TERM PAPER OF GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM)

Submitted by:Name:- Govind Singh Reg. Number:- 10906716 Roll no :- A58

submitted to :Mr. Gurpratap Singh sir

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to present my votes of thanks to all those guidepost who really acted as lightening pillars to enlighten our way throughout this project that has led to successful and satisfactory completion of this study. We are really grateful to our Mr. Gunjan Gandhi for providing us with an opportunity to undertake this project in this university and providing us with all the facilities. We are highly thankful to Mr. Gunjan Gandhi for her active support, valuable time and advice, whole-hearted guidance, sincere cooperation and pains-taking involvement during the study and in completing the assignment of preparing the said project within the time stipulated. Lastly, We are thankful to all those, particularly the various friends , who have been instrumental in creating proper, healthy and conductive environment and including new and fresh innovative ideas for us during the project, their help, it would have been extremely difficult for us to prepare the project in a time bound framework.

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Global System for Mobile Communication

the characteristics of human speech. This method of transmission permits a very efficient data rate/information content ratio.

PRINCIPLE
A cellular telephone system links a mobile subscriber to the public telephone system or to another cellular system mobile subscriber. Information sent between the MS subscriber and the cellular network uses radio

High bandwidth services are already becoming available through 2G technologies. The development path to 3G is clearly mapped out and brings with it the possibilities of sophisticated data and multimedia applications. The GSM standard will continue to evolve, I with wireless, satellite and cordless systems offering greatly expanded services. These will include high speed, multimedia data services,

communication. This removes the necessity of the fixed wiring used in orthodox and conventional telephone installation.

INTRODUCTION
Global System for Mobile Communications is a digital cellular standard that uses timedivision (TDMA and FDMA) to carry eight simultaneous calls on the same frequency. It was developed in order to create a common European mobile telephone standard but it has been rapidly accepted worldwide. GSM was designed to be compatible with ISDN services. It is a digital form of communication which uses the electromagnetic spectrum to carry the data. It is a 2-way microwave transmission form of communication which has the capability to connect to PSTNs as well. GSM is an open, non-proprietary system that is constantly evolving. One of its great strengths is the international roaming capability. This gives consumers seamless and same standardized same number contact ability in more than 159 countries. GSM satellite roaming has extended service access to areas where terrestrial coverage is not available. GSM differs from first generation

inbuilt support for parallel use of such services and seamless integration with the Internet and wireline networks.

Features of GSM
Cellular telephone systems provide the MS subscriber and network provider with many advantages over a standard telephone network, but there are still many drawbacks.

Compatibility
The rapid development of analogue cellular networks during the 1980s resulted in many different cellular systems which were

incompatible with one another. GSM has been specified and developed by many European countries working in co-operation with each other. The result is a cellular system which has been implemented throughout many parts of the world.

Noise Robust
In cellular telephone systems, such as AMPs, TACs or NMT the MS communicates with the cell site by means of analogue radio signals. Although this technique can provide an excellent audio quality, it is vulnerable to noise.

wireless systems in that it uses digital technology and time division multiple access transmission methods. Voice is digitally encoded via a unique encoder, which emulates

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The noise which interferes with the current system may be produced by any of the following sources: A powerful or nearby external source (a vehicle ignition system or a lightning bolt, perhaps). Another transmission on the same frequency (co-channel interference).

user to travel to foreign countries and still use their mobiles on the foreign network. If necessary, the user may leave their mobile equipment at home and carry only the SIM card, making use of a hired mobile or any available equipment. GSMs use of a digital air interface makes it more resilient to interference from users on the same or nearby frequencies and so cells can be packed closer together, which means more carriers in a given area to

Another

transmission

breaking

give better frequency re-use.

through from a nearby frequency (adjacent channel interference). Background radio noise intruding because the required signal is too weak to exclude it. In order to combat the problems caused by noise, GSM uses digital technology instead of analogue. GSM air interface in harsh RF environments can produce a usable signal, where analogue systems would be unable to. This leads to better frequency re-use patterns and more capacity.

