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  • Lab Report No. Permeability Tests

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    Yousif Mawlood
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    1. The document describes permeability tests used to measure the permeability coefficient (k) of soils using either constant head or falling head tests based on Darcy's Law. 2. Soil permeability can range from over 10-1 cm/s for gravel to less than 10-7 cm/s for clay, depending on factors like void ratio, saturation, particle size and shape. 3. The constant head test measures k by collecting water flow over time through a soil specimen under a constant head, while the falling head test measures k based on the drop in water level in a standpipe over time.

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    Original Title

    6 Permeability

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    1. The document describes permeability tests used to measure the permeability coefficient (k) of soils using either constant head or falling head tests based on Darcy's Law. 2. Soil permeability can range from over 10-1 cm/s for gravel to less than 10-7 cm/s for clay, depending on factors like void ratio, saturation, particle size and shape. 3. The constant head test measures k by collecting water flow over time through a soil specimen under a constant head, while the falling head test measures k based on the drop in water level in a standpipe over time.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    24 views5 pages

    Lab Report No. Permeability Tests

    Uploaded by

    Yousif Mawlood
    1. The document describes permeability tests used to measure the permeability coefficient (k) of soils using either constant head or falling head tests based on Darcy's Law. 2. Soil permeability can range from over 10-1 cm/s for gravel to less than 10-7 cm/s for clay, depending on factors like void ratio, saturation, particle size and shape. 3. The constant head test measures k by collecting water flow over time through a soil specimen under a constant head, while the falling head test measures k based on the drop in water level in a standpipe over time.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    1

    Lab Report No. 6


    PERMEABILITY TESTS
    Introduction:
    Soils are permeable to water because the voids between soil particles are interconnected. The
    degree of permeability is characterized by the permeability coefficient k, in the laboratory, k
    is measured by using either the constant head test for soils of high permeability (e.g. gravel &
    sand) or the falling head test for soils of intermediate and low permeable (e.g. silts and clays).
    Both methods uses Darcy's law which is expressed as
    q = kiA
    Where:
    q = quantity of fluid flow in a given time (volume/time)
    k = coefficient of permeability (length /time)
    i = hydraulic gradient
    A = cross sectional area of the soil mass
    Soil k (cm/s) Degree of permeability

    1- Gravel Over 10-1 High

    2- Sandy gravel, clean sand, fine sand 10-1 to 10-3 Medium

    3- Sand, dirty sand, silty sand 10-3 to 10-5 Low

    4- Silt, silty clay 10-5 to 10-7 Very low

    5- Clay Less than 10-7 Practically impermeable

    Note:
    Permeability depends on:
    1. Viscosity η
    η α 1/T kαT
    2. Void ratio e
    k = f(e) k2 = k1 (e2/e1)2
    3. Size and shape of soil grains.
    Angular and platy particles tend to reduce k more than the soil predominates in
    rounded and more spherical soil particles the pore size is related to particle size.
    4. The degree of saturation
    2
    The flow through the medium can only be measured by considering the quantity
    going into and coming out of the soil mass.

    Purposes:
     Permeability enters all problems involving flow of water through soils such as;
    seepage under dams, the squeezing out of water from a soil by the application of a
    load, and drainage of sub grades, dams, and back fills
     The effective strength of a soil is often indirectly controlled by its permeability.

    Apparatus: the equipment for determining permeability includes


    1. Permeameter cell (device) [two screens, two rubber stoppers]
    2. Piezometer (glass tubing 2 to 4 mm diameter) or stand pipe with its
    support
    3. Flexible hoses and screw clamps
    4. Deaired water
    5. Timer & thermometer
    6. Graduated cylinder (100 ml)
    7. Vacuum grease
    8. Balance (0.1g)
    9. Oven
    10. Ruler

    Procedure : D
    A-Constant Head Permeability Test
    1. Measure the D and L Flexi glass Piezometer L
    tube taps

