Num2libro Ingles

Did you call David?
6 APRIL PERÚ
UNIT 01
APRIL PERÚ 7
Simple Past
The simple past (also called past simple, past indefinite or preterite) is a verb tense which is used
to show that a completed action took place at a specific time in the past. The simple past is also
frequently used to talk about past habits and generalizations. Read on for detailed descriptions,
examples, and simple past exercises.
Simple Past Forms
The simple past is formed using the verb + ed. In addition, there are many verbs with irregular
past forms. Questions are made with did and negative forms are made with did not.
-Statement: You called Debbie.
-Question: Did you call Debbie?
-Negative: You did not call Debbie.
Complete List of Simple Past Forms
Simple Past Uses
USE 1 Completed Action in the Past
Use the simple past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a
specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the
specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples
I saw a movie yesterday. Did you have dinner last night?

I didn’t see a play yesterday. She washed her car.
Last year, I traveled to Japan. He didn’t wash his car.
Last year, I didn’t travel to Korea.
8 APRIL PERÚ
USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions
We use the simple past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These
actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples
I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.

He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the
others at 10:00.
Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
USE 3 Duration in the Past
The simple past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past.
A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two
years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples
I lived in Brazil for two years. We talked on the phone for thirty
Shauna studied Japanese for five minutes.
years.
They sat at the beach all day. A: How long did you wait for them?
They did not stay at the party the B: We waited for one hour.
entire time.
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USE 4 Habits in the Past
The simple past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past.
It can have the same meaning as «used to.» To make it clear that we are talking
about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never,
when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.
Examples
I studied French when I was a child. She worked at the movie theater

He played the violin. after school.
He didn’t play the piano. They never went to school, they
Did you play a musical instrument always skipped class.
when you were a kid?
USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations
The simple past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations
which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the simple past is quite
similar to the expression «used to.»
Examples
She was shy as a child, but now she Did you live in Texas when you were a

is very outgoing. kid?
He didn’t like tomatoes before. People paid much more to make cell
phone calls in the past.
10 APRIL PERÚ
Reading
Ben’s day
When I woke up this morning, I found my dog,

Fox, waiting for me. He wanted me to take him for
a walk. I was too hungry, so first I had breakfast.
I had a glass of milk and a piece of toast. Then
I washed my teeth and put on a track-suit and
a heavy coat, because it was really cold outside.
Fox was already impatient. We both went out, and
walked to the park near home. Heran and jumped,
and pursued some passers-by. He also destroyed
some pieces of furniture somebody left on the
road. I sat on a bench all the time, wishing I could
be inside my warm bed. When my hands were
frozen, I decided it was time to go back home. Fox
didn’t want to, but I pulled hard and I managed to
take him back. When we arrived at the front door,
I realized I didn’t have my keys with me, so we
stayed out in the cold for more than an hour! Fox
was happy, but I was late for work!
1.Write all the verbs you find in the past simple tense. Which of them are regular? Which are
irregular? Write the infinitive of the irregular verbs:
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2. Answer the questions:
a. Who was happy to stay outside?

b. What did Ben do in the park?
c. What did Fox do in the park?
d. What did Ben have for breakfast?
e. What was the weather like?
f. What was Ben wearing?
g. When did Ben decide it was time to
go home?
Reading
The Princess on the Pea Hans Christian Andersen
There was once a prince. He wanted a princess, but it had to be a true princess! So he
journeyed all around the world to find one, but no matter where he went, something was
wrong. There were plenty of princesses, but whether or not they were true princesses he
couldn’t find out. There was always something that wasn’t quite right. So he came home
again and was very sad, for he wanted a true princess so very much. One evening there
was a terrible storm. The lightning flashed, the thunder boomed, and the rain poured down.
It was really frightful! Then somebody knocked at the city gate, and the old king went out
to open it. A princess was standing outside, but heavens, how she looked from the rain and
the bad weather! Water poured off her hair and clothes and ran in at the toe of her shoe
and out the heel, but she said she was a true princess. “Well, we’ll soon find out!” thought
the queen, but she didn’t say anything. She went into the bedroom, took off all the bedding,
and put a pea on the bottom of the bed. Then she took twenty mattresses and laid them
on the top of the pea and then put twenty eiderdown quilts on the top of the mattresses.
There the princess was to sleep that night. In the morning, they asked her how she had
slept. “Oh, just miserably!” said the princess. “I’ve hardly closed my eyes all night! Heaven
knows what was in my bed! I’ve been lying on something so hard that I’m black and blue
all over! It’s simply dreadful!” Then they could tell that this was a true princess, because
through the twenty mattresses and the twenty eiderdown quilts she had felt the pea. Only
a true princess could have such a delicate skin. So the prince took her for his wife, for now
he knew that he had a true princess, and the pea was put into the museum, where it can
still be seen, if no one has taken it! See, this was a true story!
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Answer the following questions. Give complete answers.
a. What did the prince want?

...........................................................................................................................................
b. What did he do to find what he wanted?
...........................................................................................................................................
c. Did he find what he wanted?
...........................................................................................................................................
d. What happened in the night of the storm?
...........................................................................................................................................
e. Who was the girl?
...........................................................................................................................................
f. What did the queen do?
...........................................................................................................................................
g. What happened in the morning?
...........................................................................................................................................
h. What did the prince do after that?
...........................................................................................................................................
APRIL PERÚ 13
Answer the following questions. Give complete answers.
1. Charles Darwin [was /were] born on February 12, 1809.

He [was/ were] a British naturalist who became famous
for his theories of evolution and natural selection. In
South America, Darwin found that fossils of extinct
animals [was/were] similar to modern species. Many
people [was/were] strongly opposed to the idea of
evolution because it conflicted with their religious
beliefs. Throughout his life, Darwin [was/ were] a
reserved, thorough, hardworking scholar.
2. When Albert Einstein [was/were] young, his parents

worried about him. Einstein’s parents [was/were]
concerned that Albert was «slow.» Albert [was/were]
a terrible student who didn’t want to attend classes
regularly and take exams. Einstein’s best-known work,
the theory of relativity, [was/were] published in 1905.
Unfortunately, the theory of relativity [was were] used
to create the atomic bomb.
Simple Past Tips
IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First
Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete
sentences. Some clauses begin with the word «when» such as «when I dropped
my pen...» or «when class began...» These clauses are called when-clauses, and
they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.
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Examples
When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.

She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.
When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both
clauses are in the simple past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing:
first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important
whether «when I paid her one dollar» is at the beginning of the sentence or at the
end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First,
she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.
Example
I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.
Adverb Placement
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,
only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples
You just called Debbie.
Did you just call Debbie?
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The Simple Past of the Verb «to be»
The simple past tense of the verb to be:
This page will present the simple past tense of the verb to be:
-its form
-and its use
The affirmative form:
I, he, she, it was

you, we, they were
Examples
I was in London in 1999. We were together.

Pam was in London in 1999, too. She was my girlfriend.
The interrogative form:
was I, he, she, it?

were you, we, they?
Examples
Were you in London last year? Were you together?

Was Pam with you?
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The negative form:
was not
I, he, she, it
wasn’t
were not
You, we, they
weren’t
Examples
I wasn’t in Paris in 1999. We weren’t in Paris.

Pam wasn’t in Paris in 1999.
Use of the simple past:
The simple past is used principally to describe events in the past.
Remember
1. wasn’t is the short form of was not. You can say either:
-I was not in Paris, or

-I wasn’t in Paris
2. weren’t is the short form of were not. You can say either:
-We were not in Paris, or

-We weren’t in Paris
The simple past tense
This page will present the simple past tense:
-Its form
-And its use
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He wrote a book
18 APRIL PERÚ
UNIT 02
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Before you continue the lesson read the following passage and try to see how the verbs are
formed and used.
Reading
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian

musician and composer. He lived from 1756 to
1791. He started composing at the age of five
years old and wrote more than 600 pieces of
music. He was only 35 years old when he died.
The verbs «was, lived,started, wrote, died» are in
the simple past tense.
Notice that:
lived, started,died are regular past forms.

was, wrote are irregular past forms.
Regular verbs:
The verbs «lived, started, died» are regular past forms. The rule is the following:
Verb + ed
Examples
The infinitive The simple past

live lived
start started
die died
visit visited
play played
watch watched
phone phoned
marry married
20 APRIL PERÚ
Regular verbs:
The verbs «was, wrote» are irregular past forms. «Was» is the simple past of «to be»; «wrote» is
the simple past of «write».
There is no rule for these verbs. You should learn them by heart.
Examples
The infinitive The simple past

be was/were
write wrote
come came
do did
meet met
speak spoke
The forms of the simple past:
The Affirmative form of the simple past:
played
I, you, he, she, it, we, they wrote
did
Examples
I played tennis with my friends yesterday.

I finished lunch and I did my homework.
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The interrogative form of the simple past:
play?
did I, you, he, she, it, we, they write?
do?
Examples
Did you play basketball yesterday?

Did you watch television?
Did you do the homework?
The interrogative form of the simple past:
play
did not/
I, you, he, she, it, we, they write
didn’t
do
Examples
I didn’t like the food served in the wedding party last Saturday.

I didn’t eat it.
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The use of the simple past
The simple past is used principally to describe events in the past, but it also has some other
uses. Here are the main uses of the simple past.
1. Finished events in the past
-William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.
-Christoph Columbus discovered America in 1492.
-He kissed her and left.
2. Past habitual action
-I visited them every day for a year.

-I drove to work every day when I worked
with that company.
3. Events that were true for some time in the past
-He lived in Paris for 20 years.

