Waves and Optics Questions and Answers in One File

Magdalen College School
Q1. A vertical screen is placed several metres beyond a vertical double slit arrangement
illuminated by a laser. The diagram below shows a full-size tracing of the pattern of spots
obtained on this screen. The black patches represent red light whilst the spaces between
them are dark.
(a) Using the wave theory, explain how the pattern of bright and dark patches is formed.
You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication provided in
your answer.
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(3)
(b) The slit separation was 0.90 mm and the distance between the slits and the screen
was 4.2 m.
(i) Calculate the spacing of the bright fringes by taking measurements on the
diagram of the tracing.
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(ii) Hence determine the wavelength of the laser light used.
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(4)
(Total 7 marks)
Q2. The diagram shows a ray of light passing from air into a glass prism at an angle of
incidence θi. The light emerges from face BC as shown.
refractive index of the glass = 1.55
(a) (i) Mark the critical angle along the path of the ray with the symbol θc.
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(ii) Calculate the critical angle, θc.
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(3)
(b) For the ray shown calculate the angle of incidence, θi.
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(2)
(c) Without further calculations draw the path of another ray of light incident at the same
point on the prism but with a smaller angle of incidence. The path should show the
ray emerging from the prism into the air.
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q3.
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A microwave transmitter directs waves towards a metal plate. When a microwave detector
is moved along a line normal to the transmitter and the plate, it passes through a
sequence of equally spaced maxima and minima of intensity.
(a) Explain how these maxima and minima are formed.
You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication in your answer.
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(4)
(b) The detector is placed at a position where the intensity is a minimum. When it is
moved a distance of 144 mm it passes through nine maxima and reaches the ninth
minimum from the starting point.
Calculate
(i) the wavelength of the microwaves,
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(ii) the frequency of the microwave transmitter.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q4. The diagram below shows a liquid droplet placed on a cube of glass. A ray of light
from air, incident normally on to the droplet, continues in a straight line and is refracted at
the liquid to glass boundary as shown.
(a) Calculate the speed of light

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(i) in the glass,
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(ii) in the liquid droplet.
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(3)
(b) Calculate the refractive index of the liquid.
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(2)
(c) On the diagram above, complete the path of the ray showing it emerge from the
glass cube into the air.
No further calculations are required.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
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Q5. (a) The diagram below shows an arrangement used to investigate the properties of
microwaves.
When the transmitter T was rotated through 90° about the straight line XY, the
receiver signal decreased to zero. Explain why this happened and state the property
of microwaves responsible for this effect.
You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication in your answer.
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(3)
(b) A microwave oven produces microwaves of wavelength 0.12 m in air.
(i) Calculate the frequency of these microwaves.
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(ii) In a certain oven, explain why food heated in a fixed position in this oven
would be uncooked at certain points if stationary waves were allowed to form.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q6. Figure 1 shows a cross-section through a rectangular light-emitting diode (LED).

When current passes through the LED, light is emitted from the semiconductor material at
P and passes through the transparent material and into the air at Q.
Figure 1
(a) (i) The refractive index of the transparent material of the LED is 1.5. Calculate the
critical angle of this material when the LED is in air.
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(ii) Figure 1 shows a light ray PQ incident on the surface at Q. Calculate the
angle of incidence of this light ray at Q if the angle of refraction is 40°.
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(iii) Figure 1 also shows a second light ray PR incident at R at an angle of

incidence of 45°. Use Figure 1 to explain why this light ray cannot escape into
the air.
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(7)
(b) The LED in part (a) is used to send pulses of light down two straight optical fibres of
the same refractive index as the transparent material of the LED. The fibres are
placed end-on with the LED, as shown in Figure 2. Optical fibre 1 is positioned at Q
and the other at S directly opposite P.
Figure 2
(i) Continue the path of the light ray PQ into and along the optical fibre.
(ii) Compare the times taken for pulses of light to travel along the same length of
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each fibre.
Give a reason for your answer.
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(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q7. (a) State the conditions that are necessary for the formation of a stationary wave.
your answer.
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(2)
(b)
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The diagram represents a stationary wave on a stretched string. The continuous line
shows the position of the string at a particular instant when the displacement is a
maximum. P and S are the fixed ends of the string. Q and R are the positions of the
nodes. The speed of waves on the string is 200 m s . –1
(i) State the wavelength of the waves on the string.
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(ii) Calculate the frequency of vibration.
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(iii) Draw on the diagram the position of the string 3.0 ms later than the position
shown. Explain below how you arrive at your answer.
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(5)
(Total 7 marks)
Q8. The diagram shows a ray of monochromatic light, in the plane of the paper, incident
on the end face of an optical fibre.
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(a) (i) Draw on the diagram the complete path followed by the incident ray, showing it
entering into the fibre and emerging from the fibre at the far end.
(ii) State any changes that occur in the speed of the ray as it follows this path
from the source.
Calculations are not required.
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(4)
(b) (i) Calculate the critical angle for the optical fibre at the air boundary.
refractive index of the optical fibre glass = 1.57
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(ii) The optical fibre is now surrounded by cladding of refractive index 1.47.
Calculate the critical angle at the core-cladding boundary.
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(iii) State one advantage of cladding an optical fibre.
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(6)
(Total 10 marks)
Q9. The diagram below shows a section of a diffraction grating. Monochromatic light of
wavelength λ is incident normally on its surface. Light waves diffracted through angle θ
form the second order image after passing through a converging lens (not shown). A, B
and C are adjacent slits on the grating.
(a) (i) State the phase difference between the waves at A and D.
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(ii) State the path length between C and E in terms of λ.
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(iii) Use your results to show that, for the second order image,
2λ = d sin θ, where d is the distance between adjacent slits.
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(3)
(b) A diffraction grating has 4.5 × 10 lines m . It is being used to investigate the line
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spectrum of hydrogen, which contains a visible blue-green line of wavelength 486

nm. Determine the highest order diffracted image that could be produced for this
spectral line by this grating.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q10. The diagram shows a cross-sectional view of the base of a glass tank containing
water. A point monochromatic light source is in contact with the base and ray, R , from the 1
source has been drawn up to the point where it emerges along the surface of the water.
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(a) (i) Which angle, A to F, is a critical angle?
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(ii) Explain how the path of R demonstrates that the refractive index of glass is
1
greater than the refractive index of water.
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(2)
(b) Using the following information
A = 47.1°
B = 42.9°
C = E = 41.2°
D = F = 48.8°
calculate
(i) the refractive index of water,
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(ii) the ratio, .
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(5)
(c) Ray R emerges from the source a few degrees away from ray R as shown.
2 1
Draw on the diagram above the continuation of ray R . 2
Where possible show the ray being refracted.