    Porous stone
    2. Clean the cell base, apply vacuum grease on the lower gasket and place a porous
    stone on the base.
    3. Mix the dry soil, measure its height (H), and weight of soil left in the pan (W2).
    4. Apply vacuum grease to the top rubber gasket and then firmly seat the cover and
    lower the permeameter piston so that it slightly touches the specimen.
    5. Connect the permeameter inlet valve to the supply tank with a flexible hose and
    attach transparent hose to each permeameter tap. When there are no more air bubbles
    3
    in the hoses connect them to the piezometer tubes. After saturation, measure the
    sample height through the transparent cylinder.
    6. Close the outlet valve (the water level in all the piezometric tubes should be
    identical). When the outlet is opened, when the piezometer levels stop moving,
    measure the vertical distance between their meniscus bottoms ∆h (this distance is
    equal to the total head drop).
    7. Adjust the outlet valve to obtain the desired head drop. While the water flows at a
    steady rate and the piezometer levels are constant collect water in a container at
    convenient intervals. Measure the water temperature T and determine its volume.
    8. Repeat step 7 for various head drops compute the coefficient of permeability for
    each measurement.

    B-Falling Head Permeability Test


    1. Dry specimen are prepared as for the constant head test
    2. Measure the specimen height, diameter, and dry weight. Determine the standpipe
    internal diameter by measuring the volume of water contained in a standpipe
    section of given height.
    3. Saturated the specimen by immersing in water for several days (15 min). It is
    important that the specimen be fully saturated, otherwise, the falling head test will
    give erroneous results
    4. Fill the standpipe with deaired water well above the discharge level of the
    permeameter cell.
    5. Begin the test by opening the inlet valve A simultaneously and starting the timer.
    As the water flows through the specimen, measure the water elevation above the
    datum and water temperature T at various time t .

    Ring stand

    k = (2.3 aL/At)Log( ho/h1)

    Rubber tube and tube


    clamp to connect
    burette to sample
    (valve A)
    4

    Collected water to

    Schematic of falling head permeability setup see if qout= qin

    Calculation :
    A- Constant Head permeability:
    γd = w/[(л/4)D2H]
    H = the sample height
    D= the sample diameter
    W= the dry sample weight
    e = [(Gs γw)/ γd] -1
    ν =Q/A i = Δh/L and kT = ν/i
    L = the distance between Piezometer taps
    Δh = the distance between free surfaces in the Piezometer tubes
    A = (л/4)D2 is the cross sectional area of the specimen
    Q = the volume of water collected during time t
    k20 oC = (ηT/η20 oC) kT
    η = the viscosity of water at T and 20oC
    B- Falling Head permeability:
    γd and e as before
    kT = (2.3aL/At)Log(ho/hf) ….. cm/sec
    a = (л/4)d2 is the inside area of the stand
    A= (л/4)D2 is the inside area of the specimen
    L = Length of the sample cm
    t = elapsed time of test sec
    ho = the elevation of water in the stand pipe above discharge level at time t = 0
    hf = the elevation of water in the stand pipe above discharge level at time t.
    Discussion:
    in addition of the general questions (from Report Writing) answer the following questions
    1. What is the smallest value of permeability coefficient that can be measured in
    the constant head permeability test? What other test do you apply to the soils of smaller
    permeability?
    2. Does the permeability coefficient increases or decreases with water
    temperature? Why?
    3. Why do you use deaired water instead of tap water for the permeability test?
    5
    4. Does the measurement of permeability increases or decreases with the air
    content of the test water?
    Dr. Rizgar Ali Hummadi Yousif Ismail Mauloud
    3/1/2004 3/1/2004

    Falling Head Permeability


    Analyst name:
    Section: ……… Group No.: …………
    Test date: /1/2004
    Sample description:……………………..

    Specimen dry mass M =


     
    Specimen height H = 12.6 cm
     
    Specimen diameter D = 10.4 cm
     
    Diameter of standpipe ds = 1.45 cm
     
    Initial height in standpipe h0 = cm
     

    Test No. ho (cm) hf (cm) t (sec) Qin (cm3) Qout (cm3) T oC

    Signature: ………………………………

    Dr. Rizgar Ali Hummadi Yousif Ismail Mauloud


    3/1/2004 3/1/2004

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