Mechanics Questions NO MOMENTUM and Answers in One File

Magdalen College School
Q1. (a) A man jumps from a plane that is travelling horizontally at a speed of 70 m s . If –1
air resistance can be ignored, determine
(i) his horizontal velocity 2.0 s after jumping,
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(ii) his vertical velocity 2.0 s after jumping,
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(iii) the magnitude and direction of his resultant velocity 2.0 s after jumping.
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(5)
(b) After 2.0 s the man opens his parachute. Air resistance is no longer negligible.
Explain in terms of Newton’s laws of motion, why
(i) his velocity initially decreases,
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(ii) a terminal velocity is reached.
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(4)
(Total 9 marks)
Q2. A waiter holds a tray horizontally in one hand between fingers and thumb as shown in
the diagram.
P, Q and W are the three forces acting on the tray.
(a) (i) State two relationships between the forces that must be satisfied if the tray is
to remain horizontal and in equilibrium.
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(ii) If the mass of the tray is 0.12 kg, calculate the magnitude of the force W.
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(iii) Calculate the magnitudes of forces P and Q.
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(6)
(b) The waiter places a glass on the tray. State and explain where the glass should be
positioned on the tray if the force, P, is to have the same value as in part (a).
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q3. A student carried out an experiment to determine the terminal speed of various ball
bearings as they fell through a viscous liquid. She did this by timing their fall between two
marks, P and Q, which were 850 mm apart on a vertical glass tube.
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You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication in your answer.
(a) (i) Describe the motion of a ball bearing after being released from rest at the
surface.
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(ii) In terms of the forces acting, explain why a ball bearing reaches a terminal
speed under these conditions.
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(5)
(b) The student’s results are shown in columns A and B. Complete column C.

column A column B column C column D column E
radius of ball time of fall / s terminal speed log (r / mm)

10 log (v / mm s )
10
–1
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bearing (through 850 mm) v / mm s –1
r / mm
1.62 32.0 0.210
1.98 21.4 0.297
2.21 17.2 0.344
2.73 11.3 0.436
3.40 7.2 0.531
4.12 4.9 0.615
(2)
(c) The relationship between v and r is known to be of the form
v = kr ,
n
where n and k are constants.
(i) Enter the corresponding values for log10(v / mm s ) in column E of the table in
–1
part (b).
(ii) Plot a graph of log10(v / mm s ) on the y-axis, against log10(r / mm) on the x-
–1
axis.
(Allow one sheet of graph paper)

(4)
(d) Use your graph to determine
(i) the constant n,
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(ii) the constant k.
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(5)
(Total 16 marks)
Q4. Tidal power could make a significant contribution to UK energy requirements. This
question is about a tidal power station which traps sea water behind a tidal barrier at high
tide and then releases the water through turbines 10.0 m below the high tide mark.
(i) Calculate the mass of sea water covering an area of 120 km and depth 10.0 m. 2
density of sea water = 1100 kg m –3
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(ii) Calculate the maximum loss of potential energy of the sea water in part (i) when it is
released through the turbines.
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(iii) The potential energy of the sea water released through the turbines, calculated in
part (ii), is lost over a period of 6.0 hours. Estimate the average power output of the
power station over this time period. Assume the power station efficiency is 40%.
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(Total 7 marks)
Q5. The diagram shows a 250 kg iron ball being used on a demolition site. The ball is
suspended from a cable at point A, and is pulled into the position shown by a rope that is
kept horizontal. The tension in the rope is 1200 N.
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(a) In the position shown the ball is in equilibrium.
(i) What balances the force of the rope on the ball?
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(ii) What balances the weight of the ball?
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(2)
(b) Determine
(i) the magnitude of the vertical component of the tension in the cable,
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(ii) the magnitude of the horizontal component of the tension in the cable,
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(iii) the magnitude of the tension in the cable,
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(iv) the angle the cable makes to the vertical.
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(6)
(Total 8 marks)
Q6. An apple and a leaf fall from a tree at the same instant. Both apple and leaf start at
the same height above the ground but the apple hits the ground first.
Use Newton’s laws of motion to explain why
(i) the leaf accelerates at first then reaches a terminal velocity,
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(ii) the apple hits the ground first.
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(Total 5 marks)
Q7. The diagram represents an experiment that can be used to investigate stopping
distances for a moving trolley.
The trolley is placed on the raised section of the track. When released it moves down the
track and then travels along the horizontal section before colliding with the block. The
trolley and block join and move together after the collision. The distance they move is
measured.
(a) State the main energy changes taking place
(i) as the trolley descends,
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(ii) after the collision, as the trolley and block move together.
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(2)
(b) Describe how the speed of the trolley, just before it collides with the block may be
measured experimentally.
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(3)
(c) State and explain how the speed of the trolley, prior to impact could be varied.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q8. While investigating projectile motion, a student used stroboscopic photography to

determine the position of a steel ball at regular intervals as it fell under gravity. With the
stroboscope flashing 20 times per second, the ball was released from rest at the top of an
inclined track, and left the foot of the track at P, as shown in the diagram below.
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For each of the images on the photograph, the student calculated the horizontal distance,
x, and the vertical distance, y, covered by the ball at time t after passing P. Both distances
were measured from point P. He recorded his results for the distances x and y in the table.

image x/cm y/cm t/s (y/t)/cm s –1
1 11.6 9.3 0.05
2 22.0 21.0 0.10
3 32.4 35.0 0.15
4 44.2 51.8 0.20
5 54.8 71.0 0.25
6 66.0 92.2 0.30
(a) Using two sets of measurements from the table, calculate the horizontal component
of velocity of the ball. Give a reason for your choice of measurements.
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(2)
(b) The student worked out that the variables y and t in the experiment could be
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represented by
= u + kt
where u and k are constants.
(i) Complete the table above.
(ii) Use the data in the table to plot a suitable graph to confirm the equation.
(Allow one sheet pf graph paper)
(iii) Use your graph to find the values of u and k.
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(9)
(c) State the physical significance of
u ...................................................................................................................
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k ...................................................................................................................
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(2)
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(d) Calculate the magnitude of the velocity of the ball at point P.
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(2)
(Total 15 marks)
Q9. (a) State the principle of moments.
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(3)
(b) (i) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you would use to verify the principle
of moments.