-They talked on the phone for ten minutes.
Remember
didn’t is the short form of did not. You can say either:
-I did not play basketball, or
-I didn’t play basketball.
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Spelling of the -ed forms
The spelling of the simple past form (-ed forms)
You will learn the spelling of the simple past form (-ed form.) But before you continue the lesson
study the following examples and try to see how the verbs are spelled.
Verbs ending in a...
1. silent e 2. vowel + y 3. consonant + y 4. other forms

close = closed play = played marry = married visit = visited
die = died destroy = destroyed carry = carried miss = missed
phone = phoned show = showed study = studied watch = watched
finish = finished
fix = fixed
buzz = buzzed
The rules of the simple past tense forms:
Here are the rules:
1.Regular verbs ending in a silent e take /-d/ in the simple past and past participle:
Example: close=closed
2.Regular verbs ending in a vowel + y take /-ed/ in the simple past and past participle:
Example: play=played
24 APRIL PERÚ
3.Regular verbs ending in a consonant + y take /-ied/ in the simple past and past participle (the
‘ y’ becomes an ‘ i’ followed by /-ed/)
Example: marry=married
4.All the other regular verbs take /-ed/ in the simple past and past participle.
Example:
visit=visited
Special cases of the -ed forms:
Follow these rules when there is a consonant after a vowel (stop, ban, open, offer...)
-If there is a consonant after a stressed vowel at the

end of the word, double the consonant
stop – stopped
ban - banned
swap - swapped
-If the vowel is not stressed, we do not double it

open - opened (Here the stress is on’o’, not the ‘e’.)
offer - offered ( Here the stress is on ‘o’, not the ‘e’.)
In British English we double the last ‘l’ of words like travel, cancel and level even though the last
vowel is not stressed. Here are some examples:
-travel - travelled
-cancel - cancelled
-level - levelled
-marvel – marveled
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Do the exercises below on the spelling of the simple past forms
Put the verbs into the simple past:
1. The kids (play) in the garden last Saturday.
2. She (visit) her friends last weekend.
3. Yesterday, I (show) my little brother the new computer game.
4. Last Friday, we (decide) to visit Cairo.
5. Who (invent) the the bulb?
6. The shop assistant (open) the door to customers.
7. What (happen) yesterday?
8. The students (work) on the project together yesterday.
9. They (want) to watch TV last night.
10. We (walk) home last night.
Infinitive Simple Past

kiss
wait
live
stopped
cried
hurry
watch
sail
swap
cook
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Irregular verbs
What are irregular verbs?
Regular verbs have ed at the end of the simple past and past participle forms:
Base verb + ed
Examples
Infinitive Simple past Past participle

play played played
visit visited visited
work worked worked
In contrast to the above examples of regular verbs, irregular verbs are verbs which don’t follow
the above pattern of conjugation.
Irregular verbs
Irregular verb forms can not be predicted, that’s why you should learn them by heart. The best
way to deal with them is as follows:
-Use them in appropriate contexts (in your

writing or in your conversation)
-Write down examples in your exercise book.
-Always keep a list of irregular verbs at your
disposal. (Note that most language books
include a section at the end for irregular verbs.)
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A list of irregular verbs
Do the exercises below on the simple past tense
1. Last year I (go) to England on holiday.
2. It (be) fantastic.
3. I (visit) lots of interesting places. I (be)
with two friends of mine .
4. In the mornings we (walk) in the streets of London.
5. In the evenings we (go) to pubs.
6. The weather (be) strangely fine.
7. It (not / rain) a lot.
8. But we (see) some beautiful rainbows.
9. Where (spend / you) your last holiday?
Write the past forms of the irregular verbs.
Infinitive Simple Past

meet
drive
speak
put
write
sing
do
sit
stand
run
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Affirmative Negative Interrogative

He wrote a book.
He did not sing
Was she pretty?
Put the sentences into simple past.
1. 1.We move to a new house. ..............................................................................
2. They bring a sandwich. ..............................................................................
3. He doesn’t do the homework. ..............................................................................
4. They sell cars. ..............................................................................
5. Does he visit his friends? ..............................................................................
Write sentences in simple past.
1. Janet / miss / the bus ..............................................................................
2. she / tidy / her room ..............................................................................
3. Nancy / watch / not / television ..............................................................................
4. she / read / a boo ..............................................................................
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Choose «Was“ or «Were“:
1. The teacher nice.
2. The students very clever.
3. But one student in trouble.
4. We sorry for him.
5. He nice though.
Irregular Verbs List - Spanish
Infinitive (1st form) Past simple (2nd f.) Past participle (3rd f.) Spanish
abide abided / abode abided / abode aguantar
alight alighted / alit alighted / alit iluminar
arise arose arisen levantar, erguer
awake awoke / awaked awoken / awaked acordar, despertar
(to) be was, were been ser, estar
bear bore born / borne levar, aguantar
beat beat beaten batir, golpear
become became become hacerse, ponerse
beget begot/begat begotten engendrar
begin began begun comenzar
bend bent bent torcer
bereave bereaved / bereft bereaved / bereft despojar
beseech besought / beseeched besought / beseeched suplicar
bet bet bet apostar
bid bid / bade bid / bidden ofrecer
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bind bound bound atar, amarrar
bite bit bitten morder, picar
bleed bled bled sangrar
blow blew blown soplar
break broke broken romper
breed bred bred criar
bring brought brought traer
broadcast broadcast / broadcasted broadcast / broadcasted transmitir, emitir
build built built construir
burn burned / burnt burned / burnt quemar
burst burst burst reventar(se),
buy bought bought comprar
can could poder
cast cast cast echar, lanzar
catch caught caught coger, agarrar
chide chided / chid chided / chidden reprender
choose chose chosen elegir
cleave cleft / cleaved, clove cleft / cleaved, cloven lascar, rachar
cling clung clung pegarse, agarrarse
clothe clothed / clad clothed / clad vestir
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come came come venir, llegar
cost cost cost costar, valer
creep crept crept arrastrarse
crow crowed crowed / crew cacarear, alardear
cut cut cut cortar
deal dealt dealt tramitar, operar
dig dug dug cavar, excavar
dive dived / dove (US) dived tirarse, sumergirse
do did done hacer
draw drew drawn tirar, sacar
dream dreamt / dreamed dreamt / dreamed soñar
drink drank drunk beber, tomar
drive drove driven conducir
eat ate eaten comer
dwell dwelt / dwelled dwelt / dwelled morar, vivir
fall fell fallen reprobar
feed fed fed alimentar
feel felt felt sentir
fight fought fought luchar, pelear
find found found encontrar
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fit fit / fitted fit / fitted quedar (de ropa)
flee fled fled huir
fling flung flung lanzar, arrojar
fly flew flown volar
forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
forecast forecast forcast pronosticar
forget forgot forgotten olvidar
forgive forgave forgiven perdonar, disculpar
forsake forsook forsaken abandonar
freeze froze frozen helar
geld gelded / gelt gelded / gelt castrar
get got got conseguir
gild gilded / gilt gilded / gilt dorar
give gave given dar
gnaw gnawed gnawed / gnawn roer
go went gone ir
grind ground ground moler, picar
grip gripped / gript gripped / gript asir
grow grew grown crecer
hang hung hung colgar
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have had had tener
hear heard heard oir
heave heaved / hove heaved / hove tirar, estirar
hew hewed hewed / hewn labrar, tallar
hide hid hidden esconder
hit hit hit golpear
hold held held tener, abrazar
hurt hurt hurt lastimar, perjudicar
keep kept kept guardar
kneel kneeled / knelt kneeled / knelt arrodillarse
knit knitted / knit knitted / knit hacer, tricotar, tejer
know knew known conocer
lade laded laded / laden cargar de
lay laid laid poner, colocar
lead led led llevar, guiar
lean leaned / leant leaned / leant apoyarse
leap leaped / leapt leaped / leapt saltar
learn learnt / learned learnt / learned aprender
leave left left dejar, abandonar
lend lent lent prestar
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let let let dejar
lie lay lain tenderse, acostarse
light lit / lighted lit / lighted encender, iluminar
lose lost lost perder
make made made hacer, crear
may might poder
mean meant meant significar
meet met met encontrar
melt melted melted / molten derretir
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood entender mal
mow mowed mowed / mown segar, cortar
offset offset offset compensar
outbid outbid outbid pujar más alto que
overtake overtook overtaken adelantar
pay paid paid pagar
pen penned / pent penned / pent escribir, redactar
plead pleaded / pled pleaded / pled aducir, suplicar
prove proved proved / proven demonstrar, probar
put put put poner
quit quit quit renunciar, abandonar
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read read read leer
rid rid / ridded rid / ridded deshacerse de
ride rode ridden montar, pasear
ring rang rung sonar
rise rose risen levantarse, elevarse
run ran run correr
say said said decir
saw sawed sawed / sawn serrar
see saw seen ver, mirar
seek sought sought buscar
sell sold sold vender
send sent sent enviar
set set set poner
sew sewed sewed / sewn coser
shake shook shaken sacudir, mover
shall should deber
shave shaved shaved / shaven afeitar(se)
shear sheared sheared / shorn esquilar
shed shed shed derramar
shine shone / shined shone / shined brillar
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shit shit / shitted / shat shit / shitted / shat cagar
shoe shod / shoed shod / shoed mostrar
shoot shot shot pegar un tiro a
show showed shown mostrar
shred shred / shredded shred / shredded retalhar, triturar
shrink shrank / shrunk shrunk encoger
shut shut shut cerrar
sing sang sung cantar
sink sank sunk hundir
sit sat sat sentar
slay slew slain matar
sleep slept slept dormir
slide slid slid deslizarse, resbalar
sling slung slung lanzar
slink slinked / slunk slinked / slunk zafarse
slit slit slit cortar, abrir
smell smelt / smelled smelt / smelled oler
smite smote smitten golpear
sow sowed sowed / sown sembrar
speak spoke spoken< hablar
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speed sped / speeded sped / speeded correr a toda prisa
spell spelled / spelt spelled / spelt deletrear
spend spent spent gastar
spill spilled / split spilled / split derramar
spin spun spun hacer girar
spill spilled / split spilled / split derramar
spin spun spun hacer girar
spit spitted / spat spitted / spat espetar, soltar
split split split dividir
spoil spoilt spoilt arruinar
spread spread spread tender, desplegar
spring sprang / sprung sprung saltar
stand stood stood pararse, estar de pie
stave (in/off) stove / staved stove / staved evitar, aplazar
steal stole stolen robar
stick stuck stuck pegar
sting stung stung picar
stink stank / stunk stunk apestar
strew strewed strewed / strewn esparcir
stride strode stridden andar a pasos largos
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strike struck struck / stricken golpear, pegar
string strung strung ensartar, encordar
strive strove / strived striven / strived esforzarse
swear swore sworn jurar
sweep swept swept barrer
swell swelled swelled / swollen hincharse
swim swam swum nadar
swing swung swung mecer
take (away) took taken tomar
teach taught taught enseñar
tear tore torn rasgar, romper
telecast telecast / telecasted telecast / telecasted televisar
tell told told decir
think thought thought pensar
thrive throve / thrived thriven / thrived prosperar
throw threw thrown arrojar, echar
thrust thrust thrust empujar, clavar
tread trod trod / trodden pisar
understand understood understood comprender
upset upset upset afectar, disgustar
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wake up woke up woken up despertar
wear wore worn usar, vestir
weave weaved / wove weaved / woven tejer
wed wed / wedded wed / wedded casar
weep wept wept llorar
wet wet / wetted wet / wetted mojar
win won won ganar
wind wound wound dejar sin aliento
wring wrung wrung torcer
write wrote written escribir
Past Simple
Regulars verbs ( -ed) base form past form
to play played played