(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q11. (a) State the characteristic features of
(i) longitudinal waves,
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(ii) transverse waves.
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(3)
(b) Daylight passes horizontally through a fixed polarising filter P. An observer views the
light emerging through a second polarising filter Q, which may be rotated in a
vertical plane about point X as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
Describe what the observer would see as Q is rotated slowly through 360°.
your answer.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
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Q12. The diagram, which is not to scale, shows the cross-section of a 45° right angled
glass prism supported by a film of liquid on a glass table. A ray of monochromatic light is
incident on the prism at an angle of incidence θ and emerges along the glass - liquid
boundary as shown.
refractive index of glass = 1.5
(a) Calculate the speed of light in the glass.
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(2)
(b) Determine
(i) the angle of incidence, θ,
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(ii) the refractive index of the liquid.
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(5)
(c) The liquid is now changed to one with a lower refractive index. Draw a possible path
for the ray beyond the point A and into the air.
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q13. (a) State what is meant by coherent sources of light.
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(2)
(b)
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Figure 1
Young’s fringes are produced on the screen from the monochromatic source by the
arrangement shown in Figure 1.
You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication in your
answers.
(i) Explain why slit S should be narrow.
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(ii) Why do slits S and S act as coherent sources?

1 2
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(4)
(c) The pattern on the screen may be represented as a graph of intensity against
position on the screen. The central fringe is shown on the graph in Figure 2.
Complete this graph to represent the rest of the pattern by drawing on Figure 2.
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Figure 2
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q14. The diagram shows a cube of glass. A ray of light, incident at the centre of a face of
the cube, at an angle of incidence θ, goes on to meet another face at an angle of
incidence of 50°, as shown in the figure bellow
critical angle at the glass-air boundary = 45°
(a) Draw on the diagram the continuation of the path of the ray, showing it passing
through the glass and out into the air.
(3)
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(b) Show that the refractive index of the glass is 1.41
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(2)
(c) Calculate the angle of incidence, θ.
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q15. The figure below shows a ray of light passing from air into glass at the top face of
glass block 1 and emerging along the bottom face of glass block 2.
refractive index of the glass in block 1 = 1.45
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(a) Calculate
(i) the incident angle θ , 1
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(ii) the refractive index of the glass in block 2,
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(iii) the angle θ by considering the refraction at point A.

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(7)
(b) In which of the two blocks of glass will the speed of light be greater?
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Explain your reasoning.
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(2)
(c) Using a ruler, draw the path of a ray partially reflected at A on the figure above.
Continue the ray to show it emerging into the air. No calculations are expected.
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
Q16. An aerial system consists of a horizontal copper wire of length 38 m supported

between two masts, as shown in the figure below. The wire transmits electromagnetic
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waves when an alternating potential is applied to it at one end.
(a) The wavelength of the radiation transmitted from the wire is twice the length of the
copper wire. Calculate the frequency of the transmitted radiation.
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(1)
(b) The ends of the copper wire are fixed to masts of height 12.0 m. The masts are held
in a vertical position by cables, labelled P and Q, as shown in the figure above.
(i) P has a length of 14.0 m and the tension in it is 110 N. Calculate the tension in
the copper wire.
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(ii) The copper wire has a diameter of 4.0 mm. Calculate the stress in the copper
wire.
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(iii) Discuss whether the wire is in danger of breaking if it is stretched further due
to movement of the top of the masts in strong winds.
breaking stress of copper = 3.0 × 10 Pa 8
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(7)
(Total 8 marks)
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Q17. A ray of light passes from air into a glass prism as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
(a) Confirm, by calculation, that the refractive index of the glass from which the prism
was made is 1.49.
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(1)
(b) On Figure 1, draw the continuation of the path of the ray of light until it emerges
back into the air. Write on Figure 1 the values of the angles between the ray and
any normals you have drawn.
the critical angle from glass to air is less than 45°

(2)
(c) A second prism, prism 2, made from transparent material of refractive index 1.37 is
placed firmly against the original prism, prism 1, to form a cube as shown in Figure
2.
Figure 2
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(i) The ray strikes the boundary between the prisms. Calculate the angle of
refraction of the ray in prism 2.
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(ii) Calculate the speed of light in prism 2.
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(iii) Draw a path the ray could follow to emerge from prism 2 into the air.
(7)
(Total 10 marks)
Q18. Figure 1 shows a stretched string driven by a vibrator. The right-hand end of a string
is fixed to a wall. A stationary wave is produced on the string; the string vibrates in two
loops.
Figure 1
(a) State the physical conditions that are necessary for a stationary wave to form on the
string.
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(3)
(b) State how you know that the wave on the string is transverse.
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(1)
(c) Compare the amplitude and phase of the oscillations of points A and B on the string.
Amplitude ....................................................................................................
Phase ..........................................................................................................
(2)
(d) The length of the string is 1.2 m and the speed of the transverse wave on the string
is 6.2 m s . Calculate the vibration frequency of the vibrator.
–1
Vibration frequency ............................