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(ii) Describe the procedure that would be used and state what measurements are
taken.
You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication in your
answer.
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(iii) Explain how the results would be used to verify the principle of moments.
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(7)
(Total 10 marks)

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Q10. A constant resultant horizontal force of 1.8 × 10 N acts on a car of mass 900 kg,
3
initially at rest on a level road.
(a) Calculate
(i) the acceleration of the car,
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(ii) the speed of the car after 8.0 s,
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(iii) the momentum of the car after 8.0 s,
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(iv) the distance travelled by the car in the first 8.0 s of its motion,
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(v) the work done by the resultant horizontal force during the first 8.0 s.
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(9)
(b) On the axes below sketch the graphs for speed, v, and distance travelled, s, against
time, t, for the first 8.0 s of the car’s motion.
(2)
(c) In practice the resultant force on the car changes with time. Air resistance is one
factor that affects the resultant force acting on the vehicle.
(i) Suggest, with a reason, how the resultant force on the car changes as its
speed increases.
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(ii) Explain, using Newton’s laws of motion, why the vehicle has a maximum
speed.
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(5)
(Total 16 marks)
Q11. (a) (i) State what is meant by a scalar quantity.
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(ii) State two examples of scalar quantities.
example 1: .........................................................................................
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example 2: ..........................................................................................
(3)
(b) An object is acted upon by two forces at right angles to each other. One of the
forces has a magnitude of 5.0 N and the resultant force produced on the object is
9.5 N.
Determine
(i) the magnitude of the other force,
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(ii) the angle between the resultant force and the 5.0 N force.
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(4)
(Total 7 marks)
Q12. A skydiver of mass 70 kg, jumps from a stationary balloon and reaches a speed of
45 m s after falling a distance of 150 m.
–1
(a) Calculate the skydiver’s
(i) loss of gravitational potential energy,
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(ii) gain in kinetic energy.
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(4)
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(b) The difference between the loss of gravitational potential energy and the gain in
kinetic energy is equal to the work done against air resistance. Use this fact to
calculate
(i) the work done against air resistance,
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(ii) the average force due to air resistance acting on the skydiver.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q13. (a) Define the moment of a force.
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(2)
(b) The diagram shows a uniform diving board of weight, W, that is fixed at A. The
diving board is supported by a cylinder at C, that exerts an upward force, P, on the
board.
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(i) By considering moments about A, explain why the force P must be greater
than the weight of the board, W.
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(ii) State and explain what would be the effect on the force P of a girl walking
along the board from A to B.
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(4)
(Total 6 marks)
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Q14. The aeroplane shown in the diagram below is travelling horizontally at 95 m s . –1
It has to drop a crate of emergency supplies.

The air resistance acting on the crate may be neglected.
(a) (i) The crate is released from the aircraft at point P and lands at point Q. Sketch
the path followed by the crate between P and Q as seen from the ground.
(ii) Explain why the horizontal component of the crate’s velocity remains constant
while it is moving through the air.
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(3)
(b) (i) To avoid damage to the crate, the maximum vertical component of the crate’s
velocity on landing should be 32 m s . Show that the maximum height from
–1
which the crate can be dropped is approximately 52 m.
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(ii) Calculate the time taken for the crate to reach the ground if the crate is
dropped from a height of 52 m.
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(iii) If R is a point on the ground directly below P, calculate the horizontal

distance QR.
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(6)
(c) In practice air resistance is not negligible. State and explain the effect this has on
the maximum height from which the crate can be dropped.
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(2)
(Total 11 marks)
Q15. (a) Define the moment of a force about a point.
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(2)
(b) The diagram shows a trailer attached to the towbar of a stationary car. The weight of
the trailer is 1800 N and is shown acting through its centre of gravity.
F is the force exerted by the towbar on the trailer. F is the total normal reaction
R
force experienced by the trailer. When stationary all forces acting on the trailer are
vertical.
(i) Explain what is meant by centre of gravity.
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(ii) Calculate the force, F, exerted by the towbar on the trailer.
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(3)
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(iii) Calculate F . R
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(2)
(c) The car starts to move forwards. State and explain what happens to the magnitude
and direction of force, F.
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(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q16. The graph represents the motion of two cars, A and B, as they move along a straight,
horizontal road.
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(a) Describe the motion of each car as shown on the graph.
(i) car A: ..........................................................................……………..….
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(ii) car B: ...........................................................................………………..
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(3)
(b) Calculate the distance travelled by each car during the first 5.0 s.
(i) car A: ....................................….....................................................................
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(ii) car B: ........….......................................................................................
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(4)
(c) At time t = 0, the two cars are level. Explain why car A is at its maximum distance
ahead of B at t = 2.5 s
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(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q17. A packing case is being lifted vertically at a constant speed by a cable attached to a
crane.
The packing case has a mass of 640 kg.
(a) With reference to one of Newton’s laws of motion, explain why the tension, T, in the
cable must be equal to the weight of the packing case.
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(3)
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(b) The packing case is lifted through a vertical height of 8.0 m in 4.5 s.
Calculate
(i) the work done on the packing case,
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(ii) the power output of the crane in this situation.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q18. (a) State the difference between vector and scalar quantities.
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(1)
(b) State one example of a vector quantity (other than force) and one example of a
scalar quantity.
vector quantity .............................................................................................
scalar quantity ..............................................................................................

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(2)
(c) A 12.0 N force and a 8.0 N force act on a body of mass 6.5 kg at the same time.
For this body, calculate
(i) the maximum resultant acceleration that it could experience,
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(ii) the minimum resultant acceleration that it could experience.
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(4)
(Total 7 marks)
Q19. A fairground ride ends with the car moving up a ramp at a slope of 30° to the
horizontal as shown in the figure below.
(a) The car and its passengers have a total weight of 7.2 × 10 N. Show that the 3
component of the weight parallel to the ramp is 3.6 × 10 N. 3
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(1)
(b) Calculate the deceleration of the car assuming the only force causing the car to
decelerate is that calculated in part (a).
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(2)
(c) The car enters at the bottom of the ramp at 18 m s . Calculate the minimum length
–1
of the ramp for the car to stop before it reaches the end. The length of the car
should be neglected.
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(2)
(d) Explain why the stopping distance is, in practice, shorter than the value calculated in
part (c).
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
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Q20. (a) Explain why a raindrop falling vertically through still air reaches a constant
velocity. You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication in your
answer.
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(4)
(b) A raindrop falls at a constant vertical velocity of 1.8 m s in still air. The mass of the
–1
raindrop is 7.2 × 10 kg. –9
Calculate
(i) the kinetic energy of the raindrop,
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(ii) the work done on the raindrop as it falls through a vertical distance of 4.5 m.
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(4)
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(c) The raindrop in part (b) now falls through air in which a horizontal wind is blowing. If
the velocity of the wind is 1.4 m s , use a scale diagram or calculation to determine
–1
the magnitude and direction of the resultant velocity of the raindrop.
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(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Q21. The figure below shows a uniform steel girder being held horizontally by a crane.
Two cables are attached to the ends of the girder and the tension in each of these cables
is T.
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(a) If the tension, T, in each cable is 850 N, calculate
(i) the horizontal component of the tension in each cable,
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(ii) the vertical component of the tension in each cable,
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(iii) the weight of the girder.
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(4)
(b) On the figure draw an arrow to show the line of action of the weight of the girder.
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