Use of Standardized Open Interfaces

The equipment in each of the analogue cellular networks used throughout Europe tends to be produced by one manufacturer. This is because the equipment is only designed to

communicate with other equipment made by that manufacturer. This situation is very profitable for the manufacturers as they have a great deal of influence over pricing of their product. The situation is very different with GSM, where standard interfaces such as C7

Flexibility and Increased Capacity

With an analogue air interface, every connection between an MS and a cell site requires a separate RF carrier, which in turn requires a separate set of RF hardware. In order to expand the capacity of a cell site by a given number of channels, an equivalent quantity of hardware must be added. This makes system expansion time consuming, expensive and labour intensive. Re-

and X.25 are used throughout the network such that network planners can select different manufacturers for different pieces of hardware. Competition therefore between in manufacturers the GSM is

intense

market. will

Competition

between

manufacturers

therefore increase and prices should fall.

configuration of an analogue site suffers similar problems since much of the equipment requires manual re-tuning and this makes the system inflexible. GSM networks offer the flexibility of

international roaming. This allows the mobile

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Improved Security and Confidentiality

Security figures high on the list of problems encountered by some operators of analogue systems. Extensive measures have been taken, when specifying the GSM system, to

GSM handover processes offer significant improvements which provide a much better quality of service to the subscriber.

GSM provides handover processes for the following:

1) Quality (uplink/downlink). 2) Interference (uplink/downlink). 3) RF level (uplink/downlink). 4) MS distance. 5) Power budget. More handover algorithms have been developed for specific applications, such as microcellular, and are currently being implemented.

substantially increase security with regard to both call theft and equipment theft. With GSM, both the Mobile Equipment (ME) and Mobile Subscriber are identified. The ME has a unique number coded into it when it is manufactured. This can be checked against a database every time the mobile makes a call to validate the actual equipment. The subscriber is authenticated by use of a smart card known as a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). GSM also offers the capability to encrypt all signaling over the air interface. Different levels of encryption are available to meet different subscriber/country requirements. With the authentication processes for both the ME and subscriber, together with the encryption and the digital encoding of the air interface signals, it makes it very difficult for the casual hacker to listen-in to personal calls.

ISDN Compatibility
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a standard and a new & advanced telecom network designed to carry voice and user data over standard telephone lines. The GSM network has been designed to operate with the ISDN system and provides features that are compatible with it. GSM can provide a maximum data rate of 9.6 kbit/s

Flexible Handover Processes

Handovers take place as the MS moves between cells, gradually losing the RF signal of one and gaining that of the other. The MS switches from channel to channel and cell to cell as it moves to maintain call continuity. With analogue systems, handovers are frequently a problem area and the subscriber is often aware that a handover has occurred! When GSM was specified a great deal of thought went into the design and

while ISDN provides much higher data rates than this (standard rate 64 kbit/s, primary rate 2.048 Mbit/s).

implementation of handovers. Although the GSM system is more complicated than analogue in this area, the flexibility of the

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Subscriber Identification
With the current analogue systems a mobile subscriber is identified by a telephone number, which is associated with their mobile equipment. This number is held in the mobile equipment of that subscriber, therefore if the subscriber wishes to make or receive calls he must take the mobile equipment with him. With the GSM system the subscriber and the mobile equipment are identified separately. The subscriber is identified by means of a Smart Card known as a SIM. (Subscriber Identification Module). This means that a subscriber needs to have only one subscription to the cellular system but may use several different types of mobile equipment. This also means that when a subscriber is traveling abroad he needs only to take the SIM card with him. On arrival the SIM may be placed into any GSM mobile equipment and the subscriber may then make or receive calls. In addition because the SIM identifies the user, wherever the call is made the bill will always be sent to the subscriber Home Location Register (HLR).