(4)
(e) The frequency of the vibrator is tripled.
(i) Sketch the new shape of the stationary wave on Figure 2.
Figure 2
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(ii) Show on your diagram three points, P, Q and R that oscillate in phase.
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
Q19. (a) State and explain two physical properties of the light produced by a laser
which makes it different from the light produced by a filament lamp.
Property 1 ....................................................................................................
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Property 2 ....................................................................................................
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(4)
(b) The diagram below shows a cross-section through an optical fibre used for
transmitting information. A laser beam, carrying digital data, is incident on the end of
the core of the fibre at an angle of incidence i.
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The core is made from glass of refractive index 1.5.
(i) Complete the graph below to show how the refractive index changes with
radial distance along the line ABCD in the diagram, above.
(ii) Calculate the value of the angle of incidence, i, shown in the diagram.
Angle of incidence, i ........................
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(iii) Explain how the glass cladding around the optical fibre’s core improves the
security of data being transmitted through it and give a reason why this is
important.
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(8)
(Total 12 marks)
Q20. (a) State two requirements for two light sources to be coherent.
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(2)
(b) Figure 1
Young’s fringes are produced on the screen from the monochromatic source by the
arrangement shown in Figure 1.
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Explain how this arrangement produces interference fringes on the screen. In your
answer, explain why slit S should be narrow and why slits S and S act as coherent 1 2
sources.
The quality of your written answer will be assessed in this question.
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(6)
(c) The pattern on the screen may be represented as a graph of intensity against
position on the screen. The central fringe is shown on the graph in Figure 2.
Complete this graph to represent the rest of the pattern by drawing on Figure 2.
Figure 2
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
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Q21. A narrow beam of monochromatic red light is directed at a double slit arrangement.
Parallel red and dark fringes are seen on the screen shown in the diagram above.
(a) (i) Light passing through each slit spreads out. What is the name for this effect?
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(1)
(ii) Explain the formation of the fringes seen on the screen.
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(4)
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(iii) The slit spacing was 0.56 mm. The distance across 4 fringe spacings was 3.6
mm when the screen was at a distance of 0.80 m from the slits. Calculate the
wavelength of the red light.
Answer ..................... m
(4)
(b) Describe how the appearance of the fringes would differ if white light had been used
instead of red light.
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(3)
(Total 12 marks)
Q22. The diagram below shows a rectangular glass fish tank containing water. Three light
rays,
P, Q and R from the same point on a small object O at the bottom of the tank are shown.
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(a) (i) Light ray Q is refracted along the water-air surface. The angle of incidence of
light ray Q at the water surface is 49.0°. Calculate the refractive index of the
water. Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
Answer ...............................
(1)
(ii) Draw on the diagram above the path of light ray P from the water-air surface.
(3)
(b) In the diagram above, the angle of incidence of light ray R at the water-air surface is
60.0°.
(i) Explain why this light ray is totally internally reflected at the water surface.
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(2)
(ii) Draw the path of light ray R from the water surface and explain whether or not
R enters the glass at the right-hand side of the tank.
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the refractive index of the glass = 1.50
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(4)
(Total 10 marks)
Q23. Figure 1 represents a stationary wave formed on a steel string fixed at P and Q
when it is plucked at its centre.
Figure 1
(a) Explain why a stationary wave is formed on the string.
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(3)
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(b) (i) The stationary wave in Figure 1 has a frequency of 150 Hz. The string PQ has
a length of 1.2 m.
Calculate the wave speed of the waves forming the stationary wave.
Answer ........................... m s –1
(2)
(ii) On Figure 2, draw the stationary wave that would be formed on the string at
the same tension if it was made to vibrate at a frequency of 450 Hz.
Figure 2
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q24. A narrow beam of monochromatic light of wavelength 590 nm is directed normally at

a diffraction grating, as shown in the diagram below.
(a) The grating spacing of the diffraction grating is 1.67 × 10 m.–6
(i) Calculate the angle of diffraction of the second order diffracted beam.
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answer .................................... degrees

(4)
(ii) Show that no beams higher than the second order can be observed at this
wavelength.

(3)
(b) The light source is replaced by a monochromatic light source of unknown

wavelength.
A narrow beam of light from this light source is directed normally at the grating.
Measurement of the angle of diffraction of the second order beam gives a value of
42.1°.
Calculate the wavelength of this light source.
answer ....................................... m
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
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Q25. An optical fibre used for communications has a core of refractive index 1.55 which is
surrounded by cladding of refractive index 1.45.
(a) The diagram above shows a light ray P inside the core of the fibre. The light ray
strikes the core-cladding boundary at Q at an angle of incidence of 60.0°.
(i) Calculate the critical angle of the core-cladding boundary.
answer ........................... degrees

(3)
(ii) State why the light ray enters the cladding at Q.
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(1)
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(iii) Calculate the angle of refraction, θ, at Q.
answer .............................. degrees

(3)
(b) Explain why optical fibres used for communications need to have cladding.
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q26. (a) The diagram below represents a progressive wave travelling from left to right
on a stretched string.
(i) Calculate the wavelength of the wave.

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answer ................................... m
(1)
(ii) The frequency of the wave is 22 Hz. Calculate the speed of the wave.
answer............................m s –1
(2)
(iii) State the phase difference between points X and Y on the string, giving an
appropriate unit.
answer ..............................
(2)
(b) Describe how the displacement of point Y on the string varies in the next half-period.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q27. Just over two hundred years ago Thomas Young demonstrated the interference of
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light by illuminating two closely spaced narrow slits with light from a single light source.
(a) What did this suggest to Young about the nature of light?
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(1)
(b) The demonstration can be carried out more conveniently with a laser. A laser
produces coherent, monochromatic light.
(i) State what is meant by monochromatic.
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(ii) State what is meant by coherent.
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(2)
(iii) State one safety precaution that should be taken while using a laser.
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(1)
(c) The diagram below shows the maxima of a two slit interference pattern produced on
a screen when a laser was used as a monochromatic light source.
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The slit spacing = 0.30 mm.

The distance from the slits to the screen = 10.0 m.
Use the diagram above to calculate the wavelength of the light that produced the
pattern.
answer = ...................................... m
(3)
(d) The laser is replaced by another laser emitting visible light with a shorter
wavelength.
State and explain how this will affect the spacing of the maxima on the screen.
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
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Q28. Figure 1 shows a side view of a string on a guitar. The string cannot move at either
of the two bridges when it is vibrating. When vibrating in its fundamental mode the
frequency of the sound produced is 108 Hz.
(a) (i) On Figure 1, sketch the stationary wave produced when the string is vibrating
in its fundamental mode.
Figure 1
(1)
(ii) Calculate the wavelength of the fundamental mode of vibration.
answer = ........................................... m
(2)
(iii) Calculate the speed of a progressive wave on this string.
answer = ...................................... m s –1
(2)
Page 46
(b) While tuning the guitar, the guitarist produces an overtone that has a node 0.16 m
from bridge A.
(i) On Figure 2, sketch the stationary wave produced and label all nodes that are
present.
Figure 2
(2)
(ii) Calculate the frequency of the overtone.
answer = ...................................... Hz
(1)
(c) The guitarist needs to raise the fundamental frequency of vibration of this string.
State one way in which this can be achieved.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 47
Q29. The diagram below shows a cross-section through a step index optical fibre.
(a) (i) Name the parts A and B of the fibre.

A
B
(1)
(ii) On the diagram above, draw the path of the ray of light through the fibre.
Assume the light ray undergoes total internal reflection at the boundary
between A and B.
(2)
(b) Calculate the critical angle for the boundary between A and B.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
The refractive index of part A = 1.46

The refractive index of part B = 1.48
answer = ...................................... degrees
Page 48
(2)
(c) State and explain one reason why part B of the optical fibre is made as narrow as
possible.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) State one application of optical fibres and explain how this has benefited society.
Application
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
Benefit
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q30. A glass cube is held in contact with a liquid and a light ray is directed at a vertical
face of the cube. The angle of incidence at the vertical face is then decreased to 42° as
shown in the figure below. At this point the angle of refraction is 27° and the ray is totally
internally reflected at P for the first time.
Page 49
(a) Complete the figure above to show the path of the ray beyond P until it returns to air.
(3)
(b) Show that the refractive index of the glass is about 1. 5.

(2)
(c) Calculate the critical angle for the glass-liquid boundary.
answer = ........................ degrees

(1)
(d) Calculate the refractive index of the liquid.

