Animal Farm: Study Guide

STUDY GUIDE
Animal Farm
by George Orwell
TEACHER NOTES
• Background
• Pacing Guide
• Social and Emotional Considerations
STUDY GUIDE
• Student Anticipation Guide
• Vocabulary Tracker
• Read and Respond with Discussion Questions
ASSESSMENTS
• Writing Prompts
• Creative Projects
• Book Test (Multiple Choice, Short Answer, and Essay)
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Go online to assign
this book test.
ANSWER KEY
teacher notes
Animal Farm LEXILE 1170L

by George Orwell
Animal Farm is a suggested title for Into Literature Grade 10 Unit 6.

It connects to the unit’s theme and shares the unit’s Essential Question:
? What are the sources of true power?
ABOUT THE AUTHOR scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork
Eric Arthur Blair (1903–1950) was born to English is abolished for ever.” Soon Major dies, and two
parents in Bengal, India, then part of the British young boars, Snowball and Napoleon, with the aid
Empire. He took the pen name George Orwell in of a small pig named Squealer, rally the animals in
1933, when he published his first book. Orwell had a successful revolt against the farmer, Mr. Jones.
pursued a career with the Indian Imperial Police in On Animal Farm, the animals enjoy one summer
Burma, but by 1927 he had developed a change of of prosperity. Then Napoleon usurps control of the
heart. He disliked that he was regarded by Burmese farm and orders his dogs to chase away Snowball.
people as a symbol of British imperialism, and that With Squealer’s help, he gradually revises history
he was becoming unsympathetic toward them as a to paint Snowball as a cowardly traitor. Over
result; he also hated the corruption within the system. time, the pigs rewrite the Seven Commandments
He quit, and for the rest of his short life, he worked as a established at the beginning of the revolution. The
journalist, published several novels and many essays, other animals are exploited and work like slaves. By
and became an eloquent spokesman for democratic the end, the pigs have “transformed” into human
socialism. His two most successful works are political beings; the workers are no better off than they were
satires, Animal Farm (1945) and 1984 (1949). He wrote under Mr. Jones’s control.
the latter while battling tuberculosis, succumbing to
the disease at age 46. KEY THEMES
Power Corrupts When the animals revolt
BACKGROUND against Mr. Jones, they agree to follow seven
Karl Marx believed that the overthrow of the rulers commandments that will ensure freedom and
by the workers was inevitable and would lead to equality for all. As Napoleon and his ruling class
an ideal classless society in which everyone would gain more power, however, they modify these
contribute to the common good and benefit equally. laws to benefit themselves. The final modification

Sparked by Marx’s ideas and by the devastating reflects their ultimate corruption: “ALL ANIMALS
impact of World War I—millions of soldiers dead and ARE EQUAL / BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE
the economy in ruins—Russian workers, led by a EQUAL THAN OTHERS.”
small educated class, overthrew Czar Nicholas II and Blind Devotion Leads to Oppression Orwell
his government in 1917. They established a social shows how ignorance, inertia, and blind loyalty
democracy. Power struggles continued until 1929, lead Napoleon’s followers to accept increasing
when Joseph Stalin became dictator. George Orwell privations and limitations on their freedom. This
opposed Stalin’s cruel and oppressive methods theme is most strongly conveyed by Boxer’s oft-
for gaining and holding power. Animal Farm is an repeated motto: “If Comrade Napoleon says it, it
allegory of Russia’s political history beginning with must be right.”
the Russian Revolution and ending in about 1943.
Rewriting History Squealer not only rewrites
SUMMARY the commandments to benefit the ruling animals,
he also convinces the “lower animals” that they
When old Major, a 12-year-old pig, gathers the farm
have misremembered events that they themselves
animals to share a dream he has had, he prefaces it
witnessed, such as Snowball’s brave and heroic
with a revolutionary idea: “Remove Man from the
charge against Mr. Jones. 2
teacher notes • Animal Farm (continued)
CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES irony is stating one thing while meaning another.