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Q22. The figure below shows a stationary metal block hanging from the middle of a
stretched wire which is suspended from a horizontal beam. The tension in each half of the
wire is 15 N.
(a) Calculate for the wire at A,
(i) the resultant horizontal component of the tension forces,
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(ii) the resultant vertical component of the tension forces.
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(3)
(b) (i) State the weight of the metal block.
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(ii) Explain how you arrived at your answer, with reference to an appropriate law
of motion.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q23. The figure below shows a supermarket trolley.
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The weight of the trolley and its contents is 160 N.
(a) Explain what is meant by centre of gravity.
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(2)
(b) P and Q are the resultant forces that the ground exerts on the rear wheels and front
wheels respectively. Calculate the magnitude of
(i) force P,
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(ii) force Q.
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(3)
(c) Calculate the minimum force that needs to be applied vertically at A to lift the front
wheels off the ground.
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(2)
(d) State and explain, without calculation, how the minimum force that needs to be
applied vertically at A to lift the rear wheels off the ground compares to the force you
calculated in part (c).
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(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q24. The figure below shows apparatus that can be used to investigate energy changes.
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The trolley and the mass are joined by an inextensible string. In an experiment to
investigate energy changes, the trolley is initially held at rest, and is then released so that
the mass falls vertically to the ground.
(a) (i) State the energy changes of the falling mass.
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(ii) Describe the energy changes that take place in this system.
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(4)
(b) State what measurements would need to be made to investigate the conservation of
energy.
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(2)
(c) Describe how the measurements in part (b) would be used to investigate the
conservation of energy.
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(4)
(Total 10 marks)
Q25. A car accelerates from rest to a speed of 26 m s . The table shows how the speed of
–1
the car varies over the first 30 seconds of motion.

time/ s 0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
speed/ m s –1
0 16.5 22.5 24.5 25.5 26.0 26.0
(a) Draw a graph of speed against time on the grid provided.
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(3)
(b) Calculate the average acceleration of the car over the first 25 s.
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(2)
(c) Use your graph to estimate the distance travelled by the car in the first 25 s.
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(2)
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(d) Using the axes below, sketch a graph to show how the resultant force acting on the
car varies over the first 30 s of motion.
(2)
(e) Explain the shape of the graph you have sketched in part (d), with reference to the
graph you plotted in part (a).
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(2)
(Total 11 marks)
Q26. A supertanker of mass 4.0 × 10 kg, cruising at an initial speed of 4.5 m s , takes one
8 –1
hour to come to rest.
(a) Assuming that the force slowing the tanker down is constant, calculate
(i) the deceleration of the tanker,
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(ii) the distance travelled by the tanker while slowing to a stop.
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(4)
(b) Sketch, using the axes below, a distance-time graph representing the motion of the
tanker until it stops.
(2)
(c) Explain the shape of the graph you have sketched in part (b).
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
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Q27. The figure below shows an apparatus used to locate the centre of gravity of a non-
uniform metal rod.
The rod is supported horizontally by two wires, P and Q and is in equilibrium.
(a) State two conditions that must be satisfied for the rod to be in equilibrium.
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(2)
(b) Wire Q is attached to a newtonmeter so that the force the wire exerts on the rod can
be measured. The reading on the newtonmeter is 2.0 N and the weight of the rod is
5.0 N.
Calculate
(i) the force that wire P exerts on the rod,
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(ii) the distance d.
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Q28. The figure below shows a skateboarder descending a ramp.
The skateboarder starts from rest at the top of the ramp at A and leaves the ramp at B
horizontally with a velocity v.
(a) State the energy changes that take place as the skateboarder moves from A to B.
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(2)
(b) In going from A to B the skateboarder’s centre of gravity descends a vertical height
of 1.5 m. Calculate the horizontal velocity, v, stating an assumption that you make.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(c) Explain why the acceleration decreases as the skateboarder moves from A to B.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) After leaving the ramp at B the skateboarder lands on the ground at C 0.42 s later.
Calculate for the skateboarder
(i) the horizontal distance travelled between B and C,
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
Page 45
(ii) the vertical component of the velocity immediately before impact at C,
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(iii) the magnitude of the resultant velocity immediately before impact at C.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 12 marks)
Q29. A car accelerates from rest to a speed of 26 m s . The table shows how the speed of
–1
the car varies over the first 30 seconds of motion.

time/s 0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
speed/m s –1
0 16.5 22.5 24.5 25.5 26.0 26.0
(a) Draw a graph of speed against time on the grid below.
Page 46
(5)
(b) Calculate the average acceleration of the car over the first 25 s.
(2)
(c) Use your graph to estimate the distance travelled by the car in the first 25 s.

(2)
(d) Using the axes below, sketch a graph to show how the resultant force acting on the
car varies over the first 30 s of motion.
Page 47
(3)
(e) Explain the shape of the graph you have sketched in part (d), with reference to the
graph you plotted in part (a).
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)
Q30. The diagram below shows a swimmer standing at the end of a diving board above a
swimming pool.
The mass of the swimmer is 72 kg and the horizontal distance between point A and his
centre of mass is 2.4 m.
Page 48
(a) Calculate the moment of the swimmer’s weight about point A.
Gravitational field strength of the Earth, g = 9.8 N kg . –1
Moment .......................
(3)
(b) The swimmer dives off the diving board and his centre of mass falls through 3.2 m
before he reaches the water. Calculate the swimmer’s vertical speed as he enters
the water. Neglect air resistance.
Gravitational field strength of the Earth, g = 9.8 N kg –1
Speed ...........................
(3)
(c) The water brings the diver to rest when his centre of mass is 1.6 m below the
surface of the water. Calculate the average total upward force acting on the diver
which brings his vertical velocity to zero.
Page 49

(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Q31. The diagram below shows the path of a ball thrown horizontally from the top of a
tower of height 24 m which is surrounded by level ground.
(a) Using two labelled arrows, show on the diagram above the direction of the velocity,
v, and the acceleration, a, of the ball when it is at point P.
(2)
(b) (i) Calculate the time taken from when the ball is thrown to when it first hits the
ground. Assume air resistance is negligible.
Page 50
Answer ................................ s
(2)
(ii) The ball hits the ground 27 m from the base of the tower. Calculate the speed
at which the ball is thrown.
Answer ......................... m s –1
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q32. (a) (i) State the difference between a scalar quantity and a vector quantity.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) State two examples of a scalar quantity and two examples of a vector
quantity.
scalar quantities ..................................................................................
vector quantities …..............................................................................

