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Programming Concepts (Highly Useful for IBPS, SBI (Bank PO & Clerk), SSC, Railway, Police
and all Other State Competitive Exams)

Program can be defined as a set of instructions that need to be executed to accomplish a computing task. A
person who writes or performs the program is known as programmer. Programmer uses some specific
languages to write program which is known as programming languages e.g. C+ +, Java, etc.

Programming Language
It is a set of commands, instructions and other syntax use to create a software program. Programming
language must be simple, easy to learn and use. It must be consistent in terms of syntax and semantics.

Programming languages are mainly categorised into three parts which are as follows

Low Level Language (LLL)

These programming languages are more difficult to understand. It is designed to operate and handle the
entire instruction set of a computer system directly which are generally used to write the system software.
e.g. Machine language and Assembly language.

1. Machine Language It is the only language understood by the computers. Sometimes, it referred to as
machine code or object code or binary language. It is a collection of binary digits (0 or 1) or bits that the
computer reads and interprets.

2. Assembly Language It is a low level programming language which is used as an interface with computer
hardwares. It uses structured commands as substitutions for numbers, allowing humans to read the code
easier than looking at binary codes.

Medium Level Language (MLL)

It serves as the bridge between raw hardware and programming layer of a computer system. It is designed to
improve the translated code before it is executed by the processor. e.g. C.

High Level Language (HLL)

It is an advanced computer programming language that is not limited to one computer, designed for a specific
job and is easier to understand. The main advantage of high level languages over low level languages is that
they are easier to read, write and understand. e.g. BASIC, C, FORTRAN, Java, Pascal, etc.

Terms Related to Programming

Program Documentation
It is a kind of documentation that gives a comprehensive procedural description of a program. It shows as to
how software is written. The program documentation describes what exactly a program does by mentioning
about the requirements of the input data and effect of performing a programming task.

OOPs
OOPs stands for Object Oriented Programming in which programs are considered as a collection of objects.
Each object is nothing but an instance of a class.
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De-Bugging
It is the process of locating and fixing or bypassing bugs (errors) in computer program code.

Language Translator
It helps in converting programming languages to machine language.

The translated program is called the object code. Depending upon used programming languages, language
translator is divided into three categories which are as follows

1. Assembler It converts a program written in assembly language into machine language. Assembly language
consists of mnemonic code, which are difficult to learn and are machine dependent.

2. Interpreter It converts a HLL program into machine language by converting it line-by-line. If there is any
error in any line, it stops the execution of the program immediately and reports to the user at the same time.
Program execution cannot resume until the error is rectified by the user. Interpreter is very useful for
debugging and suitable for novice programmer. This is a slow process and consumes less memory space.

3. Compiler It converts HLL program into machine language, which can be understood by the processor. For
each high level language, the machine requires a separate compiler. A compiler creates a unique object
program, i.e. if a source program is compiled, there is no need of that source program because output can be
obtained by executing that object program. Compiler converts the entire HLL program in one go and reports
all the errors of the program alongwith the line numbers.

Generation of Languages
The concept of language generations, sometimes called levels, is closly connected to the advances in
technology that brought about computer generations. The five generations of language are as follows
(i) The first generation languages or 1 GLs are low level languages like machine language.
(ii) The second generation languages or 2GLs are also low level languages that generally consist of assembly
language.
(iii) The third generation languages or 3GLs are high level languages such as Java.
(iv) The fourth generation languages or 4GLs are the languages that consist of statements similar to the
statements of human language. 4GLs are commonly used in database programming and scripting
programming.
(v) The fifth generation languages or 5GLs are programming languages that contain visual tools, which help to
develop a program. A good example of 5GLs is Visual Basic.

Error
An error in a program is called bug. It is a term used to describe any issue that arises unexpectedly that cause
a computers not function properly.
Types of Error
The types of error are classified into four categories which are as follows
1. Syntax Error When the rules of the programming language are not followed,the compiler will show syntax
error.
2. Semantic Error Semantic errors are reported by the compiler when the statements written in the program
are not meaningful to the compiler.
3. Logical Error Logical errors are those errors that occur in the output of the program.The presence of logical
errors leads to undesired or incorrect output.
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4. Runtime Error Runtime errors are those errors that occur during the execution of a program.It generally
occurs due to some illegal operation performed in the program.