The capabilities of the subscriber mobile equipment The capabilities of the terrestrial network to which we are connected. (ISDN, PSTN)

a) Speech Services
The following services listed involve the transmission of speech information and would make up for the basic services offered by a network provider. Telephony Emergency Calls Short Message Service Point to Point Short Message Cell Broadcast Advanced Message Handling Services

b) Data services
Data can be sent over air using some of the present systems but this requires specially designed add ones to protect the data content in harsh environment of air interface. Text files, images, messages and fax may all be sent over GSM network. Various Data Services are: Videotex access Teletex Alternate Speech and Facsimile Group 3

Enhanced Range of Services

GSM has the potential to offer a greatly enhanced range of services compared with existing analogue cellular systems. As well as a full range of data transmission options and fax, there will be a wide range of

c) Supplementary Services
A supplementary service is a modification of or a supplement to a basic telecommunication service. Network operator will probably charge extra for these services or use then as an incentive to join their network. Number Identification Call Barring Call Forwarding Call Completion Charging Multi-Party

supplementary services. The services available to a subscriber will be determined by four factors: The level of service provided by the network operator. The level of service purchased by the subscriber.

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d) IN Services:It stands for intelligent services. These services include some additional services which are used by the subscribers anytime in any part of the world through their cell phones. Some of the intelligent services are listed below:

NSS, it is up to the user to choose either Hutch, Spice, Airtel, etc. as its network provider.

Architecture
The GSM network elements are arranged in a specific pattern with each NE having a

Call Screening Tele Voting Centrex

specific and unique function. This arrangement is called as the GSM architecture.

GSM Network Components and Architecture

A GSM network is composed of several functional entities both physical and logical which are arranged in a set manner allowing for the operation and interface requirements

Network Components
All physical entities in the GSM architecture are called network components or network elements i.e. NEs. The network elements are hardware devices which are working on some software functions. These NEs are as follows: MSC (Main Switching Centre) BSC (Base Station Controller) Remote Transcoder (XCDR) BTS (Base Transreciever Station) Mobile Equipment (ME) Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Cellular radio involves dividing a large service area into regions called cells. Each cell has the equipment to switch, transmit and receive calls from any subscriber located within the borders of its radio coverage area If cells were not used the transmitter would Different vendors are present which provide equipments and the SIM. The choice of network elements is the discretion of the network provider, that of SIM is the subscribers one. E.g. the network operator like SPICE may use a Motorola or ZTE equipment for OMC, BSS, etc, SEIMENS or NOKIA for need to use very high power to cover a large area. Using cells, means that the area covered by a single transmitter is reduced, thereby reducing the need Cells for are high powered

transmission.

conventionally

regarded as being hexagonal, but in reality they are irregularly shaped. The cell shape is

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determined by the nature of the surrounding area e.g. hills, tall buildings etc. The cell pattern becomes more complex as the number of cells in the system increases.

4. The Operations and Maintenance System

This enables the network operator to configure and maintain the network from a central location.

GSM Network Components

Each network component is designed to communicate over an interface specified by the GSM standards. This provides flexibility and enables a system operator to utilize system components from different manufacturers The principle main component groups of a GSM Systems are:

1. The Mobile Station(MS)

This consists of the mobile telephone, fax machine etc. This is the part of the network that the subscriber will see.

2. The Base Station System (BSS)

This is the part of the network which provides the radio inter-connection from the MS to the land based switching equipment.

3. The Network Switching System

This consists of the Mobile Services Switching Centre (MSC) and its

3.5.1 MOBILE STATION (MS)

The mobile station consists of two parts, the Mobile Equipment (ME) and an electronic smart card called a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM).The Mobile Equipment is the hardware used by the subscriber to access the network. This may be a telephone, fax machine, computer etc. The hardware has an identity number associated with it which is unique for that particular device and

associated system control databases and processors together with the required interfaces. This is the part which provides for inter-connection between the GSM network and the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).

permanently stored in it. This enables stolen mobile equipment to be detected. This identity number is called an International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). The SIM is a card which plugs into the Mobile Equipment. This card identifies the

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mobile subscriber and also provides other information regarding the service that

The BSS communicates with the Mobile Station over the digital air interface and with the Mobile Services Switching Centre

subscriber should receive. An identity number called the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) identifies the subscriber. Mobile Equipment may be purchased from any store but the SIM must be obtained from the GSM network operator. Without the SIM inserted the mobile equipment will only be able to make emergency calls. By making a distinction between the subscriber identity and the mobile equipment identity, GSM can route calls and perform billing based on the identity of the subscriber rather than the equipment or its location.