Page 50

answer = .....................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q31. For a plane transmission diffraction grating, the diffraction grating equation for the
first order beam is:
λ = d sin θ
(a) The figure below shows two of the slits in the grating. Label the figure below with the
distances d and λ.
(2)
(b) State and explain what happens to the value of angle θ for the first order beam if the
Page 51
wavelength of the monochromatic light decreases.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) A diffraction grating was used with a spectrometer to obtain the line spectrum of star
X shown in the figure below. Shown are some line spectra for six elements that have
been obtained in the laboratory.
Place ticks in the boxes next to the three elements that are present in the
atmosphere of star X.
(2)
(d) The diffraction grating used to obtain the spectrum of star X had 300 slits per mm.
(i) Calculate the distance between the centres of two adjacent slits on this
grating.
Page 52

answer = ................................. m
(1)
(ii) Calculate the first order angle of diffraction of line P in the figure above.
answer = ........................ degrees

(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q32. (a) Define the amplitude of a wave.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) (i) Other than electromagnetic radiation, give one example of a wave that is
transverse.
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) State one difference between a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave.
Page 53
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
(1)
(c) The figure below shows two identical polarising filters, A and B, and an unpolarised
light source. The arrows indicate the plane in which the electric field of the wave
oscillates.
(i) If polarised light is reaching the observer, draw the direction of the
transmission axis on filter B in the figure below.
(1)
(ii) The polarising filter B is rotated clockwise through 360º about line XY from the
position shown in the figure above. On the axes below, sketch how the light
intensity reaching the observer varies as this is done.
Page 54
(2)
(d) State one application, other than in education, of a polarising filter and give a
reason for its use.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q33. The figure below shows a layer of oil that is floating on water in a glass container. A
ray of light in the oil is incident at an angle of 44° on the water surface and refracts.
The refractive indices of the materials are as follows.

Page 55
refractive index of oil = 1.47
refractive index of water = 1.33
(a) Show that the angle of refraction θ in the figure above is about 50°.

(2)
(b) The oil and the glass have the same refractive index. On the figure above, draw the
path of the light ray after it strikes the boundary between the water and the glass
and enters the glass. Show the value of the angle of refraction in the glass.
(2)
(c) Explain why the total internal reflection will not occur when the ray travels from water
to glass.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) Calculate the critical angle for the boundary between the glass and air.
answer = ......................... degrees

Page 56
(2)
(e) On the figure above, complete the path of the ray after it strikes the boundary
between the glass and air.
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q34. The figure below shows a stationary wave on a string. The string is tied onto a thin
metal bar at A and fixed at B. A vibration generator causes the bar to oscillate at a chosen
frequency.
Explain how a stationary wave is formed. Then describe the key features of the stationary
wave shown in the figure above.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
Page 57
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(Total 6 marks)
Q35. The figure below shows a stationary wave on a string. The string is tied onto a thin
metal bar at A and fixed at B. A vibration generator causes the bar to oscillate at a chosen
frequency.
Explain how a stationary wave is formed. Then describe the key features of the stationary
wave shown in the figure above.
Page 58
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(Total 6 marks)
M1. (a) slits act as coherent sources (1)

waves/light diffract at slits (1)
waves overlap/superpose/meet/cross (1)
bright patches : constructive/waves in phase/reinforce (1)
dark patches : destructive/waves out of phase/cancel (1)
max 3
QWC 2
(b) (i) spacing w = = 3.0 or 2.9 mm (1) (2.92 ± 0.04 mm)
15 or more fringes used (1)
Page 59
(ii) (use of λ = gives) λ = (1)
= 6.26 × 10 -7
(allow C.E. for sensible value of w from (i))
4
[7]
M2. (a) (i) θ marked (1)

c
(ii) sin θ = c (1)
θ = 40.2° (1)
c
(b) n = (1)
(θ = 90 – 75.2 = 14.8°)
2
θ (= sin {1.55 sin 14.8}) = 23.3° (1)

1
–1
(c) Mark scheme not available.

3
[8]
Page 60
M3. (a) interference or superposition (1)
reflection from metal plate (1)
two waves of the same frequency/wavelength (1)
travelling in opposite directions (or forward/reflected waves) (1)
maxima where waves are in phase or interfere constructively (1)
minima where waves are out of phase/antiphase or interfere
destructively (1)
nodes and antinodes or stationary waves identified (1)
max 4
QWC 2
(b) (i) (distance between minima = )
λ = 32.0 mm (1)
(ii) c = fλ and c = 3 × 10 (m s ) (1)

8 –1
f= = 9.38 × 10 Hz (1)

9
(allow C.E. for value of λ from (i))

3
[7]
M4. (a) (i) (use of n = gives) c glass =×
= 2.07 × 10 m s (1)
8 –1
(ii) use of (1)
cliquid = = 2.26 × 10 m s (1)

8 –1
(allow C.E. for values of c glass from (i))

Page 61
3
(b) use of
to give n liquid = = 1.33 (1)
(allow C.E. for value of c )

liquid
[or use n =1 2 to give correct answer]

2
(c) diagram to show :

total internal reflection on the vertical surface (1)
refraction at bottom surface with angle in air greater
than that in the liquid (29.2°) (1)
2
[7]
M5. (a) microwaves from transmitter are polarised

[or vibrate in certain plane or direction] (1)
rotating transmitter through 90° rotates plane of
vibration/polarisation of the microwaves (1)
receiver signal becomes zero when receiver is perpendicular
to plane/direction of vibration/polarisation of the microwaves (1)
3
QWC 2
Page 62
(b) (i) (use of c = fλ gives) = 2.5 × 109 Hz (1)
(ii) no energy/amplitude/intensity/vibrations at nodes (1)

food at nodes would not be heated (1)
3
[6]
M6. (a) (i) sin c = (1)
c = 42° (1) (41.8°)
(ii) 1.5 sin i = sin 40 (1)

i = 25° (1) (25.4°) (use of c = 41.8° gives i = 26.4°)
(iii) total internal reflection at R (1)

further total internal reflection below Q (1)
further total internal reflection (1)
7
(b) (i) light ray enters fibre without refraction (1)

total internal reflection at fibre/air surface (1)
(ii) pulse in fibre 1 takes longer because it travels across the fibre
as well as along it (1)

3
[10]
Page 63
M7. (a) two waves that overlap/meet/superpose (1)
same wavelength or frequency (1)
equal and opposite velocities (1)
same or similar amplitudes (1)
max 2
QWC 2
(b) (i) 0.8(0) m (1)
(ii) (use of f = gives) = 250 Hz (1)
(allow C.E. for value of λ from (i))
(iii) (use of T = gives) T = 4.0 ms (1)
3.0 ms = [or of one cycle or vibration (1)
(to be drawn on the diagram)
(1)
(allow C.E. for value of T from (ii) if diagram still shows
a stationary wave)
5
[7]
M8. (a) (i) diagram to show: refraction towards normal on entry (1)
total internal reflection shown along fibre (1)
refraction away from normal on leaving glass (1)
Page 64
(ii) speed of light decreases on entry into glass and
increases on leaving (1)
4
(b) (i) (use of sin θ = c gives) sin θ =

c ) (1)
θ = 39.6° (1)
c
(ii) = (1) (=1.07)
sin θ = c (1)
θ = 69.4° (1)
c
(iii) to protect the core surface