to walk walked walked
to study studied studied
affirmative SUBJECT + BASE FORM -ed
EX. I, you, he, she, it, we, they played football yesterday
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Irregulars verbs (different ways) base form past form
to make made made

to ring rang rung
to go went gone
affirmative SUBJECT + 2nd FORM
EX. I, you, he, she, it, we, they went to the cinema
affirmative SUBJECT + DIDN’T + BASE FORM
Regular verbs EX. I, you, he, she, it, we, they didn’t play football yesterday
Irregular verbs EX. I, you, he, she, it, we, they didn’t go to the cinema last night
interrogative DID + SUBJECT + BASE FORM ?
Regular verbs EX. did I, you, he, she, it, we, they play football yesterday?
Irregular verbs EX. did I, you, he, she, it, we, they go to the cinema last night?
interrogative WH- WORD + DID + SUBJECT + BASE FORM ?
Regular verbs EX. what did I, you, he, she, it, we, they play yesterday? football
Irregular verbs EX. where did I, you, he, she, it, we, they go last night? to the cinema
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Past Simple (regular verbs)
Write the Past Simple form of the verbs below in the correct column.
repeat - worry - finish - start - phone - call - miss - enjoy - visit - marry - listen - cry
play - hate - wash - climb - live - arrive - talk - look - stay - ask - clean
travel - open - like - walk - carr - stop - mix - plan - decide - tidy
-d -ed cons + y - ied double cons + - ed
Write sentences in Past Simple:
1. Affirmative
2. Negative
3. Interrogative (Yes / No)
a. My sister / tidy / her room / yesterday morning.
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
b. We / live / in New York / in 1997
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
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c. Tom / travel / to Dublin / last night
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
d. I / clean / my teeth / twice / yesterday
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
e. John / stay / at Mary’s house / last summer
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
f. You / start / school / ten years ago
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
g. The film / end / very late / last weekend
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
h. Sue and Pat / talk / on the phone / yesterday
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
APRIL PERÚ 43
Complete the sentences with the verbs below in Past Simple.
walk enjoy like wash travel
finish listen study
1. Lucy her birthday presents.
2. Last weekend I in the mountains for 2 hours.
3. We the party very much.
4. Ken to his favourite CD yesterday.
5. My sister Maths for an exam.
6. They to the USA in 2003.
7. Dad his car last weekend.
8. The film at 11:30.
Write the sentences in negative.
1. Lucy .............................................. her birthday presents.
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
4. ................................................................................................
5. ................................................................................................
6. ................................................................................................
7. ................................................................................................
8. ................................................................................................
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 What did you do yesterday? Put a ( ) or a ( ).
Did you ...
1. brshu your teeth?
2. help at home?
3. watch a film on TV?
4. study English?
5. listen to music?
6. phone a friend?
7. use the computer?
8. play tennis?
 Write questions about the previous activities and answer them.
1. Did you .............................................. yesterday? .................................................
2. ...............................................................................? .................................................
3. ...............................................................................? .................................................
4. ...............................................................................? .................................................
5. ...............................................................................? .................................................
6. ...............................................................................? .................................................
7. ...............................................................................? .................................................
8. ...............................................................................? .................................................
APRIL PERÚ 45
Past Simple (irregular verbs)
Complete the table

Then complete the sentences with the Past Simple of the verbs in brackets.
infinitive past simple translation
1. make make
2. forgot
3. heur
4. drive
5. did
6. find
7. broke
8 have
9. eat
10. swam
11. drink
12. ran
13. cut
14. got
1. She .......................... (go) to school on foot yesterday.
2. Paul .......................... (eat) 2 sandwiches and an apple.
3. I .......................... (get) up very early last night.
4. They .......................... (find) 50 euros in the street.
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5. My dad .......................... (give) me a CD for my birthday.
6. Ana .......................... (have) a bath last Sunday.
7. We .......................... (swim) in the Mediterranean sea.
8. Joe .......................... (write) a letter to Mary 2 days ago.
Complete the sentences. Use the negative form of the underlined verbs.
Yesterday ...
1. I drank coffee but I .......................... tea.
2. She found her purse but she .......................... her keys.
3. The children broke the window but they .......................... the door.
4. He had a shower but he .......................... breakfast.
5. My father made a cake but he .......................... any pastries.
6. We spoke English and French but we .......................... German.
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Complete the sentences with the verbs below in Past Simple.
read the newspaper do the homework write a letter ride a bike do the washing up
make a cake eat a sandwich have a shower
1. 5.
Alex wrote a letter

...................................... He
......................................
2. 6.
He He
...................................... ......................................
3. 7.
He He
...................................... ......................................
4. 8.
He He
...................................... ......................................
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Match the pictures with the actions and write the Past Simple of the verbs.
Write questions about Alex and answer them.
1. play computer games? .........................................................................................
2. drink coffee? .........................................................................................
3. watch TV? .........................................................................................
4. clean his bedroom? .........................................................................................
5. drive a car? .........................................................................................
6. swim in the pool? .........................................................................................
7. read a book? .........................................................................................
8. walk the dog? .........................................................................................
Write sentences in Past Simple:
1. Affirmative
2. Negative
3. Interrogative (Yes / No)
a. He / phone / a friend / an hour ago
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
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b. My father / buy / a jeep / last week
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
c. The girls / wear / skirts / to the party
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
d. wash / my hair / last night
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
e. Jane / send / four e-mails / to Lisa
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
f. The old lady / carry / heavy bags / yesterday morning
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
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g. The film / end / very late / last weekend
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
h. They / go / to bed / at midnight
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
i. The children / play / tennis and basketball / at the sports centre
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
j. You / do / your homework / last weekend
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
k. My friend / study / German / last year
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
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l. I / get up / at seven / last Sunday morning
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
m. We / visit / our friends / yesterday evening
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
n. She / have lunch / in an Italian restauran
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
o. They / watch / TV / in the living room
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
p. He / drink / orange juice / for breakfast
1. ................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................
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Write Wh- questions for the underlined words in the previous sentences
Use these wh- words:
a. ........................................................................................
b. ........................................................................................
c. ........................................................................................
d. ........................................................................................
e. ........................................................................................
f. ........................................................................................
g. ........................................................................................
h. ........................................................................................
i. ........................................................................................
j. ........................................................................................
k. ........................................................................................
l. ........................................................................................
m. ........................................................................................
n. ........................................................................................
o. ........................................................................................
p. ........................................................................................
APRIL PERÚ 53
This time yesterday, I was doing
my homework
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UNIT 03
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The past continuous / progressive
The past continuous:
The past continuous, also called past progressive, is used to refer to an action that was
continuous (i.e. an action that was going on) at a particular time in the past.
Before you continue the lesson, read the following passage and try to see how the verbs in bold
are formed and used.
Yesterday, Liza and Jim played tennis. They began at 10:00

and finished at 11:30.
So at 11:00, they were playing tennis.
They were playing = they were in the middle of playing. They

had not finished yet.
Was/were playing is the past continuous.
The form of the past continuous:
The past continuous is formed as follows:
to be in the simple past + verb + ing
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The affirmative form:
I, he, she, it was

playing
you, we, they were
Examples
Yesterday evening I was

watching a film, when someone
knocked on the door.
This morning I was revising my
lessons when my father came in.
Jim and Liza were playing tennis
yesterday at 11:00.
The interrogative form:
was I, he, she, it

playing?
were you, we, they
Examples
What were you doing yesterday evening?

And what was your mother doing?
Where were you going, this morning at 7:30?
What were Jim and Liza doing?
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The negative form:
I, he, she, it was not / wasn’t

playing
you, we, they were not / weren’t
Examples
I wasn’t reading a book yesterday

evening; I was watching a film.
My mother wasn’t
preparing dinner; she was working
on the computer.
We weren’t playing cards.
The use of the past continuous:
We use the past continuous to say that somebody was in the middle of doing something at a
certain time in the past.
Example:
-This time yesterday, I was doing my homework.
-We use the past continuous to say that something happened in the middle of something else:
Example:
-Bob burnt his hand when he was cooking dinner yesterday
-While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back
Remember
Wasn’t playing and weren’t playing are the short forms of was not playing and were not playing
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Grammar Exercises - Past Continuous / Progressive
Do the exercises below on the past continuous and click on the button to check your answers.
1. When I phoned my friends, they (play) monopoly.
2. Yesterday at six I (prepare) dinner.
3. The kids (play) in the garden when it suddenly began to rain.
4. I (practice) the guitar when he came home.
5. We (not / cycle) all day.
6. While Alan (work) in his room, his friends (swim)
in the pool.
7. I tried to tell them the truth but they (not / listen ).
8. What (you / do) yesterday?
9. Most of the time we (sit) in the park.
10. I (listen) to the radio while my sister (watch) TV.
11. When I arrived, They (play) cards.
12. We (study) English yesterday at 4:00 pm.
Complete the sentences. Use the negative form of the underlined verbs.
Yesterday ...
1. My mother / read / a novel .....................................................
2. My father / watch / a movie .....................................................
3. My elder sister / writing / in her diary .....................................................
4. My two brothers / listen / to the radio .....................................................
5. My little sister and I / not / watch / a movie .....................................................
APRIL PERÚ 59
I have a lot of money, but I don’t
have many friends
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UNIT 04
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Countable and uncountable nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
You will learn about countable and uncountable nouns. but before you continue the lesson, look
at the following chart and study the nouns.
Countable Uncountable
books money
friends meat
teachers juice
tables milk
Countable nouns (count nouns):
Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a
number- they can be counted. (That’s why they are called «countable nouns»).
Examples
1 friend, 2 friends, 3 friends...