(MSC) via 2Mbps links. The BSS consists of three major hardware components:

3.5.2.1 The Base Station Controller BSC

The BSC provides the control for the BSS. The BSC communicates directly with the MSC. The BSC may control single or multiple BTSs.

3.5.2.2

The

Base

Transceiver

Station BTS
The BTS contains the RF components that provide the air interface for a particular cell. This is the part of the GSM network which communicates with the mobile. The Antenna is included as part of the BTS.

3.5.2.3 The Transcoder XCDR

The Transcoder is used to compact the signals from the mobile station so that they be more efficiently sent over the terrestrial interfaces.

3.5.2 BASE STATION SYSTEM (BSS)

The GSM Base Station Sub-system is the equipment found at a cell site, it comprises of a combination of digital and RF equipment. The BSS provides the link between the mobile equipment and the Mobile Services Switching Centre.

Structure of a Typical Wireless System

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Other topologies are also permitted including

Wireless Base Stations:

It provides the radio connection between mobile users and the switch. One wireless system in a large metropolitan area may require hundreds of base stations to deliver unbroken coverage and provide sufficient capacity to handle all potential users.

stars and loops. Loops are used to introduce redundancy into the network, for example if a BTS connection was lost the BTS may still be able to communicate with the BSC if a second connection was available.

NETWORK SWITCHING SYSTEM

The Network Switching System includes the main switching functions of the GSM network. It also contains the databases required for subscriber data and mobility management. Its main function is to manage communications between the GSM network and other

telecommunications networks. The components of the Network Switching System are listed below:

BSS CONFIGURATIONS
A BSC may control several BTSs, the maximum number of BTSs which may be controlled by one BSC is not specified by GSM. The BTSs and BSC may either be located at the same cell site Collocated or located at different sites Remote. Another BSS configuration is the Daisy Chain. A BTS need not communicate directly with the BSC which controls it, it can be connected to the BSC via a chain of BTSs. Daisy chaining reduces the amount of cabling required to set up a network as a BTS can be connected to its nearest BTS rather than all the way to the BSC. Problems may arise when chaining BTSs due to the transmission delay through the chain. The length of the chain must therefore be kept sufficiently short to prevent the round trip speech delay becoming too long.

Mobile Services Switching Centre MSC Home Location Register HLR Visitor Location Register VLR Equipment Identity Register EIR Authentication Centre AUC InterWorking Function IWF Echo Canceller EC
GSM has Location Register network entities. These entities are the Home Location

Register (HLR), Visitor Location Register (VLR), and the Equipment Identity Register (EIR). The location registers are database-oriented processing nodes which address the problems of managing subscriber data and keeping track

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of a mobile subscribers location as it roams around the network. Functionally, the Interworking Function and the Echo Cancellers may be considered as parts of the MSC since their activities are inextricably linked with those of the switch as it connects speech and data calls to and from the MSs.

Internetwork Interworking
Manages the interface between the GSM network and the PSTN.

