Wireless Mobile Communication

WIRELESS MOBILE
COMMUNICATION
Outline
1.Background
2.Mobile technologies introduction
.FDMA
.TDMA
.CDMA
.GSM
3.Mobile technology evolution
4.Conclusion
1. Background
2. Mobile technologies introduction
.FDMA – Frequency Division Multiple Access : a channel access method
used in multiple-access protocols as a channelization protocol. FDMA gives
users an individual allocation of one or several frequency bands, or channels.
. In this system, each user is allotted a different set of frequencies to operate

upon. The uplink(mobile to base station) frequency is different from downlink
frequency(base station to mobile).
.TDMA – Time Division Multiple Access : a channel access method for
shared medium networks. It allows several users to share the same frequency
channel by dividing the signal into different time slots.
In this system, each user is allocated a different time slot. Forward link
frequency and reverse link frequency is the same. A synchronous switch is
responsible for the time switching.
. CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access : is a channel access method

used by various radio communication technologies. CDMA is a form of spread-
spectrum signalling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data
bandwidth than the data being communicated.
…There is no restriction on time and frequency in this scheme. All the users can
transmit at all times and at all frequencies. Because users are isolated by code, they
can share the same carrier frequency, eliminating the frequency reuse problem
encountered in other technologies.
We can compare between the above three access technologies with respect to time
and frequency is as shown below.
.GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) This is a second-
generation mobile system designed from the ground up without trying to be backward
compatible with older analog systems. GSM is popular in Europe and Asia, where it
provides superior roaming ability among countries. It uses TDMA, but Europe is moving
from this system into 3G systems based on a wideband form of CDMA.
A GSM network consists of mobile stations talking to the base transceiver station,
on the Um interface. Many BTS are connected to a BSC via the Abis interface and the
BSC connect to the MSC (The core switching network) via the A interface.
3. Mobile technology evolution
1G: The systems use frequency division multiplexing to divide the bandwidth into specific
frequencies that are assigned to individual calls.
Characteristics of 1G systems are:

- Capacity (capacity) is lower
- Technical analog switch (circuit-switched)
- High probability of dropped calls
- The ability to handoff (call transfer between cells) are not reliable
- Sound quality is bananas
- Do not have security mode ...
2G: These second-generation systems are digital, and use either TDMA (Time Division
Multiple Access) or CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) access methods. The 2G digital
services began appearing in the late 1980s, providing expanded capacity and unique
services such as caller ID, call forwarding, and short messaging. A critical feature was
seamless roaming, which lets subscribers move across provider boundaries.
Characteristics of 2G systems are:

- digital switching technique
- Super security (High Security)
- Many services together, such as data transfer, fax, SMS (short message ),...
3G: 3G (Third-generation technology) is the standard third-generation mobile phone technology that
allows data transfer both voice and non-voice data (data, email, instant messaging, photos .. ..) 3G
systems provide both a packet switching and circuit switching. The system requires a 3G radio access
network is different than the current 2G systems. The strengths of this technology compared to 2G and
2.5G technology that allows transmission and reception of data, audio, image quality for both fixed and
mobile subscribers are moving at different speeds . With 3G technology, providers can give customers
multimedia services, such as high-quality music, quality video images and digital TV; The global
positioning services (GPS) ; E-mail, video streaming, high-ends games; ...
4G: 4G offer true high-speed data services(ideal up to 1 to 1.5 Gb/seconds). 4G data

rates will be in the 2-Mbit/sec to 156-Mbit/sec range, and possibly higher. 4G will also fully
support IP. High data rates are due to advances in signal processors, new modulation
techniques, and smart antennas that can focus signals directly at users. OFDM (orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing) is one scheme that can provide very high wireless data
rates. OFDM is described under its own heading.
4. Conclusion

Wireless Mobile Communication

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WIRELESS MOBILE

2.Mobile technologies introduction

3.Mobile technology evolution

. In this system, each user is allotted a different set of frequencies to operate

. CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access : is a channel access method

Characteristics of 1G systems are:

Characteristics of 2G systems are:

4G: 4G offer true high-speed data services(ideal up to 1 to 1.5 Gb/seconds). 4G data

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