1 book, 2 books, 3 books...
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Countable nouns take many.
Examples
100 friends – many friends
Uncountable nouns (uncount / non-count nouns):
Uncountable nouns can only be used in singular. These nouns cannot be used with a number-
they can’t be counted. (That’s why they are called uncountable nouns).
Examples
I have a lot of money.

(Not 1000 money)
I drink a lot of milk. (Not 5 milk)
Uncountable nouns take much.
Examples
100 money – much money
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Note: Of course you can count money, milk, meat; but then you would use the currency, liter,
kilo, glass,...and say that you have got:
-5 euros or dollars... (but not 5 money).

-2 liters, pints, glasses... of milk (but not 2 milk)
-3 kilos... of meat (but not 3 meat)
-10 bottles of mineral water... (but not 10 mineral water)
What are quantifiers?
A quantifier is a word or phrase which is used before a noun to indicate the amount or quantity:
‘Some’, ‘many’, ‘a lot of’ and ‘a few’ are examples of quantifiers.
Examples
There are some books on the desk

He’s got only a few dollars.
How much money have you got?
There is a large quantity of fish in
this river.
He’s got more friends than his
sister.
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Examples of quantifiers
With Uncountable Nouns With Both With Countable Nouns

much all many
a little/little/very little * enough a few/few/very few **
a bit (of) more/most a number (of)
a great deal of less/least several
a large amount of no/none a large number of
a large quantity of not any a great number of
some a majority of
any
a lot of
lots of
plenty of
Note: little, very little mean that there is not enough of something.

a little means that there is not a lot of something, but there is enough.
Note: few, very few mean that there is not enough of something.

a few means that there is not a lot of something, but there is enough.
Much, many and a lot.
Much, many, a lot:
«Much», «many», and «a lot of» indicate a large quantity of something, for example «I have a lot
of friends « means I have a large quantity of friends.
Much, many, and a lot are quantifiers.
APRIL PERÚ 65
Study the examples below:
Examples
I haven’t got much money.
How much money have you got? I have got a lot.
I have got a lot of money.
There aren’t many.
How many students are in the classroom? There are a lot.
There are a lot of/lots of students.
In the interrogative forms we use:
much with uncountable nouns. (money, bread, water...)

Example: How much money/bread/water...is there?
many with countable nouns. (students, desks, windows...)

Example: How many students/teachers/desks... are there?
(See the lesson on countable and countable nouns )
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In the negative forms we use:
much with uncountable nouns. (money, bread, water...)

Example: I haven’t got much money/bread/water...
many with countable nouns. (students, desks, windows...)

Example: There aren’t many students/teachers/desks...
In the affirmative forms:
In spoken English and informal writing we tend to use:
a lot, a lot of, lots of with countable and uncountable nouns.

Example:
How many students are there in the classroom?
There are a lot.
How many students are there in the classroom?
There are a lot of / lots of students.
In formal written English:
It is also possible (and preferable) to use many and much rather than a

lot of, lots of and a lot in formal written English.
Example:
There are many students.
Much time was spent on studying.
So if you’re speaking or writing to friends (informal), use a lot, a lot of, lots of. But if you
want to be more formal, perhaps it is preferable to use much and many.
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Remember
In affirmative sentences with so, as or too, we also use much / many.
-Carla has so many friends.
-She has as many friends as Sue.
-Kevin has too much money.
Summary:
Interrogative Negative Affirmative
There are a lot.

There are a lot of books.
How many books are there? There aren’t many. There are lots of books.
There are many books
(formal)
I’ve got a lot.

I’ve got a lot of money.
How much money have
I haven’t got much. I’ve got lots of money.
you got?
I have got much money
(formal)
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A little or a few, little or few
A little, a few, very little, very few
The expressions a little and a few mean some or enough.

The expressions (very) little and (very) few mean hardly any or not enough.
A little, a few, (very) little and (very) few are quantifiers
Study the examples below:
Examples Meaning
I’ve got a little money. I’m going to the cinema.

some/enough
I’ve got a few friends. We meet everyday.
I’ve got (very) little money. I need to borrow some.

hardly any / not enough
I’ve got (very) few friends. I need to make new friends.
APRIL PERÚ 69
The rules:
Affirmative sentences:
A little, a few, (very) little and (very) few are generally used in affirmative statements, not
negatives or questions.
Countable and uncountable nouns:

1.A little and (very) little are used with uncountable nouns (money, bread, water...)
2.A few and (very) few are used with countable nouns (friends, tables, teachers..)
Meaning:
1. A little and a few mean: some or enough.
Example:
I have got a little money = I have got some money. It’s enough for me to do what I want.
I have got a few friends = I have got some or enough friends. We meet every day.
2. (Very) little and (very) few mean; hardly any or not enough.

Examples:
I have got (very) little money = I have got hardly any. I haven’t got enough. I’ll borrow
some from my friend.
I have got (very) few friends = I have got hardly any. I haven’t got enough. I need to make
new friends.
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Do the exercises below on quantifiers
Choose the correct quantifier.
1. They have had homework in mathematics recently.
2. How time do you need to finish the work?
3. There are too students in the library.
4. Have you visited foreign countries?
5. Although he’s very ill, he didn’t take medicine.
6. people know as much about linguistics as John does.
7. They say knowledge is a dangerous thing.
8. He’s having of trouble passing his driving test.
9. I spend of my time reading novels.
10. He knows English. He knows enough English to manage.
Examples of Quantifiers
Definition of Quantifiers:
A quantifier is a word used before a noun to describe its quantity.
Examples
I saw few people in the program. There was a lot of people in the concert.

Jack has many friends here. Alice had some fruits only.
I have written articles on several Lisa has much knowledge about
Jeff went to many places regarding this topic.
this project. We have enough food in the refrigerator.
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Examples
I am a bit busy. We bought many things from the shop.

Merry drank a little water. They had a lot of fun in the party.
Try to have some patience. You can take any of the books.
Rick has much experience. Give me some water.
Peter has few friends. Aric has enough patience.
I asked Tom several times about it. Jim had some work there.
What are Quantifiers?
Quantifiers are very important words because they let us express the quantity of something. There
are several quantifiers in English and they can be a little tricky to use. So here’s a description of
each quantifier with examples to help improve your understanding of them.
What are Quantifiers?
A quantifier is a word that usually goes before a noun to express the quantity of the
object; for example, a little milk. Most quantifiers are followed by a noun, though it is
also possible to use them without the noun when it is clear what we are referring to.
For example,
-Do you want some milk? – Just a little. (It’s clear that I mean ‘a little milk’.)
There are some quantifiers that have a similar meaning but differ because one is used
with countable nouns and the other is used with uncountable nouns. Countable nouns
are things that we can count; for example, a table, two chairs. Uncountable nouns
are things that we cannot count and only have a singular form; for example, some
furniture, some fruit.
Let’s start by looking at quantifiers that express large quantities.
72 APRIL PERÚ
Much, Many, A lot (of)
We use many, much, a lot (of) to refer to big quantities. We use ‘many’ with countable
nouns and ‘much’ with uncountable nouns, and we can use ‘a lot (of)’ with both
countable and uncountable nouns. In modern English it is very common to use ‘a lot
(of)’ in affirmative sentences instead of ‘many’ and ‘much’.
manu + countables much + uncountables

many pens much money
a lot of + countables a lot of + uncountables

a lot of pens a lot of money
Examples
There are many things to do today.

We have a lot of time left, don’t worry.
Many people take the train to work.
Much Italian wine is sold abroad.
She plays a lot of sport.
When we want to emphasize a really big quantity we can add ‘so’ in front of
‘many’ and ‘much’. For example:
There were so many passengers on the train, it was difficult to get off.
She had so much work to do, she stayed at the office until midnight.
A Few, A Little, A Bit (of)

To talk about small quantities we can use ‘a few’ and ‘a little’. We use ‘a few’ with
countable nouns and ‘a little’ with uncountable nouns. It’s also possible to use ‘a bit’
with uncountable nouns, but it is more informal.
a few + countables a little + uncountables

a few students a little water
a bit of salt
APRIL PERÚ 73
Examples
We need a few coins for the car park.

Would you like a little milk in your coffee?
They ate a few biscuits with their tea.
The engine needs a little oil.
When we want to refer to a small quantity with a negative sense, we use ‘few’ and
‘little’ without ‘a’. For example:
Examples
Few trains arrive on time. (A small number of trains arrive on train

which is a bad thing.)
Little attention is given to the problem of parking. (A small amount of
attention is given to this problem and it’s not good.)
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Some, Any
When we want to refer to a plural noun or an uncountable noun, without giving a
specific quantity, we use ‘some’ and ‘any’. We use ‘some’ in affirmatives and ‘any’ in
questions and negatives.
affirmative negative interrogative

there is some milk there isn’t any milk is there any milk?
there are some chips there aren’t any chips are there any chips?
Examples
We have some free time later this afternoon.

She doesn’t want any coffee.
Do they need any bread?
I went to some meetings in Rome last week.
Will there be any managers at the party?
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EXCEPTION!
As is common in English, there is an exception to this rule. When we make requests
and offers, we usually use ‘some’ instead of ‘any’. For example:
Examples
Can I have some water please?

Would you like some chocolates?
Enough, Plenty (of)

The words ‘enough’ and ‘plenty’ express the idea of being a sufficient quantity. Both
words can go with countable and uncountable nouns. We use ‘plenty (of)’ to mean
there is more than a sufficient quantity of something. For example:
a few + countables a little + uncountables

a few students a little water
a bit of salt
Examples
I need more plates. – No, we don’t. There are plenty!