For decades, literary critics have analyzed Animal The plight of Boxer is an example of situational
Farm and its messages about society. The critic irony; the loyal plow horse believes, along with his
John Sutherland notes that regardless of the grand comrades, that he will receive medical attention,
declarations the animals make at the beginning of but instead, he is taken to be slaughtered and
their revolution, neither equality nor advancement turned into glue.
from one class to another is possible in Orwell’s Personification Personification is a type of
allegory. As students read, have them think about figurative language. It refers to the giving of human
what messages Orwell might be suggesting about qualities to an object, animal, or idea. All of the
equality and society. Is a society in which all people animal characters in Animal Farm are personified.
are treated equally possible? If not, why? For example, Napoleon is cruel and intimidating,
Boxer is loyal and likable, Mollie is vain, and
KEY LITERARY ELEMENTS Benjamin is cynical.
Allegory An allegory is a work with two levels
Propaganda Propaganda is a form of one-
of meaning—a literal one and a symbolic one.
sided, biased communication meant to influence
In allegories, many of the characters, objects,
its audience. It distorts the truth, delivers false
settings, or events represent abstract qualities,
information, and misleads people. Propaganda in
such as greed or cruelty, or real people or places.
Animal Farm often involves the repetition of simple
For example, Napoleon represents Joseph Stalin,
messages, as when the sheep repeat slogans.
and the farmhouse represents the Kremlin.
Other examples include Squealer’s and Napoleon’s
Personification is often used in traditional
lies, such as that Snowball is a traitor; distortions
allegories. As in a fable or a parable, the purpose
of facts, such as the statistics that exaggerate the
of an allegory may be to convey truths about life,
farm’s prosperity; and appeals to fear, such as
to teach religious or moral lessons, or to criticize
implying that Mr. Jones will return if the animals
social institutions. Animal Farm is an allegory about
don’t comply with Napoleon’s orders.
human nature and society. It is also an allegorical
representation of Russia’s political history from Foreshadowing Foreshadowing is the use of
1917 to about 1943. hints to suggest plot events that will occur later
in the novel. For example, foreshadowing occurs
Irony Irony is a special kind of contrast between
when Napoleon takes the puppies away from their
appearance and reality in which reality is typically
mother. He claims that he will be responsible for
the opposite of what it seems to be. Situational
their education. This event hints at Napoleon’s
irony is a contrast between what a reader or
ulterior motives: to develop an “army” of fierce
character expects and what actually exists or
defenders that will protect him and intimidate
happens. Dramatic irony exists when a reader
others as he rises to power.
knows something that a character doesn’t. Verbal
PACING GUIDE
Book Choices &
Introduction Read & Respond to Animal Farm Book Test
DAY: 1 2 3 4 5 6–7
Note: Activities in the Study Guide are provided as options. You can customize instruction according to student
needs and time available.
3
teacher notes • Animal Farm (continued)
SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

While most students will have positive reactions to this book, it is important to be sensitive to the few who
may make connections between story events and personal trauma. The chart below lists topics or events that
may trouble students, together with how the situation was resolved and ways that you might address this
content with individual students. Because the chart contains plot spoilers, you may want to avoid sharing this
information before students read.
You may wish to share this chart with a school counselor for additional support.
Sensitive Content Context Evaluating the Outcome
Coercion and Napoleon uses the threat of being The surviving animals do not know whether they are
executions killed by his dogs to coerce false more upset by the betrayals of the confessors or by the
confessions from some animals. executions. Ask: What do the animals’ responses to the
Confessors are slain. Survivors are killings reveal about their vulnerabilities?
traumatized.
Harsh injustice for a Boxer has worked harder than any Boxer fails to kick his way out of the truck and is presumably
beloved character other animal on the farm and has slaughtered. Ask: Did you expect this to be Boxer’s fate?
blindly believed that Napoleon is Why or why not? What makes this outcome particularly
always right. He boards the glue poignant? What message might Orwell be conveying
factory truck with his usual trust, through Boxer’s life and death?
believing he will be taken to the
hospital. Only when he hears the
others screaming does he realize how
misplaced his trust was.
Mistreatment of There are several instances of animals The treatment of animals while Napoleon is in power is
animals being betrayed and mistreated. worse than the treatment they received while Mr. Jones
Descriptions of slaughter include Mr. ran the farm. Ask: What message about human nature
Jones drowning old dogs. Animals might Orwell be suggesting through the cruel treatment of
are whipped and starved. Hens die animals? What options do the animals have?
as a result of protesting the taking of
their eggs.
To prepare students to engage with the book’s themes and events, have them complete the following Student