Algorithm
An algorithm is a step by step method of solving a problem. It is commonly used for data processing,
calculation and other related computer and mathematical operations.
The desirable features of an algorithm are
(i) Each step of algorithm should be simple.
(ii) It must be in a finite number of steps.
(iii) It should be as efficient as possible.
(iv) It should be clear in the sense.
(v) It should be effective, i.e. it must lead to a unique solution of the problem.

Other Helpful Points

■ Visual Basic is an interpreted language.
■ Reserved words are words that a programming language has set aside for its own use.
■ Pseudocode is not a programming language, but simply an informal way of describing a program. It does not
follow any syntax strictly.
■ Control structure is a statement or block of statements in a programming language that determined the
control flow or sequence of execution of other instructions or statements.
■ Looping is a control structure which is used in a program to execute a particular set of statements
repeatedly.

1. Which of the following contains specific rules and words that express the logical steps of an algorithm?
[IBPS Clerk 2014]
(1) Programming language (2) Syntax (3) Programming structure (4) Logical chart (5) Flow chart
Ans. 3

2. A factor in the selection of source language is

(1) programmer skill (2) language availability (3) program compatibility with other software (4) All of the above
Ans. 3

3. Machine language [SBI PO 2013]

(1) is the language in which programs were first written
(2) istheonlylanguageunderstoodbythecomputer
(3) differs from one type of computer to another
(4) All of the above (5) None of the above
Ans. 4

4. Each model of a computer has a unique

(1) assembly of a computer (2) machine language (3) high level language (4) All of the above
Ans. 2

5. The language which can be relocated easily is

(1) Machine language (2) Assembly language (3) Low level language (4) Middle level language
Ans. 2
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6. Which language is CPU dependent ?
(1) C (2) Assembly (3) Java (4) All except Java
Ans. 2

7. ....... serves as the bridge between raw hardware and programming layer of a computer system.
(1) Medium level language (2) Low level language (3) High level language (4) Both ‘1’ and ‘2’
Ans. 1

8. Computer language used for calculation is

(1) LOGO (2) FORTRAN (3) BASIC (4) C + +
Ans. 2

9. Which of the following computer language is a mathematically oriented language used for scientific
problems?
(1) Fortran (2) Cobol (3) Lisp (4) Prolog
Ans. 1

10. Main application area of ALGOL is

(1) General (2) Scientific (3) Engineering (4) Commercial
Ans. 2

11. LISP is designed for

(1) artificial intelligence (2) GUI (3) CUI (4) optical fibre
Ans. 1

12. Lisp is the second oldest high level programming language. Here, Lisp stands for
(1) Level Program (2) Level Process (3) List Processing (4) List Program
Ans. 3

13. Which of the following is not characteristic of COBOL?

(1) It is a very standardised language
(2) It is a very efficient in terms of coding and execution
(3) It had limited facilities for mathematical notation
(4) It is very readable language
Ans. 2

14. ......... is a string oriented.

(1) SNOBOL (2) COBOL (3) PASCAL (4) PERL
Ans. 2

15. A computer program used for business application is

(1) LOGO (2) COBOL (3) BASIC (4) FORTRAN
Ans. 2

16. C language developed by Dennis Ritchie in

(1) 1970 (2) 1971 (3) 1972 (4) 1973
Ans. 3
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17. Computer language used on Internet is
(1) PASCAL (2) Java (3) BASIC (4) LOGO
Ans. 2

18. The language used for development of various games is

(1) C (2) C + + (3) Java (4) SQL
Ans. 3

19. Which of the following is a programming language for creating special programs like Applets?
[IBPS Clerk 2012]
(1) Java (2) Cable (3) Domain name (4) Net (5) COBOL
Ans. 1

20. Which among the following is/are interpreted language? [SBI PO 2011]
(1) C (2) C + + (3) Java (4) Visual Basic (5) Both ‘3’ and ‘4’
Ans. 5

21. All computer execute

(1) BASIC programs (2) COBOL programs (3) Machine language programs (4) FORTRAN programs
Ans. 3

22. Languages which can easily interact with the hardware are called
(1) High level languages (2) Low level languages (3) Middle level languages (4) All of the above
Ans. B

23. ……… is a written description of a computer program’s functions. *SBI PO 2014+

(1) Explanatory instructions (2) Graphical user interface (3) Plug and play (4) README files (5) Documentation
Ans. 5

24. The ……… program is used to convert mnemonic code to machine code. *SBI Clerk 2011+
(1) Debug (2) C + + (3) FORTRAN (4) Assembler (5) None of these
Ans. 4