Slow down. We’ve got plenty of time to get to the station.
We use ‘enough’ to express the idea of having, or not having, a sufficient
quantity. For example:
I think we have enough vegetables so I won’t buy any more.
But we don’t have enough fruit. Let’s get some more.
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Questions about Quantity
When we want to ask the quantity of something, we use ‘how much’ or ‘how many’.
how many + countables how much + uncountables

how many forks are there? how much orange juice is
there?
Examples
How many times have you visited Rome?

How many people were at the meeting?
How many chairs do we need?
How much time have you got?
How much bread does he eat?
How much petrol shall I buy?
We also use ‘how much’ when we ask the cost of something. For example:
Examples
How much do these melons cost?

How much does this sofa cost?
How much are those gloves?
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Why is English the most spoken
language in the world?
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UNIT 05
APRIL PERÚ 79
Comparatives and Superlatives
Forming regular comparatives and superlatives
1.We use comparatives to compare two things or two people. (e.g She is taller than her husband.)
2.Superlatives are used, however, to show the difference between more than two things or more
than two people. (e.g Paris is the biggest city in France)
3.To form comparatives and superlatives you need to know the number of the syllables in the
adjective. Syllables are like sound beats.
For instance:
-find contains one syllable,
-but finding contains two — find and ing.
The rules to form comparatives and superlatives:

1. One syllable adjective ending in a silent ‘e’ — nice
-Comparative — add ‘r’ — nicer
-Superlative — add ‘st’ — nicest
2. One syllable adjective ending in one vowel and one consonant — big
-Comparative — the consonant is doubled and ‘er’ is added —bigger
-Superlative — the consonant is doubled and ‘est’ is added—biggest
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3. One syllable adjective ending in more than one consonant or more than a vowel
(or long vowels) — high, cheap, soft.
-Comparative — ‘er’ is added — higher, cheaper, softer.
-Superlative — ‘est is added — highest, cheapest , softest.
4. A two syllable adjective ending in ‘y’ — happy

-Comparative — ‘y’ becomes ‘i’ and ‘er’ is added — happier
-Superlative — ‘y’ becomes ‘i’ and ‘est’ is added — happiest
5. Tow syllable or more adjectives without ‘y’ at the end — exciting

-Comparative — more + the adjective + than — more exciting than
-Superlative — more + the adjective + than — the most exciting
Examples
-The Nile River is longer and more famous than the Thames.

-Egypt is much hotter than Sweden.
-Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
-This is one of the most exciting films I have ever seen.
Peter (6 years old) Charley (5 months old)
Peter is older than Charley.

Charley is younger than Peter.
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Write the past forms of the irregular verbs.
Adjectives Comparatives Superlatives

bad worse worst
far(distance) farther farthest
far(extent) further furthest
good better best
little less least
many more most
much more most
Reading
What is a Consumer Society?
A consumer is a person who buys things, and consumer society is a society that encourages
people to buy and use goods. Some people think that a consumer society provides people
with better lives. People in consumer societies tend to live more confortably. They eat a
wider variety of food. They go to restaurants more often. They also buy a lot of products,
maybe more than they need.
Products such as TVs, cell phones and computers used to be luxuries. Today people can
buy these things more easily than ever before, The market for these goods is growing faster
all the time. Consumer societies encourage people to buy bigger and better products.
For example, smarter phones come out every year. In a consumer society, people are
often buying newer and more advanced products. This creates a lot of waste. Nowadays,
many people are thinking more seriously about the efects of consumer societies on the
environment, and they are trying to become more responsible consumers.
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CHECK. Read each statement. Circle T for true and F for false.
1. Everyone agrees that consumer products improve their lives. T F
2. These days, consumer goods are hard to find. T F
3. Many people want luxury products these days. T F
4. Consumer societies help the environment. T F
How to use comparatives and superlatives
Comparatives Superlatives
Comparatives are used to compare two Superlatives are used to compare

things or two people: more than two things or two people.
Alan is taller than John. Superlative sentences usually use the:
Alan is the most intelligent.
Similarities
To express similarities use the following structure:
... as + adjective + as ...
Examples
-Mike is as intelligent as Nancy.
-Larry is as popular as Oprah.
APRIL PERÚ 83
Grammar Exercise - Comparatives and Superlatives
Do the exercise on comparatives and superlatives
Put the adjectives between brackets in the correct form
1. My brother has a (tidy) room than me.
2. Australia is (big) than England.
3. I’m (good) now than yesterday.
4. She’s got (little) money than you, but she doesn’t care.
5. He thinks Chinese is (difficult) language in the world.
6. Valencia played (bad) than Real Madrid yesterday.
7. Cats are not (intelligent) as dogs.
8. Show me (good) restaurant downtown.
9. (hot) desert of all is the Sahara and it’s in Africa.
10. Who is (talkative) person in your family?
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Grammarly
Adjectives can compare two things or more than two things. When we make these comparisons,
we use comparative and superlative forms of adjectives.
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Comparatives
One way to describe nouns (people, objects, animals, etc.) is by comparing them to something
else. When comparing two things, you’re likely to use adjectives like smaller, bigger, taller, more
interesting, and less expensive. Notice the er ending, and the words more and less. A mistake that
both native speakers and non-native speakers make is using incorrectly formed comparative
adjectives. See the sentences below for an illustration of this common error:
-His cat is more large than my dog.
-His cat is larger than my dog.
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So what makes the first example wrong and the second right? There are a few rules
that explain this:
For adjectives that are just one syllable, add -er to the end (this explains the above
example).
-For two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y and for all three-or-more-syllable
adjectives, use the form “more + adjective.”
-For two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, change the -y to -i and add -er.
-These simple rules make it easy to tell when you should add -er or -ier and
when you should use “more + adjective.”
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Examples
-This house is more exciting than ever.

-This house is excitinger than ever.
-Mike is funnier than Isaac.
-Mike is more funny than Isaac
Notice the spelling change for adjectives ending in y: the comparative ends in ier.
Examples
-This book is boringer than the last one.

-This book is more boring than the last one.
-Advertising pressures women to be more thin .
-Advertising pressures women to be thinner .
Superlatives
When comparing more than two things, you’ll likely use words and phrases like smallest, biggest,
tallest, most interesting, and least interesting. Notice the est ending and the words most and least.
Make sure you use the proper ending or superlative adjective when forming these superlatives.
The examples below illustrate the correct form: Martha is the elder of the four sisters.
If there were only two sisters, we could use the comparative elder here. Because there
are four sisters, we need a superlative. Martha is the eldest of the four sisters.
Examples
-I think his last book is his least interesting ; his third book was the
most interesting .
-That must be the weirdest play ever written.
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Remember that adjectives ending in y change their spelling when est is added.
To form these superlatives, change the y to an i before adding the -est ending,
as illustrated below:
Examples
-That is the sleepyest puppy of the litter.

-That is the sleepiest puppy of the litter.
Forming Comparative and Superlatives of Irregular Adjectives

It’s important to note that there are irregular adjectives (and adverbs) that you have to memorize
because they don’t follow the rules above. They are:
Adjective Comparative Superlative

good/well better best
bad/badly worse worst
far father, further the farthest, furthest
little less least
Here are some examples of these irregular words as comparatives and

superlatives in context:
Examples
-Today I had the best time touring the city.

-I went farther than my friend when we walked around the park.
-You dance better than I do.
-You bought the least attractive pair of moccasins at the thrift store.
-He can run the farthest of his classmates, but that’s only once
around the track.
-I do badly in math, but at least I’m not the worst .
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Comparative and Superlative of “Handsome”
Besides the irregular words in the table above, one other unclear comparative/superlative
choice is handsomer/more handsome and handsomest/most handsome. The rules call
for handsomer and handsomest, but usage has changed over time. Modern speakers prefer more
handsome to handsomer, and there is an even split between handsomest and most handsome.
Preferred usage typically follows what native speakers say, and the trend seems to be moving
toward the simpler construction of more + adjective and the most + adjective.
Comparatives and Superlatives

English Grammar Rules
We use Comparatives and Superlatives to compare two or more nouns.

The formation of the comparative and superlative depends on the number of syllables
in the adjective
One-syllable Adjectives
To form the comparative, we add -er to the end of the adjective.
To form the superlative, we add -est to the end of the adjective.

small smaller the smallest
cold colder the coldest
wide* wider the widest
hot** hotter the hottest
* When an adjective ends in the letter E, we just add the -R (for comparatives) or -ST (for
superlatives). We do not write two Es together. Wider (correct) not wideer (incorrect).
** When an adjective ends in a consonant + short vowel + consonant (C + V + C), we normally
double the last letter. big - bigger - biggest, wet - wetter - wettest
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Examples
-London is bigger than Santiago.

-Mike is taller than John but James is the tallest.
-Yesterday was the hottest day of the year.
-It is the oldest building in the village.
I want a faster car.
Notice how comparatives are often followed by than when comparing two

things or people.
Two-syllable Adjectives ending in -Y

To form the comparative, we remove the -y and add -ier to the end of the adjective.
To form the superlative, we remove the -y and add -iest to the end of the adjective.

crazy crazier the craziest
happy happier the happiest
early earlier the earliest
Examples
-It was the happiest day of my life.

-My joke was funnier than your one.
-This section is easier than the rest.
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Adjectives with Two or more Syllables
For Adjectives with 2 syllables (that don’t end in -y) and higher (3, 4 syllables etc), we use more for
comparatives and the most for superlatives.

handsome more handsome the most handsome
nervous more nervous the most nervous
enthusiastic more enthusiastic the most enthusiastic
Examples
-My girlfriend is more beautiful than yours.

-Alex is more intelligent than you but I am the most intelligent.
-It was the most wonderful day I have ever had.
Some exceptions with two-syllable adjectives ending in -er and -est:

narrow - narrower, simple - simpler, quiet - quieter
Two-syllable Adjectives ending in -Y

To form the comparative, we remove the -y and add -ier to the end of the adjective.
To form the superlative, we remove the -y and add -iest to the end of the adjective.

good better the best
bad worse the worst
far*** further/farther the furthest/farthest
little less the least
many/much more the most
old**** older/elder the oldest/eldest
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Examples
-I am a better tennis player than you but Marcelo is the best.