Anticipation Guide before and after reading. The Before Reading and After Reading freewriting associated
with the Anticipation Guide may serve as a starting point for a more in-depth discussion.
4
study guide
Animal Farm by George Orwell
TURN AND TALK: RESPOND TO THE ESSENTIAL QUESTION

? With a partner, discuss your opinions and experiences related to this question:
What are the sources of true power?
STUDENT ANTICIPATION GUIDE

Before Reading Before reading the book, mark your response to each item below in
the “Before” column:
• Mark a plus sign (+) if you agree.

• Mark a minus sign (–) if you disagree.
• Mark a question mark (?) if you are unsure of your opinion.
Then freewrite about one of the items.
before after
1. Power always corrupts those who wield it.

2. Written history is a trustworthy record of events.
3. Revolutions lead to improvements in society.
4. In the end, kindness and loyalty will always be rewarded.
5. Violence is an unfortunate, yet necessary, component of revolution.
After Reading When you have finished reading and discussing the book, mark your
responses to the items above in the “After” column. Then freewrite about one item. You
may choose to write about
• the same item you chose for your Before Reading freewriting
• an item about which your opinion changed
• an item about which your opinion grew much stronger
QUICK START © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
In the chart below, work with a partner to list revolutions that you know about, identify
what caused each one, and describe the outcome. You may include current or ongoing
revolutions. Discuss your work with the class.
Revolution Cause Outcome
5
study guide
VOCABULARY TRACKER
Use the chart below to record unfamiliar terms that you encounter while reading. Choose
words that you are likely to use in future reading, writing, and class discussions in this
and other classes. Page references will vary depending on the edition of the book you are
reading.
Word Page Definition from Context Dictionary Definition My New Sentence

cynical 5 Benjamin is sarcastic, Believing that people He is so cynical that he
critical, and irritable. are selfish or personally won’t even trust the Girl
motivated; skeptical of Scouts.
the motives of others
6
study guide
READ AND RESPOND 1

Chapters 1 – 3
Remember to annotate as you read. Your teacher may ask you to use sticky notes,
highlight ideas, or mark and write comments on the pages. Annotating will help you find
evidence to support ideas in discussions. After reading, complete the following activities.
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Answer these questions independently.
1. What main insight does Major share with the farm animals?
2. What finally causes the animals to revolt against Mr. Jones?
3. What does Squealer imply will happen if the animals don’t accept the pigs’
proclamations?
PICK A PASSAGE
Review the pages you have just read and choose a sentence or short passage that you find © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
important or thought-provoking, or one that you have a question about. Discuss it with a
partner or group.
TALK ABOUT THE BOOK

Discuss the following in pairs or small groups. Use evidence from the text to support your
answers.
1. How can you tell that Animal Farm is an allegory?
2. Identify uses of irony so far. How does this irony help Orwell communicate a message
effectively?
3. How do the animals behave when they gather to hear old Major speak? What do their
behaviors suggest about them?
7
study guide
READ AND RESPOND 2

Chapters 4 – 6

1. Which animal relies most upon books to educate himself, and what does he learn?
2. What upsets Boxer after the Battle of the Cowshed, and how does Snowball
respond?
3. What does Napoleon claim has happened to the windmill?
PICK A PASSAGE
partner or group.
TALK ABOUT THE BOOK

answers.
1. How does Orwell use foreshadowing to hint at Snowball’s fate? What effect does the
foreshadowing have on the book’s mood?
2. Identify examples of propaganda. What effect does it have on the animals, and is that
effect believable? Explain.
3. How does Orwell develop Squealer’s character? What is his role in the story?
8
study guide
READ AND RESPOND 3