[or to prevent cross-over]
6
[10]
M9. (a) (i) 0, 2π or 4π [or 0, 360° or 720°] (1)
(ii) 4λ (1)
(iii) sin θ = (1)
[or sin θ = ]
CE = 4λ and AC = 2d (1) (hence result)
[or BD = 2λ and AB = d]
max 3
Page 65
(b) (limiting case is when θ = 90° or sin θ = 1)
(1) (= 4.6)
highest order is 4th (1)

2
[5]
M10. (a) (i) (angle) F (1)
(ii) angle D is greater than angle B

[or at the glass-water boundary, ray R refracts away
1
from the normal] (1)

2
(b) (i) (use of sin θ =c gives) sin 48.8 = (1)
n = 1.3 (1) (1.33)
(ii) use of (1)
(1)
= 1.1 (1) (1.11)

5
(c) ray R to have greater angle of refraction in water than ray R (1)
2 1
Page 66
total internal reflection at water-air boundary (1)
2
[9]
M11. (a) (i) particle vibration (or disturbance or oscillation) (1)

same as (or parallel to) direction of propagation
(or energy transfer) (1)
(ii) (particle vibration)

perpendicular to direction of propagation (or energy transfer) (1)
3
(b) variation in intensity between max and min (or light and dark) (1)
two maxima (or two minima) in 360° rotation (1)
2
QWC 1
[5]
M12. (a) c (=
g )= (1)
= 2.0 × 10 m s (1)
8 –1
(b) (i) sin  (= n sin  ) = 1.5 × sin 15 (1)

1 2
1  = 23° (1) (22.8°)
(ii) use of (1) (or equivalent)
Page 67
n =
2 (1)
= 1.3 (1)
5
(c) total internal reflection at A (1)

correct refraction out of glass at r.h.
surface (1) (same angles as l.h. side)
2
[9]
M13. (a) same wavelength or frequency (1)

(same phase or) constant phase difference (1)
2
(b) (i) narrow slit gives wide diffraction (1)

(to ensure that) both S and S are illuminated (1)
1 2
(ii) slit S acts as a point source (1)

1S and S are illuminated from same source giving
2
monochromatic/same λ (1)
paths to S and S are of constant length giving constant phase
1 2
difference (1)
[or SS = SS so waves are in phase]
1 2
Max 4
QWC 1
(c) graph to show:

maxima of similar intensity to central maximum (1)
[or some decrease in intensity outwards from centre]
all fringes same width as central fringe (1)
2
Page 68
[8]
M14. (a) diagram to show:

total internal reflection on side face (1)
ray emerging at base bent away from normal (1)
with ≈ correct angles (1)
3
(b) n = (1)
= with calculation (1) (= 1.41)

2
(c) sin θ = n sin θ (1)

i r
sin θ = 1.41 × sin 40 (1)

i
θ = 65° (1)
i
3
[8]
M15. (a) (i) (use of gives)1.45 = (1)
θ1 = 22.8 (1) o
Page 69
(ii) (1)
(1)
use of and (1)
[or n sin θ = n sin θ ]

1 1 2 1
1.45 sin θ = 1.60 sin 51.3 (1)

3
θ = 59.4º (1)
3
(allow C.E. for value of n from (ii))

7
(b) block 1 (1)(requires some explanation)
reference to (1)
[or statement such as light refracts/bends towards normal as it enters a

denser/higher refractive index material, or block 1 has lower refractive
index]
2
(c) reflection at boundary with i  r (1)
refraction (at bottom surface) bending away from normal (1)

2
[11]
Page 70
M16. (a) λ(=2 × 38) = 76(m)
MHz (1)
1
(b) (i) angle between cable and horizontal = (1)
T= 110 cos59° = 57N • (56.7N) (1)

(allow C.E. for value of angle)
(ii) cross-sectional area (= (2.0 × 10 ) ) –3 2
=1.3 × 10 (m ) (1)
–5 2
(1.26 × 10 (m ))
–5 2
stress (1)
= 4.4 × 10 Pa (1)
6
(4.38 × 10 Pa)6
(use of 56.7 and 1.26 gives 4.5 × 10 Pa) 6
(allow C.E. for values of T and area)
(iii) breaking stress is 65 × stress

copper is ductile
copper wire could extend much more before breaking
because of plastic deformation
extension to breaking point unlikely
any three (1)(1)(1)

7
[8]
Page 71

M17. (a) (1)

1
(b) TIR on hypotenuse and refraction at top surface (1)

55°, 10° and 15° all marked correctly (1)
2
(c) (i) use of
[or n sin θ = n sin θ ] (1)

1 1 2 2
1.49 sin 55º = 1.37 sin θ 2 (1)
θ = 63º (1)
2
(ii) (use of ) gives 1.37 = (1)
c = 2.2 ×10 ms (1)

2
8 –1
(2.19 × 10 ms )
8 –1
(iii) refraction at boundary between prisms, refracted

away from normal (1)
emerging ray (r.h. vertical face) refracting away

from normal (1)
7
[10]
Page 72
M18. (a) reflection (or 2 waves travelling in opposite directions) (1)
waves have similar amplitudes (1)
waves have similar frequency (1)
reflected wave loses only a little energy at the wall (1)

max 3
(b) displacement perpendicular to rest position of the string (1)

1
(c) A larger than B (1)
A 180° out of phase with B (1)

2
(d) λ = 1.2m (1)
c = f λ (1)
f = 6.2/1.2 (1) 5.2Hz (1)

4
(e) (i) diagram correct: 6 loops (1)
(ii) Q and R correct (1)

2
[12]
Page 73
M19. (a) property (of laser light) explanation
monochromatic waves of single frequency/wavelength
collimated produces an approximately parallel beam
coherent waves produced are in constant phase
polarised vibrations in 1 plane only
two correct properties (1)(1)
each correct explanation (1)(1)

(if explanation contradicts property, no mark for explanation)
4
(b) (i) stepped graph: n = 1.5 A to B (1)
n lower and constant between 1.5 and 1.0 B to C (1)
n constant at 1.0: C to D (1)
(ii) 1.5 = (1) i = 15(.1)º (1)
(iii) light does not enter the cladding

so cannot pass across from one fibre to a neighbouring fibre (1)
fibres without cladding can allow light to pass between fibres

when the surface of the fibre becomes scratched or moisture
links two adjacent fibres optically (1)
personal data (such as bank account information) must be

transmitted along fibres from which there is no danger of
leakage of light resulting in a breach of security (1)
8
[12]
Page 74
M20. (a) same wavelength or frequency (1)
same phase or constant phase difference (1)

2
(b) The marking scheme for this part of the question includes an overall
assessment for the Quality of Written Communication (QWC).
There are no discrete marks for the assessment of QWC but the
candidates’ QWC in this answer will be one of the criteria used
to assign a level and award the marks for this part of the question.