(3)
(b) The diagram below shows a ship fitted with a sail attached to a cable. The force of
the wind on the sail assists the driving force of the ship’s propellors.
Page 51
The cable exerts a steady force of 2.8 kN on the ship at an angle of 35° above a
horizontal line.
(i) Calculate the horizontal and vertical components of this force.
horizontal component of force ............. kN
vertical component of force ................. kN

(2)
(ii) The ship is moving at a constant velocity of 8.3 m s and the horizontal
–1
component of the force of the cable on the ship acts in the direction in which
the ship is moving.
Calculate the power provided by the wind to this ship, stating an appropriate
unit.
Answer ..................................
(3)
(c) The cable has a diameter of 0.014 m. Calculate the tensile stress in the cable when
it exerts a force of 2.8 kN on the ship, stating an appropriate unit.
Assume the weight of the cable is negligible.
Page 52

Answer ................................
(5)
(Total 14 marks)
Q33. A car is travelling on a level road at a speed of 15.0 m s towards a set of traffic
–1
lights when the lights turn red. The driver applies the brakes 0.5 s after seeing the lights
turn red and stops the car at the traffic lights. The table below shows how the speed of the
car changes from when the traffic lights turn red.

time/s 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
speed/m s –1
15.0 15.0 12.5 10.0 7.5 5.0 2.5 0.0
(a) Draw a graph of speed on the y-axis against time on the x-axis on the grid provided.
Page 53
(5)
(b) (i) State and explain what feature of the graph shows that the car’s deceleration
was uniform.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(2)
Page 54
(ii) Use your graph to calculate the distance the car travelled after the lights
turned red to when it stopped.
Answer .................. m
(4)
(Total 11 marks)
Q34. A steel ball is released from rest above a cylinder of liquid, as shown in Figure 1.
The ball descends vertically in the air then in the liquid until it reaches the bottom of the
cylinder.
Figure 1
Page 55
(a) The vertical distance from the bottom of the ball at the point where it is released to
the liquid surface is 0.16 m.
(i) Calculate the time taken, t , by the ball to fall to the liquid surface from the
0
point where it is released. Give your answer to an appropriate number of

significant figures.
answer................................. s
(3)
(ii) Calculate the velocity, ν , of the ball on reaching the liquid.

0
answer .................................. m s –1
(2)
(b) Figure 2 below shows how the velocity of the ball changed after it was released.
Figure 2
Page 56
Describe and explain how the acceleration of the ball changed after it entered the
liquid until it reached the bottom of the cylinder.
The quality of your written answer will be assessed in this question.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 11 marks)
Q35. A steel ball is released from rest above a cylinder of liquid, as shown in Figure 1.
The ball descends vertically in the air then in the liquid until it reaches the bottom of the
cylinder.
Figure 1
Page 57
(a) The vertical distance from the bottom of the ball at the point where it is released to
the liquid surface is 0.16 m.
(i) Calculate the time taken, t , by the ball to fall to the liquid surface from the
0
point where it is released. Give your answer to an appropriate number of

significant figures.
answer................................. s
(3)
(ii) Calculate the velocity, ν , of the ball on reaching the liquid.

0
answer .................................. m s –1
Page 58
(2)
(b) Figure 2 below shows how the velocity of the ball changed after it was released.
Figure 2
Describe and explain how the acceleration of the ball changed after it entered the
liquid until it reached the bottom of the cylinder.
The quality of your written answer will be assessed in this question.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 11 marks)
Page 59
Page 60
M1. (a) (i) 70 m s (1)

–1
(ii) v = 9.81 × 2.0 (1)

= 20 m s (1) (19.6 m s )
–1 –1
(iii) v = √(70 + 19.62 ) = 73 m s (1)

2 2 –1
direction: tan θ = = 0.28
θ = 15.6° (1) (± 0. 1°) (to horizontal) (1)

(allow C.E. for values of v from (i) and (ii))
[or use of correct scale drawing]
5
(b) (i) air resistance is greater than weight (1)

(hence) resultant force is upwards (1)
hence deceleration (Newton's second law) (1)
(ii) air resistance decreases as speed decreases (1)

weight equals air resistance (hence constant speed)
(hence) resultant force is zero (Newton's first law) (1)
max 4
QWC 2
[9]
M2. (a) (i) resultant force acting on tray is zero [or P + W = Q] (1)
resultant torque is zero
[or correct moments equation
or anticlockwise moments = clockwise moments] (1)
(ii) W= 0.12 × 9.81 = 1.2N (1) (1.18N)
Page 61
(iii) (taking moments about P gives)

Q × 0.1 = 0.12 × 9.81 × 0.25 (1)
Q = 2.9 N (2.94 N) (1)
P = 2.9 – 1.2 = 1.7 N (1) (or 2.94 – 1.18 = 1.76 N)
(allow C.E. for values of W and Q)
6
(b) placed at Q (1)

no additional turning moment about Q (1)
2
[8]
M3. (a) (i) initial acceleration/increase of speed (1)

reaches a constant speed/velocity (1)
acceleration decreases to become zero (at this speed) (1)
(ii) drag/frictional forces increases with speed (1)

drag equal to weight (– upthrust) (1)
no resultant force at terminal speed
[or balanced forces or forces cancel] (1)
max 5
(b) column C
26.6
39.7 four values correct (1)
49.4 all values correct and to 3 or 4 s.f. (1)
75.2
118
173.5
2
(c) (i) column E

1.42
Page 62
1.60
1.69 all values correct and to 3 or 4 s.f. (1)
1.88
2.07
2.24
(ii) axes labelled and suitable scales chosen (1)

at least 5 points plotted correctly (1)
acceptable line (1)
4
(d) (i) gradient = = 2.0 (1)
n = gradient (= 2) (1)
(ii) intercept on y-axis = log k (1)

intercept = 1.0 (1)
k (= 10 ) = 10 (1)
1.0
units of k: for n = 2, mm s (1)

–1 –1
max 5
[16]
M4. (a) (i) area = 120 × 10 (m ) (1)

6 2
mass = 120 × 10 × 10 × 1100 = 1.3 × 10 kg (1)

6 12
(ii) (use of E = mgh gives) ΔE = 1.3 × 10 × 9.8 × 5 = 6.4 × 10 J (1)

p p
12 13
(allow C.E. for incorrect value of mass from (i))
(iii) power (from sea water) =
[or correct use of P = Fv]

= 3000 (MW) (1)
Page 63
(allow C.E. for incorrect value of ΔE from (ii))
p
power output = 3000 × 0.4 (1)

= 120 MW (1)
(allow C.E. for incorrect value of power)
[7]
M5. (a) (i) horizontal component of the tension in the cable (1)
(ii) vertical component of the tension in the cable (1)

2
(b) (i) T = 250 × 9.81 = 2500 N (1) (2452 N)

vert
(ii) T
horiz = 1200 N
(iii) T = (1200) + (2500) (1)

2 2 2
T = (1.44 × 10 + 6.25 × 10 ) = 2800 N (1) (2773 N)

6 6 1/2
(if use of T = 2450 N then T = 2730 N)

vert
(allow C.E. for values from (b) (i) and (b)(ii))
(iv) tan θ = (1)
θ = 26° (1)
(allow C.E. for values from (b) (i) and (b)(ii))
6
[8]
Page 64
M6. (i) weight greater than air resistance
[or (initially only) weight/gravity acting] (1)
hence resultant force downwards or therefore acceleration (2nd law) (1)
air resistance or upward force increases with speed (1)
until air resistance equals weight or resultant force is zero (1)
leaf moves at constant velocity (1st law)
[or 1st law applied correctly] (1)
(ii) air resistance depends on shape