-Steve is a worse liar than me but Adrian is the worst.
*** Farther - Further

Further / farther, furthest / farthest are all used for distance.
Only Further / furthest are used to mean ‘additional’ or ‘more advanced’.
Examples
-Puerto Montt is further / farther than Valdivia is from here (in Santiago).

-If you require further information, please contact reception.
Remember
that the opposites of ‘more’ and ‘most’ are less and least, respectively.
-He is my elder brother. (We cannot say: My brother is elder than me. - incorrect)

-The eldest sister would pass on her dresses to the younger one.
Comparative and Superlative of ILL

When comparing how ill people are, you will normally hear worse or the worst and not iller or illest.
Some people may prefer to replace ill with sick (sicker, sickest) when comparing.
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Summary Chart
Comparatives - Superlatives
-The dog is faster than the elephant.

-The horse is the fastest.
-The horse is bigger than the dog.
-The elephant is the veaviest.
-The dog is more energetic than the elephant.
adjective comparative superlative
-ER -EST
fast faster the fastest
ONE syllable
young younger the youngest
-R -ST
ONE syllable nice nicer the nicest
Ending in -E strange stranger the strangest
-ER -EST
ONE syllable Consonant + big bigger the biggest
Short vowal + Consonant hot hotter the hottest
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adjective comparative superlative
-IER -IEST
TWO syllables fast happier the happiest

Ending in -Y crazy crazier the craziest
MORE + THE MOST +

TWO or MORE famous more famous the most famous
syllables beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
Common good better the best

Exceptions bad worse the worst
Comparative - Superlative
Fill in the gaps with the comparative form of the adjectives given.
1. A rock is than a leaf. (heavy)
2. Our house is than yours. (big)
3. The princess is than the witch. (beautiful)
4. Tom is a student than Mary. (good)
5. Bicycles are than motorbikes. (safe)
6. July is than January. (hot)
7. A lion is than a cat. (dangerous)
8. Helen is than Mary. (happy)
9. Computers are than telephones. (expensive)
10. I think golf is than football. (boring)
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Fill in the gaps with the superlative form of the adjectives given.
1. It is the shop in town. (large)
2. Monday is the day of the week. (bad)
3. Ben was the person in his family. (noisy)
4. Sam is the in the class. (popular)
5. Which is the subject at school? (difficult)
6. Jim is the player in the football team. (good)
7. Elephants are the animals. (heavy)
8. Let’s pick the apple of the tree. (big)
9. Mary is the girl in the class. (thin)
10. That is the sofa in our house. (comfortable)
Fill in the gaps with the comparative or the superlative form of the adjectives given.
1. This armchair is than the old one. (comfortable)
2. Trains are than aeroplanes. (slow)
3. I bought the souvenir I could afford. (expensive)
4. In this classroom there are girls than boys. (many)
5. Ann is the child in the family. (young)
6. That TV set is the of all. (cheap)
7. You are here than there. (safe)
8. Fifi is than Kate. (pretty)
9. This is the film i have ever seen. (exciting)
10. Tim is than Peter. (talented)
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Reading
Mount Everest: The Highest Garbage Dump in the World?
Most people know that Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. However,
there is another fact that many people don’t know: it has become one of the dirtiest
mountains in the world.
Mount Everest is one of the toughest and most exciting mountains to climb on Earth. It
is not the coldest or the windiest place on Earth, but it comes close! These challenges
make it one of the most attractive mountains for serious climbers. Since 1952, over 3500
climbers have reached the top. Unfortunately, most of them have left equipment and
trash on the mountain.
In fact, trash is now one of the biggest threats to the environment on Mount Everest.
Local organizations have brought tons of trash down from the mountain. One of the
most interesting projects handed over more than a ton of tin cans, glass bottles, and old
climbing tools to artists in Nepal. The artists used the trash to create works of art. Then,
they sold the art to raise money for local charities.1 The least expensive work of art cost
$17, and the most expensive one cost $2400.
1. According to the reading, Mount Everest is very clean / dirty.
2. Climbing Mount Everest is very difficult / easy.
3. Mount Everest is an unusual / a popular mountain for serious climbers.
4. Climbers rarely / often leave trash on Mount Everest.
5. People create art / charities from the trash on Mount Everest.
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Reading
Read through the text about a circus, then answer the questions below.
The Rodriguez Brothers Circus is in town! Every year, the circus arrives and stays for a
week. Then they go to the next town. There are not many animals in the circus. People
told the circus that they didn’t like seeing animals performing. There is an elephant called
Jacob and two old lions, Hattie and Meg.
Most of the performers are human! There is Leopold, The Strongest Man In The World.
His father also worked in the circus, but Leopold is stronger than him, he has bigger arms
and bigger legs too! Leopold performs his act every night for the town’s people who come
to watch.
Another performer is Clara. She says she has the longest hair in the world. It’s about 4
metres long! She also has a daughter who works in the circus. Her name is Sue-Ellen. Her
hair is a lot shorter, but she wants to grow it as long as her mother’s. Sue-Ellen helps look
after the animals and she’s also learning how to juggle.
The highlight of the circus are the three clowns, Pit, Pot and Pat. They all wear long red
shoes, but Pat’s shoes are the longest and sometimes, he falls over because they’re so
long! They perform for about twenty minutes and they are always the most popular act
with the audience, especially the children. Many people think Pit, Pot and Pat are three
brothers, but Pat is older than the other two - he’s their father! He’s the oldest clown in
the country, but he has a lot of energy.
1. According to the reading, Mount Everest is very clean / dirty.
2. Climbing Mount Everest is very difficult / easy.
3. Mount Everest is an unusual / a popular mountain for serious climbers.
4. Climbers rarely / often leave trash on Mount Everest.
5. People create art / charities from the trash on Mount Everest.
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Tomorrow will be the longest day because the circus is leaving town and everything must be
packed away into big trucks.
1. The circus comes to the town twice a year.

True
False
2. There are not many animals in the circus.

True
False
3. People don’t come to the circus because of the animals.

True
False
4. Leopold and his father work in the circus together.

True
False
5. Leopold’s father is the strongest.

True
False
6. Clara’s hair is longer than her daughter’s hair.

True
False
7. Sue-Ellen wants to be a clown in the circus.

True
False
8. Pit is the father of the other two clowns.

True
False
9. The three clowns wear identical shoes.

True
False
10. Everyone is very tired on the day that the circus leaves town.
True
False
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How will I know?
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UNIT 06
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Reading
Cameron’s Camels
The Arabian Desert in the Middle East is one of the

hottest environments on Earth, and it has the less
amount of rainfall. But to the camel, it is home.
The camel is one of the most strong animals in the
world. Camels can go for many days with only a
little food and water. When they do find water, the
probably drink the most quick of any land animal.
Adult camels can drink about 20 to 30 gallons (95
- 114 liters) in ten minutes. Unfortunately, finding
water is not the seriousest problem camels face.
Most dangerous threat to camels comes from
humans. Tourist in the desert leave trash behind.
Camels think the trash is food and et it. This is very
dangerous for the camels, because it can kill them.
One of the most polluted part of the desert is outside
the city of Abu Dhabi. Each year, many camels die
there form eating trash. Cameron Oliver has been
trying to change this. Since he was eight years old,
Cameron has been telling people that trash is very
dangerous for camels. Of all the young people in
Abu Dhabi, Cameron has worked most hard to help
the camels. When he was12, Cameron became the
most young person to win an Abu Dhabi award for
community service.
Simple Future
Simple future has two different forms in English: «will» and «be going to.» Although the two forms
can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These
different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences
will become clear. Both «will» and «be going to» refer to a specific time in the future.
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FORM will
will + VERB
Examples
You will help him later.

Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.
FORM Be Going To
am/is/are + going to + VERB
Examples
You are going to meet Jane tonight.

Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
USE 1 «Will» to Express a Voluntary Action

«Will» often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one
the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use «will» to respond to someone else’s
complaint or request for help. We also use «will» when we request that someone help us or
volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use «will not» or «won’t» when we refuse to
voluntarily do something.
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Examples
I will send you the information when I get it.

I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
Will you help me move this heavy table?
Will you make dinner?
I will not do your homework for you.
I won’t do all the housework myself!
A: I’m really hungry.
B: I’ll make some sandwiches.
A: I’m so tired. I’m about to fall asleep.
B: I’ll get you some coffee.
A: The phone is ringing.
B: I’ll get it.
USE 2 «Will» to Express a Promise

«Will» is usually used in promises.
Examples
I will call you when I arrive.

If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone
has access to inexpensive health insurance.
I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
Don’t worry, I’ll be careful.
I won’t tell anyone your secret.
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USE 3 «Be going to» to Express a Plan
«Be going to» expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to
do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples
He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.

She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
I’m going to be an actor when I grow up.
Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
Who are you going to invite to the party?
A: Who is going to make John’s birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John’s birthday cake
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USE 4 «Will» or «Be Going to» to Express a Prediction
Both «will» and «be going to» can express the idea of a general prediction about the future.
Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In «prediction» sentences, the
subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the
following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples
The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.

The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
John Smith will be the next President.
John Smith is going to be the next President.
The movie «Zenith» will win several Academy Awards.
The movie «Zenith» is going to win several Academy Awards.
IMPORTANT In the simple future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind.
Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence’s meaning.
No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the simple future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions
such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of simple
future, simple present is used.
Examples
When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct

When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
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Adverb placement
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever,
still, just, etc.
Examples
You will never help him.