Level Descriptor Mark range
an answer will be expected to meet most of the criteria in the

level descriptor
Good 3 – answer includes a good attempt at the explanations

required
– answer makes good use of physics ideas including

knowledge beyond that given in the question
5-6
– explanation well structured with minimal repetition or
irrelevant points and uses appropriate scientific language
– accurate and logical expression of ideas with only

minor/occasional errors of grammar, punctuation and
spelling
Modest 2 – answer includes some attempts at the explanations

required
– answer makes use of physics ideas referred to in the

question but is limited to these
3-4
– explanation has some structure but may not be complete
– explanation has reasonable clarity but has a few errors of

grammar and/or punctuation and spelling
Limited 1 – answer includes some valid ideas but these are not
organised in a logical or clear explanation
1-2
– answer lacks structure
– several errors in grammar, punctuation and spelling
Page 75
0 – incorrect, inappropriate or no response 0
the explanations expected in a competent answer should include a coherent

selection of the following physics ideas:
• narrow single slit gives wide diffraction
• to ensure that both S and S are illuminated

1 2
• slit S acts as a point source
• narrow single slit ensures it provides coherent sources of light at

S and S
1 2
• S and S are illuminated by same source giving same wavelength

1 2
• paths to S and S are of constant length giving constant phase

1 2
difference or SS and SS so waves are in phase

1 2
• light is diffracted as it passes through S and S and the diffracted

1 2
waves overlap and interfere
• where the path lengths from S and S to the screen differ by
1 2
whole numbers, n of wavelengths, constructive interference

occurs producing a bright fringe on the screen
• where the path lengths differ by (n + ½) wavelengths, destructive

interference occurs producing a dark fringe on the screen
(c) graph to show: maxima of similar intensity to central maximum (1)

(or some decrease in intensity outwards from centre)
all fringes same width as central fringe (1)

2
[10]
Page 76
M21. (a) (i) diffraction (1)
(ii) any 4 points from
interference (fringes formed) (1)
where light from the two slits overlaps (or superposes) (1)
bright (or red) fringes are formed where light (from the two
slits) reinforces (or interfere constructively/crest meets crest) (1)
dark fringes are formed where light (from the two slits)
cancels (or interferes destructively/trough meets crest) (1)
the light (from the two slits) is coherent (1)
either
reinforcement occurs where light waves are in phase
(or path difference = whole number of wavelengths) (1)
or
cancellation occurs where light waves are out of phase of 180°
(in anti-phase)
(or path difference = whole number + 0.5 wavelengths) (1)
(not ‘out of phase’)
(iii) gives λ = (1)
w (= 3.6/4) = 0.9(0) mm (1) (failure to /4 is max 2)
λ (1) = 6.3 × 10 m (1)

–7
(b) central (bright) fringe would be white (1)
side fringes are (continuous) spectra (1)
(dark) fringes would be closer together (because λ > average λ ) (1)

red white
Page 77
the bright fringes would be blue on the side nearest the centre
(or red on the side away from the centre) (1)
bright fringes merge away from centre (1)
bright fringes wider (or dark fringes narrower) (1)

max 3
[12]
M22. (a) (i) (refractive index of water = 1/sin 49.0) = 1.33 (not 1.3 or 1.325) (1)
(ii) ray P shown in the air to right of vertical (1)
refracted away from the normal in the correct direction (1)
correct partial reflection shown (1)

4
(b) (i) critical angle for water-air boundary = 49.0°

or angle of (incidence of) Q is θ (1)
c
the angle of incidence (of R) exceeds the critical angle (1)
(ii) the figure shows that R undergoes TIR at water surface and
strikes the glass side (1)
angle of incidence at glass side = 30° (1)
R enters the glass and refracts towards the normal (1)
because n > n (1) (or water is optically less dense than glass)
g w
(calculates angle = 26.2° gets last two marks)

6
[10]
Page 78

M23. (a) (progressive waves travel from centre) to ends and reflect (1)
two (progressive) waves travel in opposite directions along the string (1)
waves have the same frequency (or wavelength) (1)
waves have the same (or similar) amplitude (1)
superposition (accept ‘interference’) (1)

max 3
(b) (i) wavelength (= 2 × PQ = 2 × 1.20 m) = 2.4 m (1)
speed (= wavelength × frequency = 2.4 × 150) = 360 m s (1) –1
(answer only gets both marks)
(ii) diagram to show three ‘loops’ (1) and of equal length and
good shape (1) (or loop of one third length (1))
4
[7]
M24. (a) (i) = 590 × 10 m (1)

–9
Page 79
(using d sin θ = nλ gives)
(1) = 0.707 or
7.07 × 10 if nm used (1)

8
θ = 45.0° (1) (accept 45°)
(ii) (sin θ ≤ 1) gives ≤ 1 or n ≤ or = (1) = 2.83 (1)
so 3 order or higher order is not possible (1)

rd
alternative solution:
(substituting) n = 3 (into d sin θ = nλ gives) (1)
sin θ ( ) = 1.06 (1)
gives ‘error’/which is not possible (1)

7
(b) (using d sin θ = nλ gives)
2 λ = 1.67 × 10 × sin 42.1 (1)

–6
λ(= 0.5 × 1.67 × 10 × sin 42.1) = 5.6(0) × 10 m (or 560 nm) (1)
–6 –7
2
[9]
M25. (a) (i) (using n sin θ = n sin θ or sin θ = n /n gives)

1 1 2 2 c 2 1
Page 80
correct substitution in either equation (eg 1.55 sin c = 1.45 (sin 90)
or sin c = 1.45/1.55) (1)
= 0.9355 (accept less sf) (1)

c = 69.3(°) (1) (accept 69.4°, 69° or 70°)
(ii) the angle (of incidence) is less than the critical angle
or values quoted (1)
(iii) (using n sin θ = n sin θ gives)

1 1 2 2
1.55 sin 60 = 1.45 sin θ (1)
(sin θ = 1.55 sin 60/1.45 =) 0.9258 or 0.926 or 0.93 (1)
θ = 67.8° (1) (accept 68° or 68.4)