[or other correct statement about air resistance] (1)
air resistance less significant (1)
air resistance less, therefore greater velocity
[or average velocity greater or accelerates for longer] (1)
max 5
QWC 2
[5]
M7. (a) (i) (gravitational) potential energy to kinetic energy (1)
(ii) kinetic energy to heat energy

[or work done against friction] (1)
2
(b) e.g. when using light gates

place piece of card on trolley of measured length (1)
card obscures light gate just before trolley strikes block (1)
calculate speed from length of card/time obscured (1)
alternative 1: measured horizontal distance (1)

speed = distance/time (1)
time (1)
alternative 2: measure h (1)

equate potential and kinetic energy (1)
v = gh (1)
2
Page 65
alternative 3: data logger + sensor (1)
how data processed (1)
how speed found (1)
3
QWC 2
(c) vary starting height of trolley

[or change angle] (1)
the greater the height the greater the speed of impact (1)
[or alter friction of surface (1)

greater friction, lower speed] (1)
2
[7]
M8. (a) suitable calculation using a pair of values of x and corresponding t

to give an average of 2.2 m s (± 0.05 m s ) (1)
–1 –1
valid reason given (1)

(e.g. larger values are more reliable/accurate
or use of differences eliminates zero errors)
2
(b) (i) column D (y/t (cm s )

–1
186
210
233
259
284
307
all values correct to 3 s.f. (1)
Page 66
(ii) graph: chosen graph gives a straight line (e.g. y/t against t) (1)
axes labelled correctly (1)
suitable scale chosen (1)
minimum of four points correctly plotted (1)
best straight line (1)
(iii) u (= y - intercept) = 162 cm s (± 4 cm s ) (1)

–1 –1
gradient = 495 (cm s ) (± 25 cm s ) (1)

–2 –2
k = gradient (= 495 cm s ) (1)–2
(c) (i) u : initial vertical component of velocity (1)
(ii) k : = ½ g (1)
2
(d) v = u + 2.2 (1)

2 2 2
gives v = (1.62 + 2.2 ) = 2.7 m s (± 0.1 m s ) (1)

2 2 1/2 –1 –1
2
[15]
M9. (a) for a body in equilibrium (1)

the (sum of the) clockwise moments about a point (1)
are equal to (the sum of) the anticlockwise moments (1)
[or resultant torque about a point (1) is zero (1)]
3
(b) (i) diagram to show: pivot/fulcrum/balance point (1)

masses or appropriate objects (1)
(ii) known masses on either side of pivot (1)

move this mass until ruler is in equilibrium/balanced (1)
measure distances (1)
repeat with other masses (1)
(iii) (calculate) weights of masses (on left and right of pivot) (1)
Page 67
product of weight and distance to pivot on either side of pivot (1)
hence should be equal (1)
max 7
QWC 2
[10]
M10. (a) (i) (use of F = ma gives) 1.8 × 10 = 900 a (1)

3
a = 2.0 m s (1) –2
(ii) (use of v = u + at gives) v = 2.0 × 8.0 = 16 m s (1) –1
(allow C.E. for a from (i))
(iii) (use of p = mv gives) p = 900 × 16

= 14 × 10 kg m s (or N s) (1) (14.4 × 10 kg m s )
3 –1 3 –1
(allow C.E. for v from(ii))
(iv) (use of s = ut + ½at gives) s =

2
(1)
= 64 m (1)
(allow C.E. for a from (i))
(v) use of W = Fs gives) W = 1.8 × 10 × 64 (1) 3
= 1.2 × 10 J (1) (1.15 × 10 J)

5 5
(allow C.E. for s from (iv))
[or E = ½mv = ½ × 900 × 16 (1)

k
2 2
= 1.2 × 10 J (1)
5
(allow C.E. for v from (ii))]

9
Page 68
(b)
(c) (i) decreases (1)

air resistance increases (with speed) (1)
(ii) eventually two forces are equal (in magnitude) (1)

resultant force is zero (1)
hence constant/terminal velocity (zero acceleration)

in accordance with Newton’s first law (1)
correct statement and application of Newton’s first

or second law (1)
max 5
QWC 2
[16]
M11. (a) (i) a quantity that has magnitude only

[or has no direction] (1)
(ii) any two: e.g. energy (1)

temperature (1)
3
(b) (i)
Page 69
scale (1)
5 N and 9.5 N (1)
correct answer (8.1 N ± 0.2 N) (1)
[or 9.5 = 5.0 + F (1)

2 2 2
F = 90.3 – 25 (1)
2
F = 8.1 N (1) (8.07 N)]
(ii) cos θ =
gives θ = 58° (1) (± 2° if taken from scale diagram)

4
[7]
M12. (a) (i) (use of E = mgh gives) E = 70 × 9.81 × 150 (1)

p p
= 1.0(3) × 10 J (1)
5
(ii) (use of E = ½mv gives) E = ½ × 70 × 45 (1)

k
2
k
2
= 7.1 × 10 J (1) (7.09 × 10 J)

4 4
(b) (i) work done (= 1.03 × 10 – 7.09 × 10 ) = 3.2(1) × 10 J (1)

5 4 4
(allow C.E. for values of E and E from (a)

p k
Page 70
(ii) (use of work done = Fs gives)
3.21 × 10 = F × 150 (1)
4
(allow C.E. for value of work done from (i)

F = 210 N (1) (213 N)
3
[7]
M13. (a) product of the force and the perpendicular distance (1)
reference to a point/pivot (1)
2
(b) (i) since W is at a greater distance from A (1)

then W must be less than P if moments are to be equal (1)
(ii) P must increase (1)

since moment of girl’s weight increases as she moves from A to B (1)
correct statement about how P changes
(e.g. P minimum at A, maximum at B, or P increases in a
linear fashion) (1)
max 4
[6]
M14. (a) (i)
(1)
Page 71
(ii) no horizontal force acting (1)
(hence) no (horizontal) acceleration (1)
[or correct application of Newton’s First law]
3
(b) (i) (use of v = u + 2as gives) 32 = (0) + 2 × 9.81 × s (1)

2 2 2
s= (1) (= 52.2 m)
(ii) (use of s = ½ at gives) 52 = ½ 9.81 × t (1)

2 2
= 3.3 s (1) (3.26 s)
[or use of v = u + at gives 32 = (0) + 9.81 × t (1)
= 3.3 s (1) (3.26 s)]
(iii) (use of x = vt gives) × (= QR) = 95 × 3.26 (1)

= 310 m (1)
(use of t = 3.3 gives x = 313.5 m)