Chapters 7 – 8

1. What happens when the animals assemble in the yard on Napoleon’s order?
2. Why does Clover ask Muriel to read the Sixth Commandment to her, and what is
her reaction to what she hears?
3. What happens to Napoleon a few days after the Battle of the Windmill, and
what changes as a result?
PICK A PASSAGE © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Review the pages you have just read and choose a sentence or short passage that you find
partner or group.
TALK ABOUT THE BOOK

Discuss the following in pairs or small groups. Use evidence from the text to support your answers.
1. What effect does the execution of the confessors have on the other animals? What
message might Orwell be conveying through this scene?
2. Why might Orwell have chosen to personify animals in his story instead of using human
characters?
3. How does Napoleon use the animals’ illiteracy to his advantage?
9
study guide
READ AND RESPOND 4

Chapters 9 – 10

1. What terrifying sight does Clover see in the yard, and how do the sheep respond?
2. What does Benjamin reveal about Boxer’s destination, and how does this affect
the animals?
3. By the story’s end, how has the Seventh Commandment been recast?
PICK A PASSAGE
partner or group.
TALK ABOUT THE BOOK

answers.
1. Why do you think Orwell chose to express his political views in the form of an allegory?
2. Which tactics do you think were most effective in Napoleon’s rise to power? Why were
they so effective?
3. In the final scene of the book, Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington both draw the ace of spades.
What might this moment represent?
10
assessments
CHOICES
ANALYZE
Choose one of the following three topics. Then write a well-organized and well-developed essay
supported by evidence from Animal Farm.
1. In the beginning of the novel, Major claims that “Man” is the animals’ “only real enemy.” Do you
agree? Who or what is the “real enemy” of the animals?
2. Choose an animal character from Animal Farm and explain how he or she is personified. Why
might Orwell have developed the character as he did, and what role does the character play in
the story? What kind of person might this character represent?
3. Analyze the way the Commandments change over the course of the novel. What would a
society of animals built around the original list be like? How would an animal society built
around the revised list be different?
CREATE
Choose one of the following three activities.
1. Propaganda PSA What is propaganda, and how do you identify it? Do we need to be
concerned with propaganda today? What questions might we ask ourselves to determine
whether a message is propaganda? Work with a small group to create a public-service
announcement (PSA) video about propaganda. Identify its purpose and the techniques it
uses to influence an audience—such as exaggerations, distortions, lies, or appeals to fear. Use
real examples of propaganda to support your points. Share your PSA with the class and invite
comments.
2. Annotated Timeline Animal Farm is an allegory of Russia’s political history from 1917 to
about 1943. Research the major political events that took place in Russia during that time,
including the key political figures who came into and fell out of power and the tactics Joseph
Stalin used to make himself a powerful dictator. Create a timeline highlighting key moments.
Then annotate the timeline with notes in which you compare characters and events in Animal
Farm to people and events connected to the Russian Revolution. Display your timeline and
discuss it with classmates.
3. Laws for Humanity Review the Seven Commandments, the principles of Animalism that
were meant to form “unalterable law by which all the animals on Animal Farm must live for ever
after.” Then write seven “laws” for humanity, which should be applicable to all people across
the globe, be relevant for future generations, and reflect the values and ideas that you believe
are most important. Present your work in a small group and discuss any challenges you faced in
creating your laws.
11
assessments
BOOK TEST page 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Read each question below. Then mark the letter of the answer you have chosen.
1. Who inspires the animals to rebel against 6. When does Animal Farm function at its
Mr. Jones? best?
A Major A when it is owned and run by Mr. Jones
B Snowball B after Snowball has been chased away
C Squealer C when the windmill is up and running
D Napoleon D the summer after the rebellion
2. Which of the following is one of the 7. What is one of the novel’s themes?
original Seven Commandments? A There will always be winners and
A Whatever goes upon four legs is an losers.
enemy. B Your work ethic defines you.
B No animal shall drink alcohol to C Blind devotion can lead to oppression.
excess. D If at first you don’t succeed, don’t
C No animal shall kill any other animal. give up.
D Animals are superior to human beings.
8. Napoleon makes sure that the outside
3. Napoleon trains the puppies to — world doesn’t know that —
A be fiercely loyal to him A animals on the farm are starving
B be defenders of Animalism B he is in charge
C rewrite the commandments C Major has died
D punish Mollie for leaving D some animals know how to read
4. What is Boxer’s private motto? 9. The windmill is a symbol of the animals’ —