7
(b) any two from:
keeps signals secure (1)
maintains quality/reduces pulse broadening/smearing (owtte) (1)
it keeps (most) light rays in (the core due to total internal reflection
at the cladding-core boundary) (1)
it prevents scratching of the core (1)
(keeps core away from adjacent fibre cores) so helps to prevent

crossover of information/signal/data to other fibres (1)
cladding provides (tensile) strength for fibre/prevents breakage (1)
given that the core needs to be very thin (1)

max 2
[9]
Page 81
M26. (a) (i) 0.4(0) m (1)
(ii) speed ( = frequency × wavelength) = 22 × 0.4(0) ecf (1)

= 8.8 (m s ) (1)
–1
(ii) 90 or 450 (1) ° or degrees (1)

or 0.5π or 2.5π or 5π/2 (1) rad(ians)
or r or (1) no R, Rad, etc
r
(b) displacement of Y will be a positive (or ‘up’) maximum at 1/4

of a period (or cycle) (0.0114 s) (1)
returns to original position (at 0.5 of a period or cycle) (owtte) (1)

2
[7]
M27. (a) showed that light was a wave (rather than a particle)/wave nature
(of light) (1)
1
(b) (i) single wavelength (or frequency) (1)

1
(ii) (waves/source(s) have) constant phase difference (1)

1
(iii) any sensible precaution, eg do not look into laser/do not point
the laser at others/do not let (regular) reflections enter the
eye/safety signs/suitable safety goggles (1)
1
(c) (0.16/8) = 0.02(0) (1)
Page 82
= (1) ecf from calculation of fringe spacing
= 6.0 × 10 m (1) (= 600 nm) ecf from calculation of fringe spacing

–7
(d) maxima closer together (1)
(quotes equation and states that) spacing is proportional to wavelength/

D and s are constant therefore as λ decreases so ω decreases (1)
or links smaller wavelength to smaller path difference (1)

2
[9]
M28. (a) (i) one ‘loop’ (accept single line only, accept single dashed line)
+ nodes at each bridge (± length of arrowhead)
+ antinode at centre (1)

1
(ii) λ = 2L or λ = 0.64 × 2 (1)

0
= 1.3 (m) (1) (1.28)

2
(iii) (c = f λ) = 108 × (a)(ii) (1)
= 138 to 140(.4) (m s ) (1) ecf from (a) (ii)

–1
(b) (i) four antinodes (1) (single or double line)
Page 83
first node on 0.16 m (within width of arrowhead)
+ middle node between the decimal point and the centre of the
‘m’ in ‘0.64 m’
+ middle 3 nodes labelled ‘N’, ‘n’ or ‘node’ (1)

2
(ii) (4 f =) 430 (Hz) (1) (432)

0
or use of f = gives 430 to 440 Hz correct answer only, no ecf

1
(c) decrease the length/increase tension/tighten string (1)

1
[9]
M29. (a) (i) A: cladding + B: core (1)

1
(ii)
refraction towards the normal line (1)
continuous lines + strikes boundary + TIR correct angles by

eye + maximum 2 TIRs (1)
2
Page 84
(b) or = 0.9865 (1)
80.6 or 80.8 or 81 (°) only (1)

2
(c) to reduce multipath or multimode dispersion (1)
(which would cause) light travelling at different angles to arrive at

different times/pulse broadening/merging of adjacent pulses/’smearing’/
poor resolution/lower transmission rate/lower bandwidth/less distance
between regenerators (1)
or to prevent light/data/signal loss (from core or fibre) (1)
(which would cause) signal to get weaker/attenuation/crossover/data

to be less secure (1)
2
(d) correct application (1) (endoscope, cytoscope, arthroscope etc,

communications etc)
linked significant benefit stated eg improve medical diagnosis/improve

transmission of data/high speed internet (1)
2
[9]
M30. (a) reflects at correct angle by eye (use top of ‘27’ and bottom
of ‘42’ as a guide) or 27° or 63° correctly marked (1)
refracts away from normal at glass/air (1)
symmetrical by eye or refracted angle (42°) correctly marked

and at least one normal line added (1)
3
Page 85
(b) (n ) =
g (1) DNA 42/27 = 1.56
= 1.47 (1.474) 3 sf shown (1)

2
(c) 63 (°) (1)

allow 62 to 62.99 with reasoning, allow ‘slightly less than 63’
without reason given
1
(d) = 1.474 sin (c) (1) or use of n = 1.5
= 1.3(1) or 1.34 if n = 1.5 used (1)

2
[8]
M31. (a) λ correct (1)
d correct (1) arrow or line needed, both ends extending beyond

central black line
2
(b) angle θ gets smaller (1)
because path difference gets smaller/d constant, (λ smaller) so

sin θ smaller (1)
max 1 for correct explanation for λ increasing

2
Page 86
(c) boxes 1,5,6 (1)(1)
two correct 1 mark
4 ticks max 1
5 or 6 ticks gets 0
2
(d) (i) 3.3 × 10 m (1) (1/300 = 3.33 × 10 mm, 3300 nm) DNA 1 sf here
–6 –3
DNA 1/300 000 as answer

accept 3 1/3 × 10 , 3.33 × 10 recurring, etc
–6 –6
(ii) (sin θ =) (1)
correct wavelength used and seen (545 to 548 × 10 ) –9
and 9.4 to 9.6 (°) (1) ecf (d) (i), for correct wavelength only
(545 to 548 × 10 ) –9
2
[9]
M32. (a) maximum displacement from equilibrium/mean

position/mid-point/etc (1)
1
(b) (i) any one from:
surface of water/water waves/in ripple tank (1)
rope (1)
Page 87
slinky clearly qualified as transverse (1)
secondary (‘s’) waves (1)

max 1
(ii) transverse wave: oscillation (of medium) is perpendicular to

wave travel
or transverse can be polarised
or all longitudinal require a medium (1)

1
(c) (i) vertical line on B ± 5° (1)

1
(ii)
max 0, 180, 360 + min 90, 270 (1)
and line reaches same minimum and maximum every time

and reasonable shape (1)
2
(d) appropriate use (1)
reason for Polaroid filter being used (1)
Page 88
eg
Polaroid glasses/sunglasses/ to reduce glare

windscreens
camera reduce glare/enhance image
(in a) microscope to identify minerals/rocks
polarimeter to analyse chemicals/concentration

or type of sugar
stress analysis reveals areas of high/low stress/

other relevant detail
LCD displays very low power/other relevant

detail
3D glasses enhance viewing experience, etc

2
[8]
M33. (a) sin θ = or 1.33 sin θ = 1.47 sin44 or sin 0.768 (1)
–1
θ = 50.15, 50.2, 50.35 (°) (1)

answer seen to > 2 sf
2
(b) refracts towards normal (1) 44° shown (1)

