Shipping Associations
• Being part of an Association dedicated to quality, safety and the (joining BIMCO, ICS and Intertanko on important cross-industry
Benefits to environment. matters), the Tripartite Forum and other international shipping
all members • Unique access to INTERCARGO circulars with expert insight into the
fora, and regularly engages with the International Association of
Classification Societies (IACS) and RightShip on critical issues.
dry bulk shipping industry.
• Members are invited to INTERCARGO hosted events (two
• Opportunities to meet fellow Members at the Association’s meetings in semi-annual Committee meetings, seminars etc). Please visit
Europe and Asia. intercargo.org/about/meetings for more information.
• Special invitations/discounted access to industry events. For more • For INTERCARGO’s feedback and reporting schemes, please
information, please visit intercargo.org/news/category/member-news. see intercargo.org/members-reporting-surveys.
• A free copy of the latest Bulk Carrier Benchmarking Report • Regular circulars provide timely, detailed information either
is offered to each member. For information on publications, please visit following IMO meetings or on ongoing issues, such as cargoes
www.intercargo.org/news/publications. piracy, port, terminal and anchorage feedback, cybersecurity etc
• Advertising opportunities in some of the Association’s publications and • Experience sharing / (anonymous) consultation within the
on its website at reduced rates. membership, when appropriate on reported issues of concern
Please visit www.intercargo.org/advertising-intercargo-website. (cargoes, ports, etc), in order to provide informed feedback.
• Opportunities to present at the Association’s events • Full access to the Association’s website www.intercargo.org
(subject to invitation).
28 29
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31
Years 2014 to 2023 and trends
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