A Cruel whips no more shall crack. A collective future
B I will work harder. B reliance on human inventions
C Always question authority. C concern for the environment
D Honesty is the best policy. D blind obedience
5. The animals’ interactions with humans are 10. By the end of this allegory —
characterized by — A the animals have triumphed over
A fear and submissiveness human domination
B courtesy and kindness B there is no difference between the
C aggression and anger revolution’s leaders and the oppressors
D distrust and deception C the “lower animals” have all
recognized that they were foolish to
obey the pigs
D animals on other farms are hoping to
learn from the example of Animal Farm
12
assessments
BOOK TEST page 2
SHORT ANSWER
Answer each of the following in complete sentences. Cite evidence from the novel to
support your answers.
11. An allegory is a story with both literal and symbolic levels of meaning. Characters, objects,
settings, or events in an allegory often represent abstract qualities or real people or places
in order to convey truths about life, to teach religious or moral lessons, or to criticize social
institutions. Identify how Animal Farm shows the characteristics of an allegory and what lesson
it attempts to teach.
12. Irony is a contrast between appearance and reality in which reality is typically the opposite
of what it seems to be. Situational irony is a contrast between what a reader or character
expects and what actually exists or happens. Identify one example of situational irony in Animal
Farm. What is the effect of this irony on Orwell’s message?
13. Personification refers to the giving of human qualities to an object, animal, or idea.
Choose one animal character from the novel, and explain how he or she exhibits human
characteristics. Why is this personification more effective at communicating a message than
using a human character with the same traits would be?
14. Propaganda is a form of biased, one-sided communication. Identify one use of propaganda in
the novel. What is its effect on the characters, and how does it contribute to Orwell’s message?
15. Foreshadowing is the use of hints to suggest plot events that will occur later in the
novel. What is an event or action that is foreshadowed in Major’s speech? How does this
foreshadowing affect the novel’s tone?
ESSAY
16. Write an essay that explains how the following quotation from Animal Farm relates to the
Essential Question. Include evidence from the novel to support your answer.
“Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. . . . Yet he is lord of
all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum
that will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself.”
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
? What are the sources of true power? 13
answer key
READ AND RESPOND opportunistic social climbers or media mouthpieces of