(allow C.E. for value of t from (ii)
6
(c) maximum height is greater (1)

because vertical acceleration is less (1)
[or longer to accelerate]
2
[11]
Page 72
M15. (a) (moment) force × perpendicular (1) distance (from the point) (1)
2
(b) (i) the point in a body where the resultant torque is zero
[or where the (resultant) force of gravity acts or where the weight
acts through] (1)
(ii) F × 2.5 = 1800 × 0.35 (1)

F = 250 N (1) (252 N)
(iii) F = (1800 - 252) (1)

R
= 1500 N (1) (1548) N

[use of F = 250 N gives F = 1550 N or 1600 N)
R
(allow C.E. for incorrect value of F from (ii))

5
(c) force must have a horizontal component (1)

F (therefore) increases in magnitude (1)
and act at an angle (to the vertical) towards the car (1)
3
QWC 1
[10]
M16. (a) (i) car A: travels at constant speed (1)
(ii) car B: accelerates for first 5 secs (or up to 18 m s ) (1)

–1
then travels at constant speed (1)

3
(b) (i) car A: distance = 5.0 × 16 (1)

= 80 m (1)
Page 73
(ii) car B: (distance = area under graph)
distance = [5.0 × ½ (18 + 14)] (1)
= 80 m (1)
4
(c) car B is initially slower than car A (for first 2.5 s) (1)
distance apart therefore increases (1)
cars have same speed at 2.5 s(1)
after 2.5 s, car B travels faster than car A (or separation decreases) (1)
max 3
[10]
M17. (a) resultant force on crate is zero (1)

forces must have equal magnitudes or size (1)
(but) act in opposite directions (1)
correct statement of 1 or 2 law (1)
st nd
max 3
QWC 1
(b) (i) work done = F × d = 640 × 9.81 × 8.0 (1)

= 5.0(2) × 10 J (1)
4
(ii) (use of P = gives) P = = 1.1(2) × 10 W (1)

4
(allow C.E. for value of work done from (i))

3
[6]
Page 74
M18. (a) vector quantities have direction (as well as magnitude)

and scalar quantities do not (1)
1
(b) vector: e.g. velocity, acceleration, momentum (1)

scalar: e.g. mass, temperature, energy (1)
2
(c) (i) addition of forces (12 + 8) (1)
(use of F = ma gives) a = = 3.1 m s (1) (3.08 m s )

–2 –2
(ii) subtraction of forces (12 – 8) (1)
a= = 0.62 m s (1) (0.615 m s )

–2 –2
4
[7]
M19. (a) component (parallel to ramp) = 7.2 × 10 × sin 30 (1) (= 3.6 × 10 N)

3 3
(b) mass = = 734 (kg) (1)
a= = 4.9(1) m s (1)
–2
(c) (use of v = u + 2as gives) 0 = 18 – (2 × 4.9 × s) (1)

2 2 2
s = 33(.1) m (1)
(allow C.E. for value of a from (b))
2
Page 75
(d) frictional forces are acting (1)
increasing resultant force [or opposing motion] (1)
hence higher deceleration [or car stops quicker] (1)
energy is lost as thermal energy/heat (1) 
Max 2
[7]
M20. (a) weight/gravity causes raindrop to accelerate/move faster (initially) (1)

resistive forces/friction increase(s) with speed (1)
resistive force (eventually) equals weight (1)
[or upward forces equal downward forces]
resultant force is now zero (1)
[or forces balance or in equilibrium]
no more acceleration (1)
[or correct application of Newton’s Laws]
[if Newton’s third law used, then may only score first two marks]
Max 4
QWC 1
(b) (i) E (= ½mv ) = ½ × 7.2 × 10 × 1.8 (1)

k
2 –9 2
= 1.2 × 10 J (1) (1.17 × 10 J)

–8 –8
(ii) work done (= mgh) = 7.2 × 10 × 9.81 × 4.5 (1)

–9
= 3.2 × 10 J (1) (3.18 × 10 J)

–7 –7
(c) v = √(1.8 + 1.4 ) (1)

resultant
2 2
= 2.2(8) m s (1) –1
θ = tan (1.4/1.8) = 38° (1) (37.9°)

–1
[or correct scale diagram]

3
[11]
Page 76
M21. (a) (i) horizontal component = 850 × cos 42 (1)

= 630 N (1) (632 N)
(ii) vertical component = 850 × sin 42 = 570 N (1) (569 N)

(if mixed up sin and cos then CE in (ii))
(iii) weight of girder = 2 × 570 = 1100 N (1) (1142 N)

(use of 569 N gives weight = 1138 N)
(allow C.E. for value of vertical component in (ii))
4
(b) arrow drawn vertically downwards at centre of girder (1)

1
[5]
M22. (a) (i) (horizontal) force = zero (1)
(ii) (vertical) force = 2 × 15 sin 20 (1)
= 10(.3) N (1)

3
(b) (i) weight (of block) = 10(.3) N (1)
(allow C.E. for value from (a) (ii))
(ii) resultant force must be zero (1)
Page 77
with reference to an appropriate law of motion (1)
3
[6]
M23. (a) the point (in a body) (1)
where the weight (or gravity) of the object appears to act
[or resultant torque zero] (1)

2
(b) (i) P × 0.90 = 160 × 0.50 (1)

P = 89 N (88.9 N)
(ii) Q = (160 − 89) = 71 N (1)

(allow C.E. for value of P from (i))
3
(c) (minimum) force × 0.10 = 160 × 0.40 (1)
force = 640 N (1)

2
(d) force is less (1)
because distance to pivot is larger (1)
smaller force gives large enough moment (1)

3
[10]
Page 78
M24. (a) (i) (gravitational) potential energy (1)

to kinetic energy (1)
(ii) both trolley and mass have kinetic energy (1)

mention of thermal energy (due to friction) (1)
4
(b) masses of trolley and falling mass (1)
distance mass falls (or trolley moves) and time taken to

fall (or speed) (1)
2
(c) calculate loss of gravitational pot. energy of falling mass (mgh) (1)
calculate speed of trolley (as mass hits floor),
with details of speed calculation (1)
calculate kinetic energy of trolley (1)
and mass (1)
compare (loss of) potential energy with (gain of) kinetic energy (1)
Max 4
[10]
M25. (a) scales (1)
six points correctly plotted (1)
Page 79
trendline (1)
3
(b) average acceleration = (1)
= 1.0(4) ms (1)
-2
(allow C.E. for incorrect values used in acceleration calculation)

2
(c) area under graph (1)
= 510 ± 30 m (1)
2
(d) (graph to show force starting from y-axis)
decreasing (not a straight line) (1)
to zero (at end of graph) (1)

2
(e) (since) gradient of a velocity-time graph gives acceleration (1)
first graph shows acceleration is decreasing (1)

2
[11]
Page 80
M26. (a) (i) (use of gives) (1)
=1.25 × 10 ms (1)
–3 –2
(ii) (use of v = u +2as gives) 0=4.5 – 2 × 1.25 ×10 × s (1)

