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    Probability: Bùi Thị Lệ Thủy/

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    Jennysan
    The document is a chapter about combinatorial analysis from a probability textbook. It covers topics like the basic principle of counting, permutations, combinations, and partitions. It provides examples and formulas for calculating the number of possible outcomes for different counting problems, like how many ways objects can be arranged or grouped.

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    Probability: Bùi Thị Lệ Thủy/

    Uploaded by

    Jennysan
    37 views27 pages
    The document is a chapter about combinatorial analysis from a probability textbook. It covers topics like the basic principle of counting, permutations, combinations, and partitions. It provides examples and formulas for calculating the number of possible outcomes for different counting problems, like how many ways objects can be arranged or grouped.

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    probability statistics chapter 1

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    2022_C1

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    The document is a chapter about combinatorial analysis from a probability textbook. It covers topics like the basic principle of counting, permutations, combinations, and partitions. It provides examples and formulas for calculating the number of possible outcomes for different counting problems, like how many ways objects can be arranged or grouped.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views27 pages

    Probability: Bùi Thị Lệ Thủy/

    Uploaded by

    Jennysan
    The document is a chapter about combinatorial analysis from a probability textbook. It covers topics like the basic principle of counting, permutations, combinations, and partitions. It provides examples and formulas for calculating the number of possible outcomes for different counting problems, like how many ways objects can be arranged or grouped.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 27

    Bùi Thị Lệ Thủy

    PROBABILITY
    Bùi Thị Lệ Thủy\

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    Chapter 1

    COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS
    1. Introduction
    2. The Basic Principle of Counting
    3. Permutations
    4. Combinations
    5. Partitions

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    1. Introduction
    • Many problems in probability theory can be solved simply by
    counting the number of different ways that a certain event can occur.
    • The mathematical theory of counting is formally known as
    combinatorial analysis.

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    2. The Basic Principle of Counting


    • Suppose that the outcomes of an experiment consist of a
    combination of two separate tasks or actions. Suppose there are
    n possibilities for the first task, and that for each of these n
    possibilities there are k possible ways to perform the second
    task. Then there are nk possible outcomes for the experiment

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    2. The Basic Principle of Counting


    Example 1.1: An employee of a southwestern state can choose one of
    three group life insurance plans and one of five group health insurance
    plans. Find the total number of ways she can choose her complete life
    and health insurance package.

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    2. The Basic Principle of Counting


    Example 1.2: A small community consists of 10 women, each of whom
    has 3 children. If one woman and one of her children are to be chosen
    as mother and child of the year, how many different choices are
    possible?

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    2. The Basic Principle of Counting


    The generalized basic principle of counting
    • Suppose that the outcomes of an experiment consist of a
    combination of k separate tasks or actions. If task i can be performed
    in ni ways for each combined outcome of the remaining tasks for i = 1,
    2, …k, then the total number of outcomes for the experiment is
    n1 · n2 · · ·nk.

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    2. The Basic Principle of Counting


    Example 1.3: A college planning committee consists of 3 freshmen, 4
    sophomores, 5 juniors, and 2 seniors. A subcommittee of 4, consisting
    of 1 person from each class, is to be chosen. How many different
    subcommittees are possible?

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    2. The Basic Principle of Counting


    Example 1.4:
    (a) How many different 7-place license plates are possible if the first 3
    places are to be occupied by letters (from 24 letters) and the final 4
    by numbers?
    (b) how many 7-place license plates would be possible if repetition
    among letters or numbers were prohibited?

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    3. Permutations
    Question: How many different ordered arrangements of the letters a, b,
    and c are possible?
    Answer: abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, cba

    Each arrangement is known as a permutation.


    Suppose now that we have n objects. There are
    n(n - 1)(n - 2) · · · 3 · 2 · 1 = n!
    different permutations of the n objects.

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    3. Permutations
    Example 1.5: How many different batting orders are possible for a
    baseball team consisting of 9 players?

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    3. Permutations
    Example 1.6: A class in probability theory consists of 6 men and 4
    women. An examination is given, and the students are ranked
    according to their performance. Assume that no two students obtain
    the same score.
    (a) How many different rankings are possible?
    (b) If the men are ranked just among themselves and the women just
    among themselves, how many different rankings are possible?

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    3. Permutations
    Example 1.7: Ms. Jones has 10 books that she is going to put on her
    bookshelf. Of these, 4 are mathematics books, 3 are chemistry books, 2
    are history books, and 1 is a language book. Ms. Jones wants to arrange
    her books so that all the books dealing with the same subject are
    together on the shelf. How many different arrangements are possible?

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    3. Permutations
    Example 1.8: How many different letter arrangements can be formed
    from the letters PEPPER?

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    3. Permutations
    General Result
    Suppose you have n objects. The number of different permutations of
    these n objects of which n1 are alike, n2 are alike,..., nr are alike is given
    by
    𝑛! 𝑛
    := 𝑛 ,𝑛 ,…𝑛
    𝑛1 !𝑛2 !…𝑛𝑟 ! 1 2 𝑟

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    3. Permutations
    Example 1.9: A chess tournament has 10 competitors, of which 4 are
    Russian, 3 are from the United States, 2 are from Great Britain, and 1 is
    from Brazil. If the tournament result lists just the nationalities of the
    players in the order in which they placed, how many outcomes are
    possible?

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    3. Permutations
    Example 1.10: How many different signals, each consisting of 9 flags
    hung in a line, can be made from a set of 4 white flags, 3 red flags, and
    2 blue flags if all flags of the same color are identical?

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    4. Combinations
    • We are often interested in determining the number of different
    groups of r objects that could be formed from a total of n objects.
    • n(n - 1) · · · (n - r + 1) represents the number of different ways that a
    group of r items could be selected from n items when the order of
    selection is relevant, and as each group of r items will be counted r!
    times in this count, it follows that the number of different groups of r
    items that could be formed from a set of n items is

    n(n − 1) · · · (n − r + 1) n!
    =
    r! (n − r)! r!

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    4. Combinations
    Notation and terminology
    𝑛
    We define , for r ≤ 𝑛, by
    𝑟
    𝑛 n!
    =
    𝑟 (n − r)! r!
    𝑛
    and say that (read as "n choose r") represents the number of
    𝑟
    possible combinations of n objects taken r at a time.

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    4. Combinations
    Example 1.11: Assume we have an horse race with 12 horses. What is
    the possible number of combinations of 3 horses when the order
    matters and when it does not?

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    4. Combinations
    General Result
    We want to determine the number of different groups of r objects
    that could be formed from a total of n objects.
    • When the order of selection is relevant, there are
    n!
    n(n − 1) · · · (n − r + 1) =
    (n − r)!
    • When the order of selection is irrelevant, there are
    n! 𝑛
    ≔
    (n − r)! r! 𝑟

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    4. Combinations
    Example 1.12: A committee of 3 is to be formed from a group of 20
    people. How many different committees are possible?

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    4. Combinations
    Example 1.13: From a group of 5 women and 7 men, how many
    different committees consisting of 2 women and 3 men can be formed?
    What if 2 of the men are feuding and refuse to serve on the committee
    together?

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    5. Partitions
    • A set of n distinct items is to be divided into r distinct groups of
    respective sizes n1, n2, . .. , nr, where 𝑟𝑖=1 𝑛𝑖 = 𝑛. There are

    𝑛! 𝑛
    ∶= 𝑛 , 𝑛 , … 𝑛
    𝑛1 !𝑛2 !…𝑛𝑟 ! 1 2 𝑟

    possible divisions.

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    5. Partitions
    Example 1.14: A police department in a small city consists of 10
    officers. If the department policy is to have 5 of the officers patrolling
    the streets, 2 of the officers working full time at the station, and 3 of
    the officers on reserve at the station, how many different divisions of
    the 10 officers into the 3 groups are possible?

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    5. Partitions
    Example 1.15: Ten children are to be divided into an A team and a B
    team of 5 each. The A team will play in one league and the B team in
    another. How many different divisions are possible?

    1st Semester 2022


    Probability

    5. Partitions
    Example 1.16: In order to play a game of basketball, 10 children at a
    playground divide themselves into two teams of 5 each. How many
    different divisions are possible?

    1st Semester 2022

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