Will you ever help him?
You are never going to meet Jane.
Are you ever going to meet Jane?
Active / Pasive
Examples
John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active

The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive
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Future Simple
The Future Simple tense is often called the «will tense» because we make the Future Simple with
the modal auxiliary will.
How do we make the Future Simple tense?
The structure of the Future Simple tense is:
subject auxiliary will main verb
invariable base
will V1
For negative sentences in the Future Simple tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and
main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these
example sentences with the Future Simple tense:
subject auxiliary verb main verb
I will open the door.
You will finish before me.
She will be at school tomorrow.
We will leave yet.
Will you arrive on time?
Will they want dinner?
We sometimes use shall instead of will, especially for I and we.
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Contraction with Future Simple
When we use the Future Simple tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and
auxiliary verb:
I will I’ll
you will you’ll
he will he’ll
she will she’ll
it will it’ll
we will we’ll
they will they’ll
In negative sentences, we contract with won’t, like this:
I will not I won’t
you will you won’t
he will not he won’t

she will not she won’t
it will not it won’t
we will not we won’t
they will not they won’t
How do we use the Future Simple tense?

We use the Future Simple tense when there is no plan or decision to do something before we
speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking. Look at these examples:
Examples
Hold on. I’ll get a pen.

We will see what we can do to help you.
Maybe we’ll stay in and watch television tonight.
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In these examples, we had no firm plan before speaking. The decision is made at the time of
speaking.
We often use the Future Simple tense with the verb to think before it:
Examples
I think I’ll go to the gym tomorrow.

I think I will have a holiday next year.
I don’t think I’ll buy that car.
Prediction
We often use the Future Simple tense to make a prediction about the future. Again, there is no
firm plan. We are saying what we think will happen. Here are some examples:
Examples
It will rain tomorrow.
People won’t go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.
Who do you think will get the job?
Be
When the main verb is be, we can use the Future Simple tense even if we have a firm plan or
decision before speaking. Examples:
Examples
I’ll be in London tomorrow.

I’m going shopping. I won’t be very long.
Will you be at work tomorrow?
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Going to and Present Continuous
Future plan
These two forms are used to talk about future plans. There are, however, some differences
between the two forms.
1. The present continuous for future plans:

The present continuous is used when we say what we have planned and arranged
to do at a specific time in the future. These are fixed plans with definite time and/
or place.
Examples
I’m doing my homework this evening.

I’m starting university in September.
Sally is meeting John at seven o’clock this evening in a restaurant downtown.
2. To be + going to + verb:
A. We use ‘going to’ to express the future when we intend to do something or
have decided to do something but did not arrange it. It is just an intention.
Examples
A: The windows are dirty.

B: Yes I know. I’m going to clean them later.
= I’ve decided to clean them ,but I haven’t arranged to clean them..
B. We also use ‘going to’ to make predictions.
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Examples
Watch out! you are going to break the glass.

It’s so cloudy! I think it’s going to rain.
The Simple Future
The simple future tense:
This page will present the simple future tense:
-its form
-and its use
The forms of the simple future:

The simple future is formed as follows:
will / ‘ll + verb
will = ‘ll
The affirmative form of the simple future:
I, you, he, she, it, we, they will / ‘’ll go.
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Examples
I think I’ll buy a new computer.

I will open the door. Someone is ringing the bell.
The interrogative form of the simple future:
Will I, you, he, she, it, we, they go?
Examples
Will you buy a computer?

Will you go to the party?
The interrogative form of the simple future:
will not
I, you, he, she, it, we, they go.
won’t
will not = won’t
Examples
I will not stay at home if I finish the homework.

I won’t visit Big Ben if I go to London.
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The use of the simple future:
We use the simple future for instant decisions.

Example: «I’ve left the door open; I’ll close it.»
We use the simple future , when we predict a future situation:

Example: «She’ll pass the exam. She’s hardworking»
We use the simple future with: «I (don’t) think...», «I expect...», «I’m sure...»,
«I wonder...», «probably».
Example: «It will probably rain tonight» , «I wonder what will happen?
We use the simple future in conditional sentences type one. (More on

conditional sentences here):
Example: «If I have enough time, I’ll watch the film.»
Things to remember:
1. We don’t use the simple future to say what somebody has already decided or arranged to do
in the future. We use instead either the present continuous or «going to + verb» (Future plan):
-Ann is traveling to New York next week. (NOT, «Ann will travel «)

-Are you going to watch television? (NOT «will you watch»).
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2. You can use shall instead of will for I and we:
-I shall play football.(Or, I will play ...)

-We shall play football. (Or, we will play ...)
3. ‘ll is the short form of will. You can say either:
-I will go, or
-I ‘ll go.
4. Won’t is the short form of will not. You can say either:
-I will not go, or

-I won’t go.
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Exercises: Simple Future
Put the verbs into the correct form (simple future)
James, 18 years old, asked an ugly fortune teller about his future. Here is what she told him:
1. You (be) very happy.
2. You (get) a lot of money.
3. You (buy) a beautiful house.
4. Your friends (envy) you.
5. You (meet) a beautiful girl.
6. You (marry) her.
7. You and your wife (travel) around the world.
8. People (serve) you.
9. They (not/refuse) to make you happy.
10. But all this (happen / only) when you are 70 years old.
Future Progressive
Form of the future progressive
The future progressive tense is formed by adding will be to the ing form (gerund form) of the
main verb.
will be verb + ing
will = ‘ll
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Affirmative:
I will/’ll be watching TV.
Negative
I will not/won’t be watching a football match.
Interrogative
Will you be watching TV?
NOTE:will be watching = ‘ll be watching

will not be watching = won’t be watching
Use of the future progressive
Future progressive tense is used to indicate an action which will be taking place at some time
in the future.
Examples
I will be watching a football match next Sunday afternoon.

We’ll be working on our project this morning.
When you arrive, I’ll be sleeping.
I will be leaving in a few minutes.
We will be working tomorrow morning.
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Grammar Exercises - The Future Progressive
Do the exercise below on the future progressive
Put the verbs into the correct form (future progressive).
1. Tomorrow morning, we (work) .
2. This time next week, we (have) a party.
3. At midnight, I (sleep) .
4. This evening, we (watch) a talk show.
5. They (not/do) their homework this afternoon.
6. He (listen) to music.
7. I (read) a book this evening.
8. (walk / you) home this afternoon?
9. He (not/draw) tomorrow morning
10. They (argue) again.
Speaking
PLANNING A PARTY (two neighbors talking)
Martha: What horrible weather today. I’d love to go out, but

I think it will just continue raining.
Jane: Oh, I don’t know. Perhaps the sun will come out later
this afternoon.
Martha: I hope you’re right.
Listen, I’m going to have a party this Saturday. Would you
like to come?
116 APRIL PERÚ

Jane: Oh, I’d love to come. Thank you for inviting me. Who’s going to come to the party?
Martha: Well, a number of people haven’t told me yet. But, Peter and Mark are going to help
out with the cooking!
Martha: What horrible weather today. I’d love to go out, but I think it will just continue
raining.
Jane: Oh, I don’t know. Perhaps the sun will come out later this afternoon.
Martha: I hope you’re right.
Listen, I’m going to have a party this Saturday. Would you like to come?
Jane: Oh, I’d love to come. Thank you for inviting me. Who’s going to come to the party?
Martha: Well, a number of people haven’t told me yet. But, Peter and Mark are going to help
out with the cooking!
Jane: Hey, I’ll help, too!
Martha: Would you? That would be great!
Jane: I’ll make lasagna!
Martha: That sounds delicious! I know my Italian cousins are going to be there. I’m sure
they’ll love it.
Jane: Italians? Maybe I’ll bake a cake...
Martha: No, no. They’re not like that. They’ll love it.
Jane: Well, if you say so... Is there going be a theme for the party?
Martha: No, I don’t think so. Just a chance to get together and have fun.
Jane: I’m sure it’ll be lots of fun.
Martha: But I’m going to hire a clown!
Jane: A clown! You’re kidding me.
Martha: No, no. As I child, I always wanted a clown. Now, I’m going to have my clown at my
own party.
Jane: I’m sure everyone will have a good laugh.
Martha: That’s the plan!
APRIL PERÚ 117

Have you ever seen the rain?
118 APRIL PERÚ

UNIT 07
APRIL PERÚ 119

Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect tense:

The form of the present perfect simple tense:
Have (in the simple present) + Verb (in the past participle form)
positive negative interrogative
I have worked I have not worked Have you worked?
I have worked = I’ve worked I have not = I haven’t worked

He has worked = He’s worked He has not = He hasn’t worked
Examples
Have you finished the job?
No, I haven’t finished yet.
Yes, I have already finished.
She’s just finished her job.
Remember:
1. The past participle of regular verbs is :
rule examples
play - played
Ver + ed visit - visited
finish -finished
120 APRIL PERÚ

2. The past participle of irregular verbs can’t be predicted (there is no rule .)
infinitive simple past past participle
be Iwas/were been
come came come
go went gone
do did done
meet met met
The uses of the present perfect simple tense:
1. To emphasize on the result of a past action without mentioning the actual time when it
happened:
Examples
I have met that girl before.

We have discussed this issue a
few times.
2. Action performed in a period that has not finished yet (the same day, week, month, etc.):
Examples
 Have you seen Lacy today? (The day is not over yet.)

 I have had several tests this month. (The month has not finished yet.)
APRIL PERÚ 121

3. Action that started in the past and has continued until now. Often used with since (indicating
the beginning of action) or for (indicating the duration of action):
Examples
They have lived here for ten years.

I have not seen her since we left high school.
Clare and John have known each other since they were at primary school.
4. It is used to indicate completed activities in the immediate past (with just).
Examples
 « He has just taken the medicine.»
Present perfect vs past simple tense:

The use of past simple instead of present perfect requires clear reference to a past
period/moment:
Present perfect Simple past
I have met that girl before I met that girl at the beach last Saturday.
Have you seen Nancy recently? Did you see Nancy yesterday?
We have discussed this issue a few times. We discussed this issue last month.
I have had some tests this week. I had some tests last week.
122 APRIL PERÚ

The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but
has an influence on the present. It puts emphasis on the result.
Form of Present Perfect
positive negative question
I / you / we / they I have spoken. I have not spoken. Have I spoken?

he / she / it He has spoken. He has not spoken. Has he spoken?
For irregular verbs, use the participle form .For regular verbs, just add “ed”.
Form of Present Perfect
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed question
after a final e only add d love – loved
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel admit – admitted

or l as final consonant after a vowel is double d travel – travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry – hurried
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result

Example: She has written five letters.
action that is still going on

Example: School has not started yet.
action that stopped recently

Example: She has cooked dinner.
APRIL PERÚ 123

finished action that has an influence on the present
Example: I have lost my key.
action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment
of speaking
Example: I have never been to Australia.
Signal Words of Present Perfect

already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now
Test on Present Perfect 1
Test your knowledge on the Present Perfect.