Responses to Pick a Passage and Talk About the Book oppressive regimes.
items will vary but should be supported with evidence 3. Students may say that the initial lists of Commandments,
from the text. if followed, would create a just and equitable society for
the animals. They may say that the revised list doesn’t
CHAPTERS 1 – 3 provide any guidelines to ensure fairness and therefore
Check Your Understanding invites abuses.
1. He shares this revolutionary idea: “Remove Man from Create
the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is
abolished for ever.” 1. PSA videos should clearly define propaganda, offer tips
for how to identify it, and provide real-life examples.
2. They revolt because Mr. Jones fails to feed them and
milk the cows. 2. Timelines should identify parallels between Marxism
and Animalism; the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the
3. He implies that Mr. Jones will come back.
Battle of the Cowshed; Lenin and Major, Trotsky and
Snowball, and Stalin and Napoleon.
CHAPTERS 4 – 6 3. Accept creative and thoughtful efforts. Encourage
Check Your Understanding students to examine whether their laws reflect
1. Snowball learns strategy for winning a battle, how to universally held values and beliefs about human nature
build a windmill, and the potential uses for electricity and appropriate human behavior.
on the farm.
2. Boxer thinks he has killed a stable-lad, and Snowball BOOK TEST
says that the “only good human being is a dead one.” Multiple Choice
3. He says that Snowball destroyed it.
1. A 5. D 9. A
2. C 6. D 10. B
CHAPTERS 7 – 8 3. A 7. C
Check Your Understanding 4. B 8. A
1. Some animals are coerced by the dogs into making
false confessions and are then executed. Short Answer
2. Clover recalls that the Sixth Commandment forbade Responses will vary. Possible answers:
animals from killing one another. However, it now reads, 11. Students should note that animals are used to
“No animal shall kill any other animal without cause.” represent people and that situations mirror historical
She accepts the executions because she believes they events. They may say that the lesson is to avoid blind
must have been justified. obedience.
3. He gets drunk and suffers a hangover so severe that he 12. Students may focus on the plight of Boxer; the loyal
thinks he is dying. As a result, the Fifth Commandment plow horse believes, along with his comrades, that
now reads, “No animal shall drink alcohol to excess.” he will receive medical attention, but instead, he is
taken to be slaughtered and turned into glue. This
CHAPTERS 9 – 10 irony demonstrates the danger of blind faith in a
Check Your Understanding charismatic leader.
13. For example, Mollie is vain and materialistic. Her
1. Clover sees the pigs walking on two legs; Napoleon
choice to leave the farm and go with a human points
carries a whip in his trotter. Squealer has trained the
to her selfishness, but also her willingness to think
sheep to repeatedly bleat “two legs better.”
for herself. A human might have more complex
2. Boxer is being driven off to the “knacker’s.” The animals
motivations, so the lesson might be lost.
are horrified and yell at Boxer to get out of the van. They
14. Students may discuss the song “The Beasts of
also try to convince the horses pulling the van to stop.
England” and how it changes over time. Orwell’s
3. The Seventh Commandment now says that “some
message is that tyrants can turn something positive
animals are more equal than others.”
into its opposite.
15. Students may say that the pigs’ eventual acting and
CHOICES behaving like “Man” is foreshadowed in Major’s
Analyze speech when he warns against that very thing. The
1. Accept all reasonable responses. For example, some foreshadowing develops suspense about the outcome.
students may suggest that greed or a system in which
power is not distributed equally is the “real enemy.” Essay
2. Accept all reasonable responses. For example, 16. Students’ essays should explain how the quotation
students may focus on Squealer, who is manipulative, addresses the Essential Question and be well
yet behaves as if he’s the animals’ friend. One of his supported with textual evidence. Students may
roles is to influence and control the animals through suggest that under tyranny, power is gained through
misinformation. Students may say he represents exploitation, manipulation, and coercion.
14

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STUDY GUIDE

Animal Farm LEXILE 1170L

Animal Farm is a suggested title for Into Literature Grade 10 Unit 6.

? What are the sources of true power?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES irony is stating one thing while meaning another.

SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

Sensitive Content Context Evaluating the Outcome

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

TURN AND TALK: RESPOND TO THE ESSENTIAL QUESTION

STUDENT ANTICIPATION GUIDE

• Mark a plus sign (+) if you agree.

1. Power always corrupts those who wield it.

QUICK START © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Revolution Cause Outcome

Word Page Definition from Context Dictionary Definition My New Sentence

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

READ AND RESPOND 1

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

2. What finally causes the animals to revolt against Mr. Jones?

TALK ABOUT THE BOOK

READ AND RESPOND 2

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

3. What does Napoleon claim has happened to the windmill?

TALK ABOUT THE BOOK

READ AND RESPOND 3

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

PICK A PASSAGE © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

TALK ABOUT THE BOOK

READ AND RESPOND 4

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

TALK ABOUT THE BOOK

BOOK TEST page 1

4. What is Boxer’s private motto? 9. The windmill is a symbol of the animals’ —

BOOK TEST page 2

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

READ AND RESPOND opportunistic social climbers or media mouthpieces of

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