2 2 2 –3
(1)
4
(b) increasing curve (1)

correct curve (1)
(c) gradient (slope) of graph represents speed (1)

hence graph has decreasing gradient (1)
2
[8]
M27. (a) resultant force zero (1)

resultant torque about any point zero (1)
2
Page 81
(b) (i) force due to wire P = 5.0 - 2.0 = 3.0 N (1)
(ii) (moments give) 5.0 × d = 2.0 × 0.90 (1)

d= 0.36 m (1)
3
[5]
M28. (a) potential energy to kinetic energy (1)

mention of thermal energy and friction (1)
2
(b) (use of ½ mv = mgh gives) ½ v = 9.81 × 1.5 (1)

2
h
2
v = 5.4(2)ms (1)
h
–1
(assumption) energy converted to thermal energy is negligible (1)

3
(c) component of weight down the slope causes acceleration (1)

this component decreases as skateboard moves further down
the slope (1) air resistance/friction increases (with speed) (1)
2
(d) (i) distance (= 0.42 × 5.4) = 2.3m (1)

(2.27m)
(allow C.E. for value of v from (b))
h
(ii) v = 9.8 × 0.42 (1)

v
= 4.1(l) m s –1 (1)
(iii) v = 4.1 + 5.4 (1)

2 2 2
v = 6.8 m s (1) –1
(6.78 m s ) –1
(allow C.E. for value of v from (b))

h
5
[12]
Page 82
M29. (a) scales (1)(1) (one mark for each scale)
six points correctly plotted (1)(1)

(ignore 0,0 and lose one mark for each error)
trend line (1) (if misses more than two points then lose mark)
5
(b) average acceleration = 26/25 (1)
= 1.0(4) m s (1) e.c.f. from correct values used

–2
(c) area under graph (1) = 510 ± 30m (1)

2
(d) curve decreasing (1)
to zero at end of graph (1) and starting from vertical axis within 1mm (1)
3
(e) (since) gradient of a velocity-time graph gives acceleration (1)
(first graph shows) acceleration is decreasing (1)
or resistive force increases (with speed) (1)
so resultant force (or acceleration) decreases (1)

2
[14]
Page 83
M30. (a) (moment) = 72 × 9.8 × 2.4 (1)
penalise 1 mark for g = 10 m s –2
= 1690 (1) Nm (1)

3
(b) ½ mv = mgΔh or v = u + 2gs (1)

2 2 2
v = 9.8 × 3.2 × 2 (1)

2
allow e.c.f. g =10 m s –2
v = 7.92 m s (1)
–1
(8.0 m s with e.c.f.)

–1
(c) from Δmgh or Δ½mv = decelerating force × 1.6 m (1)

2
decelerating force = 1411N (or 1440N if g = 10 m s used) (1)

–2
total average upward force = 1411 + 706 = 2100 (2117)N (1)

3
[9]
M31. (a) velocity vector tangential to path and drawn from the ball, arrow
in correct direction (1)
acceleration vector vertically downwards, arrow drawn and in line

with ball (1)
2
(b) (i) s = ½ gt gives t =

2
(1) = 2.2(1) s (1)
Page 84
(ii) v (= s/t) = 27/2.2(1) (1) = 12(.2 m s ) or 12(.3) (1) (ecf from (b)(i))
–1
(answer only gets both marks)

4
[6]
M32. (a) (i) vector has direction and a scalar does not (1)
(ii) scalar examples; any two e.g. speed, mass, energy, time, power
vector examples; any two e.g. displacement, velocity,

acceleration, force or weight
(1)(1)(1) for 4 correct, (1)(1) for 3 correct, (1) for 2 correct

4
(b) (i) horizontal component (= 2.8 cos 35) = 2.3 (kN) (2293.6) (1)
vertical component (= 2.8 sin 35) = 1.6(kN) (1606.0) (1)
(ii) power = force × velocity or 2.3 kN × 8.3 m s (1) (ecf from (b) (i))
–1
= 1.9 × 10 (19037 or 19100) (1) ecf

4
W (or J s ) (1) (or 19 W (or kJ s ))

–1 –1
(c) (area of cross–section of cable =) π × (½ 0.014) (1) 2
= 1.5(4) × 10 (m ) (1)
–4 2
Page 85
stress (=F/A) =
(allow ecf here if attempt to calculate area) (1)
= 1.8(2) × 10 (1) ecf

7
Pa (or N m ) (1)
–2

QWC descriptor mark
range
good- The candidate provides a comprehensive and coherent 5-6

excellent description which includes all the necessary measurements
in a logical order. The description should show awareness of
the need to use a range of standard masses. In addition, the
use of the measurements is explained clearly, including an
outline of a graphical method to find the mass of the rock
sample, or calculation using two or more standard masses
and averaging. For 6 marks there must be a description of
how to make accurate measurements.
modest- The candidate’s description includes the necessary 3-4

adequate measurements using one standard mass as well as the rock
sample. The description may not be presented in a logical
order and they show little consideration in relation to making
the measurements accurately. A clear explanation is
provided of how to find the mass of the rock sample from
their measurements, including correct use of Hooke’s law
through calculations or inadequate graphical method.
poor- The candidate knows the necessary measurements to be 1-2

limited made using a standard mass and the rock sample. The
explanation of how to find the mass of the rock sample may
be sketchy.
5
[14]
M33. (a) axes labelled correctly with correct units shown (1)
Page 86
suitable scales (1)
6 points plotted correctly (1)
all points plotted correctly (1)
both sections of line drawn correctly (1)
(b) (i) the gradient (of the slope section) represents the deceleration/
calculates 5 m s (1)
–2
(deceleration is uniform because) the gradient is constant/

line is straight (1)
(ii) distance travelled = area under line (0 to 3.5 s or 0.5 to 3.5 s) (1)
(= 15.0 × 0.5) = 7.5 m in first 0.5 s (1)
(= 0.5 × 15.0 × 3.0) or s = ½(u + v)t, etc) = 22.5 m

(from 0.5s to 3.5s) (1)
(= ½(0.5 + 3.5) × 15 gets all three method marks)

(total distance travelled = 7.5 + 22.5) = 30m (1)
6
[11]
Page 87
M34. (a) (i) (u = 0, s = 0.16 m, a = 9.8(1) m s )

–2
(rearranging s = ut + ½ at with u = 0 gives)

2
t =
2
or v = u + 2gs or 0.16 = 1/2 × 9.81 t
2 2 2
or t =
0 (1) = 0.1804 or 0.1806 or 0.181 etc (1)
(s) 2 sf only (1)
(ii) (v = u + at =) 0 + 9.81 × 0.18 ecf (a) (i) or v = 2 × 9.81 × 0.16 (1)

0 0
2
= 1.8 or 1.77 (m s ) (1)

–1
(b) the mark scheme for this part of the question includes an overall
assessment for the Quality of Written Communication

QWC descriptor mark
range
good- The candidate provides a correct description of the motion of 5-6

excellent the ball including its deceleration in the fluid decreasing
and becoming zero (or attaining constant velocity). They
should give a comprehensive and coherent explanation
which includes nearly all the necessary principles in a logical
order. In their explanation, the candidate should refer to the
forces including their directions acting on the ball, why the
resistive force decreases and why the acceleration
becomes zero.
modest- The description should refer to the ball decelerating in the 3-4
adequate fluid until it becomes zero or attains constant velocity. Their
explanation should be fairly coherent although it may not be
comprehensive and may focus only on the forces acting
when the ball attains constant velocity - balanced forces -
or on the reason for the initial deceleration.
poor- The candidate knows that the ball decelerates (acceleration 1-2
Page 88
limited with direction) or is acted on by an upward force (as well as

the force of gravity). Their explanation of why the ball attains
constant velocity may be absent.
May be sketchy and lacks key considerations. They may not

appreciate that the two forces are equal and opposite when
the ball is moving at constant velocity.
incorrect,
inappropriate No answer at all or answer refers to unrelated, incorrect or
0
or no inappropriate physics.
response
The explanation expected in a competent answer should include a

coherent selection of the following physics ideas.
The ball decelerates/slows down in the fluid (1) if acceleration is used

the direction must be specified
• because a force due to fluid friction/resistance/viscosity acts

(upwards) on the ball (1)
• (and) the force due to the fluid is greater than the weight
of the ball (1)
• resistive force is upwards (1)
• resistive force decreases (1)
The deceleration decreases (to zero) (1)
• because the force due to fluid friction/resistance/viscosity

decreases as the ball’s speed decreases (1)
• until it is equal (and opposite) to the weight of the ball (1)
(or the resultant force is zero)
• gradient of graph gives the acceleration and the ball moves
at constant/terminal velocity/a = 0 (1)
[11]
Page 89
M35. (a) (i) (u = 0, s = 0.16 m, a = 9.8(1) m s )

–2
(rearranging s = ut + ½ at with u = 0 gives)

2
t =
2
or v = u + 2gs or 0.16 = 1/2 × 9.81 t
2 2 2
or t =
0 (1) = 0.1804 or 0.1806 or 0.181 etc (1)
(s) 2 sf only (1)
(ii) (v = u + at =) 0 + 9.81 × 0.18 ecf (a) (i) or v = 2 × 9.81 × 0.16 (1)

0 0
2
= 1.8 or 1.77 (m s ) (1)

–1
(b) the mark scheme for this part of the question includes an overall
assessment for the Quality of Written Communication

QWC descriptor mark
range
good- The candidate provides a correct description of the motion of 5-6

excellent the ball including its deceleration in the fluid decreasing
and becoming zero (or attaining constant velocity). They
should give a comprehensive and coherent explanation
which includes nearly all the necessary principles in a logical
order. In their explanation, the candidate should refer to the
forces including their directions acting on the ball, why the
resistive force decreases and why the acceleration
becomes zero.
modest- The description should refer to the ball decelerating in the 3-4
adequate fluid until it becomes zero or attains constant velocity. Their
explanation should be fairly coherent although it may not be
comprehensive and may focus only on the forces acting
when the ball attains constant velocity - balanced forces -
or on the reason for the initial deceleration.
Page 90
poor- The candidate knows that the ball decelerates (acceleration 1-2
limited with direction) or is acted on by an upward force (as well as
the force of gravity). Their explanation of why the ball attains
constant velocity may be absent.
May be sketchy and lacks key considerations. They may not

appreciate that the two forces are equal and opposite when
the ball is moving at constant velocity.
incorrect,
inappropriate No answer at all or answer refers to unrelated, incorrect or
0
or no inappropriate physics.
response
The explanation expected in a competent answer should include a

coherent selection of the following physics ideas.
The ball decelerates/slows down in the fluid (1) if acceleration is used

the direction must be specified
• because a force due to fluid friction/resistance/viscosity acts

(upwards) on the ball (1)
• (and) the force due to the fluid is greater than the weight
of the ball (1)
• resistive force is upwards (1)
• resistive force decreases (1)
The deceleration decreases (to zero) (1)
• because the force due to fluid friction/resistance/viscosity

decreases as the ball’s speed decreases (1)
• until it is equal (and opposite) to the weight of the ball (1)
(or the resultant force is zero)
• gradient of graph gives the acceleration and the ball moves
at constant/terminal velocity/a = 0 (1)
[11]

Page 91
Page 92

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Magdalen College School

air resistance can be ignored, determine

(i) his horizontal velocity 2.0 s after jumping,

(ii) his vertical velocity 2.0 s after jumping,

(i) his velocity initially decreases,

(ii) a terminal velocity is reached.

P, Q and W are the three forces acting on the tray.

(iii) Calculate the magnitudes of forces P and Q.

radius of ball time of fall / s terminal speed log (r / mm)

bearing (through 850 mm) v / mm s –1

1.62 32.0 0.210

1.98 21.4 0.297

2.21 17.2 0.344

2.73 11.3 0.436

3.40 7.2 0.531

4.12 4.9 0.615

(c) The relationship between v and r is known to be of the form

where n and k are constants.

(Allow one sheet of graph paper)

(d) Use your graph to determine

(i) the constant n,

(ii) the constant k.

density of sea water = 1100 kg m –3

(a) In the position shown the ball is in equilibrium.

(i) What balances the force of the rope on the ball?

(ii) What balances the weight of the ball?

(iii) the magnitude of the tension in the cable,

(iv) the angle the cable makes to the vertical.

Use Newton’s laws of motion to explain why

(i) the leaf accelerates at first then reaches a terminal velocity,

(ii) the apple hits the ground first.

(a) State the main energy changes taking place

(i) as the trolley descends,

Q8. While investigating projectile motion, a student used stroboscopic photography to

1 11.6 9.3 0.05

2 22.0 21.0 0.10

3 32.4 35.0 0.15

4 44.2 51.8 0.20

5 54.8 71.0 0.25

6 66.0 92.2 0.30

where u and k are constants.

(i) Complete the table above.

(Allow one sheet pf graph paper)

(iii) Use your graph to find the values of u and k.

(c) State the physical significance of

Q9. (a) State the principle of moments.

initially at rest on a level road.

(i) the acceleration of the car,

(ii) the speed of the car after 8.0 s,

(iii) the momentum of the car after 8.0 s,

Q11. (a) (i) State what is meant by a scalar quantity.

(ii) State two examples of scalar quantities.

(i) the magnitude of the other force,

(a) Calculate the skydiver’s

(i) loss of gravitational potential energy,

(ii) gain in kinetic energy.

(i) the work done against air resistance,

Q13. (a) Define the moment of a force.

Q14. The aeroplane shown in the diagram below is travelling horizontally at 95 m s . –1