Write the participle form of the following verbs.
1. go
2. sing
3. be
4. buy
5. do
Complete the table

Then complete the sentences with the Past Simple of the verbs in brackets.
positve negative question
1. He has written a letter.
2. They have not stopped.
3. Have we danced?
4. She has worked.
5. Andy has not slept.
124 APRIL PERÚ

Write sentences in present perfect simple.
1. they / ask / a question ...................................................................
2. he / speak / English ...................................................................
3. I / be / in my room ...................................................................
4. we / not / wash / the car ...................................................................
5. Annie / not / forget / her homework ...................................................................
Write questions in present perfect simple.
1. they / finish / their homework ...................................................................
2. Sue / kiss / Ben ...................................................................
3. the waiter / bring / the tea ...................................................................
4. Marilyn / pay / the bill ...................................................................
5. you / ever / write / a poem ...................................................................
Ask for the information in the bold part of the sentence.
1. 1.They have talked about art at school. ...................................................................
2. 2.Jane has got a letter. ...................................................................
3. 3.Oliver has cooked dinner. ...................................................................
4. 4.Caron has read seven pages. ...................................................................
5. You have heard the song 100 times ...................................................................
APRIL PERÚ 125


Write the participle forms of the following verbs.
1. make
2. drink
3. catch
4. have
5. sit
Complete the table

Complete in present perfect simple.
1. He has swum.
2. She has not slept.
3. Have you phoned?
4. Tina has cried.
5. They have not run.
1. Phil / not / miss / the bus ...................................................................
2. they / not / plant / a tree ...................................................................
3. Vanessa / catch / the ball ...................................................................
4. we / sell / our old car ...................................................................
5. the train / leave / the station ...................................................................
126 APRIL PERÚ

1. you / correct / my mistakes ...................................................................
2. you / practise / your English ...................................................................
3. she / tidy up / her room ...................................................................
4. the boss / sign / the letter ...................................................................
5. Mary / shut / the door ...................................................................
Ask for the information in the bold part of the sentence.
1. 1.Tony has built a house. ...................................................................
2. 2.Avril has crossed the street at the traffic lights.. ...................................................................
3. 3.They have never been to Australia. ...................................................................
4. 4.Rupert has dialled the number. ...................................................................
5. Betty has spent 200 euros at the shopping mall. ...................................................................

Write the participle forms of the following verbs.
1. shut
2. spend
3. give
4. teach
5. sell
APRIL PERÚ 127

Complete the table
Complete in present perfect simple.
1. We have chatted.
2. The lesson has not started.
3. Have we won?
4. She has turned around.
5. They have not arrived.
1. 1.we / reach / our goal ...................................................................
2. 2.our team / lose / the match ...................................................................
3. 3.she / underline / the word ...................................................................
4. 4.they / not / discover / the treasure ...................................................................
5. Ron / not / talk / about the problem ...................................................................
1. 1.you / knock / at the door ...................................................................
2. 2.the teacher / mark / the tests ...................................................................
3. 3.she / buy / a new computer ...................................................................
4. 4.they / rescue / the girl ...................................................................
5. Brad / wear / a blue shirt ...................................................................
128 APRIL PERÚ

1. 1.They have seen him at the library. ...................................................................
2. 2.Robby Robber has robbed another bank. ...................................................................
3. 3.Bill has ordered three desserts. ...................................................................
4. 4.Clara has repeated the sentence five times ...................................................................
5. Jane has asked a question ...................................................................
Reading
Sick on Saturday
I have just had a terrible weekend! On Saturday I

was so tired that I slept all morning. When I woke
up I had a head ache and my throat was sore. My
body ached all over. My nose ran and I coughed a
lot. My mother took my temperature but I did not
have a fever.
My mother made me some soup for lunch and I
ate it in bed. I drank some juice. I tried to read a
book but I couldn’t keep my eyes open. I lay in bed
all afternoon. I drifted in and out of sleep. I drank
more juice. I felt miserable all afternoon. I didn’t
want to do anything.
I got out of bed at dinner time. My parents ordered pizza for dinner and I was able to eat
some of it. I drank more juice! I felt a bit better after dinner so I stayed up. I snuggled under a
blanket on the couch and watched some TV with my parents. I fell asleep in front of the TV.
The next morning I felt better but now my mother had a cold! She looked
APRIL PERÚ 129

Vocabulary help:
ache (verb) - hurts, is painful

asleep (adjective) - to be sleeping
couch (noun) - furniture to sit on
drifted (verb) past tense of to drift - to move slowly
drifted in and out of sleep - when you are not really awake but not really asleep either
miserable (adjective) - sad, unhappy, unpleasant
snuggled (verb) past tense of to snuggle - to move into a warm, comfortable position
terrible (adjective) - very bad,
woke up (verb) past tense of wake up - to stop sleeping
Comprehension Check:
Did you understand the story? Are these sentences true?
1. The boy was sick on Saturday. Yes or no?
2. On Sunday his father was sick. Yes or no?
3. He had a fever on Saturday. Yes or no?
4. He ate dinner in bed on Saturday. Yes or no?
Fill in the Blanks:
1. The family had ........................ for dinner on Saturday.
2. On Saturday night the boy fell asleep while he ........................ .
3. He had a head ........................ and his throat was ........................ .
4. The boy drank lots of ........................ .
5. What is the present tense of these verbs? tried ........................ , took ........................ ,
felt ........................ , did ........................
130 APRIL PERÚ

Reading
Skating!
This winter I learned to skate! A friend of

mine had an extra pair of skates. He persuaded me
to go skating with him one Saturday afternoon
in February. I borrowed the skates and
we went skating!
It was cold outside! We wore hats, scarves and
mitts to keep warm. He showed me how to
put on the skates. He helped me walk onto the
ice. He showed me how to start moving. He
also showed me how to stop! I moved very slowly
at first and lots of people skated past me. When
I fell nobody laughed at me. Instead, they helped
me get back up. I kept trying! Soon I felt much
better. I liked skating!
Vocabulary help:
awhile (adverb) - for a short time.

afternoon (noun) - the time of day between noon and evening
better (adjective) - comparative form of good. Good, better, best are the three forms of
the word good.
borrow (verb) - to use something that belongs to someone else and give it back later
extra (adjective) - more than usual.
instead (adverb) - in place of; rather
kept (verb) past tense of to keep - to continue.
mitt (noun) - a mitten. A type of glove with a single part for all the fingers except the
thumb which is in a separate part.
moving (verb) present participle of to move
onto (preposition) - to a position on or on top of.
pair (noun) - two things that are the same and are used together. Examples, a pair of
gloves, a pair of socks.
APRIL PERÚ 131

Vocabulary help:
persuade (verb) - to cause someone to do something by explaining why they should.

scarves (noun) plural of scarf - a long piece of cloth worn around the neck, head, or
shoulders.
skate (noun) - a shoe with a blade attached to the bottom. Skates are used to move
on ice
skate (verb) - to move along on ice skates or roller skates.
skating (verb) - present participle of to skate
trying (verb) present participle of to try
warm (adjective) - having some heat; not cold
Comprehension Check:
Did you understand the story? Are these sentences true?
1. In the past tense the word feel becomes the word felt. Yes or no?
2. In the past tense the word fall becomes the word fell. Yes or no?
3. When he fell, people laughed at him. Yes or no?
4. Wearing hats and scarves will help keep you warm on a cold day. Yes or no?
5. You can skate outside in the summer in Canada. Yes or no?
Fill in the Blanks:
1. If you want to. ........................ to do something, you have to keep trying!
2. When he. ........................ nobody laughed at him.
3. He borrowed a pair of skates from a. ........................ who had an extra pair of skates.
4. They went skating on a. ........................ in February.
5. They wore hats and mitts because it was. ........................ outside that day.
132 APRIL PERÚ

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Did you call David?

Simple Past Forms

Complete List of Simple Past Forms

Simple Past Uses

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

I saw a movie yesterday. Did you have dinner last night?

I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.

USE 3 Duration in the Past

I studied French when I was a child. She worked at the movie theater

USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

She was shy as a child, but now she Did you live in Texas when you were a

When I woke up this morning, I found my dog,

a. Who was happy to stay outside?

The Princess on the Pea Hans Christian Andersen

a. What did the prince want?

1. Charles Darwin [was /were] born on February 12, 1809.

2. When Albert Einstein [was/were] young, his parents

Simple Past Tips

IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First

When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.

I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.

The simple past tense of the verb to be:

The affirmative form:

I, he, she, it was

I was in London in 1999. We were together.

The interrogative form:

was I, he, she, it?

Were you in London last year? Were you together?

I wasn’t in Paris in 1999. We weren’t in Paris.

Use of the simple past:

The simple past is used principally to describe events in the past.

-I was not in Paris, or

-We were not in Paris, or

The simple past tense

This page will present the simple past tense:

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian

lived, started,died are regular past forms.

The infinitive The simple past

The infinitive The simple past

The forms of the simple past:

The Affirmative form of the simple past:

I played tennis with my friends yesterday.

Did you play basketball yesterday?

The interrogative form of the simple past:

I didn’t like the food served in the wedding party last Saturday.

1. Finished events in the past

2. Past habitual action

-I visited them every day for a year.

3. Events that were true for some time in the past

-He lived in Paris for 20 years.

The spelling of the simple past form (-ed forms)

Verbs ending in a...

1. silent e 2. vowel + y 3. consonant + y 4. other forms

The rules of the simple past tense forms:

Here are the rules:

Special cases of the -ed forms:

-If there is a consonant after a stressed vowel at the

-If the vowel is not stressed, we do not double it

Put the verbs into the simple past: