Chapter 6 Part B Magnetic Properties - of Transition Elements

Chapter 6 PART B MAGNETIC PROPERTIES.OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS .
OBJECTIVES
In this Chapter , we shall study some magnetic Properties of Transition Elements .In so doing
we shall make use of some principles studied in Chapter 5
INTRODUCTION . There substances that are attracted by magnetic fields .

We say that such a substance is paramagnetic. When paramagnetic substances are weighed, first
in absence of a magnetc field and then in a magnetic field, they appear heavier Paramagnetism
is caused by presence of unpaired electrons in a substance . There are substance which , if
weighed in absence of a magnetic field and the in a magnetic field, they appear lighter . Such
substances are said to be diamagnetic. Diamgnetism is actually a property of all material
substances. It is, however, very weak in comparison with paramagnetism.
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF TRANSITION METAL IONS.
In chapter five , it was noted that in an ion such as Cr 2+, electrons may occupy the d-orbitals
singly or paired depending on the type of ligand co-ordinated to the metal ion. Thus, in the
complex, be Cr(H2O)6]2+, the electrons occupy the d-orbitals singly since the water molecules
do not produce sufficiently strong fields to force the electrons to pair up (
Generally, a species with unpaired electrons is attracted strongly by a magnetic field and is
described as paramagnetic. Conversely, a species with all electrons paired up is repelled by a
magnetic field and is said to be diamagnetic.
CALCULATING MAGNEIC MOMENT FOR A SPECIES WITH n UNPAIRED

ELECTRONS.
An electron in an atom or ion has two types of movements namely, the spinning of an
electron about its own axis and , movements of electrons within the orbitals. Paramagnetism
is a contribution from two types of motions, namely, spinning of an electron about its own axis,
and movement of an electron within an orbital . Perhaps you will remember a simple
experiment where a campus needle is put close to an electricity carrying wire and the needle is
deflected. In this case, an electron is moving from one atom to the next and the next, and the
next and so on because of application of potential difference between the two ends of the wire
carrying the current. The atoms in the wire are actually stationary
When we wish to indicate magnetism contributed only by the electron spin, we define the so-
called spin-only magnetic moment, s .
This is given by the relation
so. = [4S(S+1)]½
=[2n(n½+1)]½
=[n(n+2)]½
On the other hand, when we wish to take into account the contributions from both the spin of an electron about its
own axis and its movement with the orbitals, we define the total magnetic moment, the so-called, effective magnetic
moment net
,eff.
=[4S(S+1)+L(L+1)]½
Here, S=the sum of all the spins and L=the sum of all the l values.
Table 6.2 summarizes the spin only magnetic moments with species with 1-7 unpaired
electrons.
Table 6.2 spin-only for unpared electrons
No of Unpaired electrons spn-only magnetic moment, us.o
1 1.73
2 2.83
3.87
3
4 4.92
5 5.92
6 6.93
7 7.94
WORKED OUT EXAMPLE.

The Chromium salt, CrCl3.6H2O has a room Temperature moment of 3.67BM . Suggest how
many unpaired electrons the chromium ion has.
Solution The first step is to recognize type of ion present in this salt and once this is known, we
draw an energy level diagram . draw an energy level diagram Using the relation
so. = [n(n+2)]½
We can write, (so.)2 = [n(n+2)]=(3.67)2
n2+2n-13.47=0 Solution of this quadratic equation gives n=2.806 or -4.8 . We reject the second
answer since we cannot have negative number of electrons. They are either there or not present
at all. .We convert the positive value to nearest whole number because we cannot have
fractional electrons. Hence, the chromium(III) ion has three unpaired electrons. See the energy
level diagram below.
An energy level diagram of the [Cr(H2O)6]3+ion
d3
The formula for calculating

magnetic moment of n-unpaired electrons is extremely useful because,
it helps us to differentiate between waek and strong fields.
Consider for example, the possible arrangement of electrons in d-
orbitals of d4 ,d5 , d6d and d7 ions in both weak and strong fields.(See
Figures below.
d6
CFSE=-24Dq
Oh ( Strong Field
An specific example of a d6 ion in a strong octahedral Field is given below .
eg-set
d6
t2g -set
strong Oh-Field
TheK2[Fe(CN)6] complex containing the anion, [Fe(CN)6]4-
Note: All elctrons are paired-up in the t2g-set of orbitals

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Chapter 6 Part B Magnetic Properties - of Transition Elements

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Chapter 6 PART B MAGNETIC PROPERTIES.OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS .

INTRODUCTION . There substances that are attracted by magnetic fields .

CALCULATING MAGNEIC MOMENT FOR A SPECIES WITH n UNPAIRED

No of Unpaired electrons spn-only magnetic moment, us.o

WORKED OUT EXAMPLE.

The formula for calculating

TheK2[Fe(CN)6] complex containing the anion, [Fe(CN)6]4-

Note: All elctrons are paired-up in the t2g-set of orbitals

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