2
(c) (TIR) only when ray travels from higher n to lower n or (water to glass) is
lower n to higher n (1)
do not allow ‘density’, allow ‘optical density’, n or refractive
index only
1
Page 89
(d) sin θ =c or 1.47 sin θ = (1 ×) sin90 (1)

c
θ = 42.86 (= 43.0(°)) (1)

c
(e)
2
[9]
Page 90
M34. The candidate’s writing should be legible and the spelling, punctuation
and grammar should be sufficiently accurate for the meaning to be clear.
The candidate’s answer will be assessed holistically. The answer will be

assigned to one of the three levels according to the following criteria.
High Level (good to excellent) 5 or 6 marks
The information conveyed by the answer is clearly organised, logical and

coherent, using appropriate specialist vocabulary correctly. The form and
style of writing is appropriate to answer the question.
Mentions waves travelling in opposite directions or waves of same

frequency (and amplitude) and superpose or interfere or add together.
Intermediate Level (modest to adequate) 3 or 4 marks
The information conveyed by the answer may be less well organised and
not fully coherent. There is less use of specialist vocabulary, or specialist
vocabulary may be used incorrectly. The form and style of writing is less
appropriate.
Mentions waves travelling in opposite directions (accept ‘waves reflect/

rebound back or from clamp’) or superposition/addition/interference of
waves or waves of same frequency/wavelength.
Low Level (poor to limited) 1 or 2 marks
The information conveyed by the answer is poorly organised and may not
be relevant or coherent. There is little correct use of specialist vocabulary.
The form and style of writing may only be partly appropriate.
One correct key feature or one relevant remark regarding formation given.
The explanation expected in a competent answer should include a

coherent account of the following points concerning the physical
principles involved and their consequences in this case.
Page 91
• 4 nodes where there is no movement/zero amplitude
• 3 antinodes where amplitude is maximum
• wavelength 0.80 m
• end antinodes in phase/middle and ends in antiphase
• between node and antinode, amplitude of oscillation increases
• waves reflect off the clamp (and the rod)
• waves travelling in opposite directions superpose/add/interfere
• wave have same wavelength and frequency (similar amplitude)
• always cancellation at nodes/always constructive superposition at antinodes
• energy is not transferred along string

[6]
M35. The candidate’s writing should be legible and the spelling, punctuation
and grammar should be sufficiently accurate for the meaning to be clear.
The candidate’s answer will be assessed holistically. The answer will be

assigned to one of the three levels according to the following criteria.
High Level (good to excellent) 5 or 6 marks
The information conveyed by the answer is clearly organised, logical and

coherent, using appropriate specialist vocabulary correctly. The form and
style of writing is appropriate to answer the question.
Mentions waves travelling in opposite directions or waves of same

frequency (and amplitude) and superpose or interfere or add together.
Intermediate Level (modest to adequate) 3 or 4 marks
The information conveyed by the answer may be less well organised and
Page 92
not fully coherent. There is less use of specialist vocabulary, or specialist
vocabulary may be used incorrectly. The form and style of writing is less
appropriate.
Mentions waves travelling in opposite directions (accept ‘waves reflect/

rebound back or from clamp’) or superposition/addition/interference of
waves or waves of same frequency/wavelength.
Low Level (poor to limited) 1 or 2 marks
The information conveyed by the answer is poorly organised and may not
be relevant or coherent. There is little correct use of specialist vocabulary.
The form and style of writing may only be partly appropriate.
One correct key feature or one relevant remark regarding formation given.
The explanation expected in a competent answer should include a

coherent account of the following points concerning the physical
principles involved and their consequences in this case.
• 4 nodes where there is no movement/zero amplitude
• 3 antinodes where amplitude is maximum
• wavelength 0.80 m
• end antinodes in phase/middle and ends in antiphase
• between node and antinode, amplitude of oscillation increases
• waves reflect off the clamp (and the rod)
• waves travelling in opposite directions superpose/add/interfere
• wave have same wavelength and frequency (similar amplitude)
• always cancellation at nodes/always constructive superposition at antinodes
• energy is not transferred along string

[6]
Page 93
Page 94

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Magdalen College School

(ii) Hence determine the wavelength of the laser light used.

(ii) Calculate the critical angle, θc.

(a) Explain how these maxima and minima are formed.

(i) the wavelength of the microwaves,

(ii) the frequency of the microwave transmitter.

(a) Calculate the speed of light

(ii) in the liquid droplet.

(b) Calculate the refractive index of the liquid.

(b) A microwave oven produces microwaves of wavelength 0.12 m in air.

(i) Calculate the frequency of these microwaves.

Q6. Figure 1 shows a cross-section through a rectangular light-emitting diode (LED).

(iii) Figure 1 also shows a second light ray PR incident at R at an angle of

Give a reason for your answer.

(i) State the wavelength of the waves on the string.

(ii) Calculate the frequency of vibration.

refractive index of the optical fibre glass = 1.57

(iii) State one advantage of cladding an optical fibre.

(ii) State the path length between C and E in terms of λ.

spectrum of hydrogen, which contains a visible blue-green line of wavelength 486

(a) (i) Which angle, A to F, is a critical angle?

greater than the refractive index of water.

(b) Using the following information

(i) the refractive index of water,

(ii) the ratio, .

Draw on the diagram above the continuation of ray R . 2

Where possible show the ray being refracted.

Q11. (a) State the characteristic features of

(i) longitudinal waves,

(ii) transverse waves.

refractive index of glass = 1.5

(a) Calculate the speed of light in the glass.

(i) the angle of incidence, θ,

(ii) the refractive index of the liquid.

Q13. (a) State what is meant by coherent sources of light.

(i) Explain why slit S should be narrow.

(ii) Why do slits S and S act as coherent sources?

critical angle at the glass-air boundary = 45°

(b) Show that the refractive index of the glass is 1.41

(c) Calculate the angle of incidence, θ.

refractive index of the glass in block 1 = 1.45

(i) the incident angle θ , 1

(ii) the refractive index of the glass in block 2,

(iii) the angle θ by considering the refraction at point A.

Explain your reasoning.

Q16. An aerial system consists of a horizontal copper wire of length 38 m supported

breaking stress of copper = 3.0 × 10 Pa 8

the critical angle from glass to air is less than 45°

(ii) Calculate the speed of light in prism 2.

Vibration frequency ............................

(e) The frequency of the vibrator is tripled.

(i) Sketch the new shape of the stationary wave on Figure 2.

Angle of incidence, i ........................

(ii) Explain the formation of the fringes seen on the screen.

(a) Explain why a stationary wave is formed on the string.

Q24. A narrow beam of monochromatic light of wavelength 590 nm is directed normally at

(a) The grating spacing of the diffraction grating is 1.67 × 10 m.–6

answer .................................... degrees

(b) The light source is replaced by a monochromatic light source of unknown