25. An assembler is a
(1) programming language dependent (2) syntax dependent (3) machine dependent (4) data dependent
Ans. 3

26. Compiler is the

(1) name given to the computer operator
(2) part of the digital machine to store the information
(3) operator of boolean algebra
(4) translator of source program to object code
Ans. 4

27. Second generation languages are languages that consists of

(1) machine language (2) assembly language (3) Java (4) visual basic
Ans. 2
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28. Which of the following generation languages consist of statements similar to the statements of human
language?
(1) 1GL (2) 2GL (3) 3GL (4) 4GL
Ans. 4

29. Error in a program is called

(1) bug (2) debug (3) virus (4) noise
Ans. 1

30. Error which occurs when program tried to read from file without opening it is classified as
(1) execution error messages
(2) built in messages
(3) user defined messages
(4) half messages
(5) None of the above
Ans. 1

31. ......... is a cross between human language and a programming language. [IBPS PO 2012]
(1) Pseudocode (2) Java (3) The Java virtual machine (4) The compiler (5) None of the above
Ans. 1

1. The instructions that tell a computer how to carry out the processing tasks are referred to as computer
[IBPS PO 2015]
(1) programs (2) processors (3) input devices (4) memory modules (5) None of these

2. A set of rules for telling the computer what operations to perform is called a [IBPS PO 2012]
(1) Procedural language (2) Structures (3) Natural language (4) Command language (5) Programming language

3. A (n) ……… program is one that is ready to run and does not need to be altered in any way. *IBPS Clerk 2013]
(1) interpreter (2) high level (3) compiler (4) COBOL (5) executable

4. C+ + languagedeveloped by [IBPS Clerk 2012]

(1) Dennis Ritchie (2) Charles Babbage (3) Niklaus Wirth (4) Bjarne Stroustrup (5) John McCharthy

5. The use of combination of 1’s and 0’s is feature of which of the following type of computer language?
[IBPS PO 2016]
(1) High Level Language (2) PASCAL (3) Machine Language (4) C (5) COBOL

6. Assembly language [IBPS Clerk 2011]

(1) uses alphabetic codes in place of binary numbers used in machine language
(2) is the easiest language to write programs
(3) need not be translated into machine language
(4) All of the above
(5) None of the above
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7. FORTRAN stands for [SBI Clerk 2011]
(1) Formal Translation
(2) Formative Translation
(3) Formal Transaction
(4) Formula Transaction
(5) Formula Translation

8. What does CO stand in COBOL? [IBPS Clerk 2012]

(1) Common Object
(2) Common Oriented
(3) Common Operating
(4) Computer Oriented
(5) None of the above

9. Java is referred to as a [SBI PO 2014]

(1) high level language
(2) complex language
(3) hardware device driver
(4) low level language
(5) programming mid level language

10. Which of the following is not a computer language ? [SBI PO 2014]

(1) BASIC
(2) COBOL
(3) LOTUS
(4) FORTRAN
(5) None of these

11. C, BASIC, COBOL and Java are examples of ……… languages. *IBPS Clerk 2015+
(1) Low level (2) Computer (3) System programming (4) High level (5) None of these

12. Translator program used in assembly language is called [SBI Clerk 2012]
(1) compiler (2) interpreter (3) translation (4) translator (5) assembler

13. The function of an assembler is [IBPS PO 2011]

(1) to convert basic language into machine language
(2) to convert high level language into machine language
(3) to convert assembly language into machine language
(4) to convert assembly language into low level language
(5) None of the above

14. Compiling creates a (n) [RBI Grade B 2012]

(1) Error-free program (2) Program specification (3) Subroutine (4) Algorithm (5) Executable program

15. Computer programs are written in a high level programming language, however the human readable
version of a program is called [IBPS PO 2015]
(1) Word size (2) Source code (3) Instruction set (4) Application (5) Hard drive
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16. A set of step-by-step procedures for accomplishing a task is known as a (n) [IBPS Clerk 2015]
(1) Algorithm
(2) Hardware program
(3) Software
(4) Firmware program
(5) None of the above

17. ……… are words that a programming language has set aside for its own use. [IBPS PO 2011]
(1) Control words
(2) Control structures
(3) Reserved words
(4) Reserved keys
(5) None of these

18. In programming, repeating some statements is usually called [SSC CGL 2013]
(1) looping
(2) control structure
(3) compiling
(4) structure

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