Billing Collects call billing data Functions of the MSC include:

Call handling that copes with mobile nature of subscribers (e.g., paging) Management of required logical radio-link channel during calls Management of MSC-BSS signalling protocol Handling location registration and ensuring interworking between Mobile Station and VLR Control of inter-BSS and inter-MSC handovers Acting as a gateway MSC to interrogate the HLR Exchange of signalling information with other system entities Standard functions of a local exchange switch in the fixed network (example: charging)

MOBILE SERVIES SWITCHING CENTRE MSC

The MSC is included in the GSM system for call-switching and its overall purpose, is the same as that of any telephone exchange. The MSC will carry out several different functions depending upon its position in the network. When the MSC provides the interface between the PSTN and the BSSs in the GSM network it will be known as the Gateway MSC. In this position it will provide the switching required for all mobile originated or terminated traffic. Each MSC provides service to mobiles located within a defined geographic coverage area, the network typically contains more than one MSC. One MSC is capable of supporting a regional capital with approximately one

million inhabitants. The functions carried out by the MSC are listed below:

Call Processing Includes control

of data/voice call setup, Inter-BSS and Inter-MSC Handovers and control of mobility management (subscriber

Gateway Mobile services Switching Centre (GMSC)

The GMSC is responsible for the same tasks as the MSC, except for paging. It is needed in case of mobile terminated calls. In fixed networks, a call is established to the local exchange, to which the telephone is connected to. But in GSM, the MSC, which is serving the MS, changes with the subscribers mobility. Therefore, in a mobile terminated call, the call is set up to a well defined exchange in the subscribers home PLMN. This exchange is called GMSC. The GMSC than interacts with a database called Home Location Register, which holds the information about the MSC,

validation and location).

Operations and Maintenance Support

management, measurement interface.

and

Includes

database and

traffic a

metering man

machine

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which is currently serving the MS. The process of requesting location information from the HLR is called HLR Interrogation. Given the information about the serving MSC, the GMSC then continues the call establishment process. In many real life implementations, the MSC functionality and the GMSC functionality are implemented in the same equipment, which is then just called MSC. Many operators use GMSCs for breakout to external networks such as PSTNs.

The HLR can be implemented in the same network node as the,MSC or as a stand-alone database. If the capacity of a HLR is exceeded by the number of subscribers, additional HLRs may be added

HOME LOCATION REGISTER HLR

The HLR is the reference database for subscriber parameters. Various identification numbers and addresses are stored as well as authentication parameters. This information is entered into the database by the network operator when a new subscriber is added to the system. The parameters stored in the HLR are listed here: The HLR is a centralized network database that stores and manages all mobile

VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER

The VLR contains a copy of most of the data stored at the HLR. It is, however, temporary data which exists for only as long as the subscriber is active in the particular area covered by the VLR. The VLR database will therefore contain some duplicate data as well as more precise data relevant to the subscriber remaining within the VLR coverage. The VLR provides a local database for the subscriber wherever he is physically located within a PLMN, this may or may not be the home system. This function eliminates the need for excessive and time-consuming references to the home HLR database.

subscriptions belonging to a specific operator. It acts as a permanent store for a person's subscription information until that subscription is canceled. The information stored includes: Subscriber identity Subscriber supplementary services Subscriber location information Subscriber authentication information ISDN directory number of mobile station Service restrictions (if any)

The additional data stored in the VLR is listed below: Mobile status (busy/free/no answer etc.) Location Area Identity (LAI) Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity Mobile Station Roaming Number

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VLR Location Area Identity ISDN directory number of mobile Copy of (part of) the subscriber data from the HLR

of numbers held at the VLR (MSC). The MSRN is then used to route the call to the MSC which controls the base station in the MSs current location. The database in the VLR can be accessed by the IMSI, the TMSI or the MSRN. Typically there will be one VLR per MSC.

VLR Location Area Identity

Cells within the Private Land Mobile Network (PLMN) are grouped together into

geographical areas and each area is assigned a Location Area Identity (LAI), a location area may be typically contain 30 cells. Each VLR controls several LAIs and as a subscriber moves from on LAI to another, the LAI is updated in the VLR. As the subscriber moves from on to another, the VLR address is updated at the HLR.

EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER EIR

The EIR contains a centralized database for validating the International Mobile

Equipment Identity (IMEI)

This database is concerned solely with the MS equipment and not with the subscriber who is using is to make or receive a call. The EIR database consists of lists of IMEIs (or ranges of IMEIs) organized as follows:

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

The VLR control the allocation of new Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) numbers and notifies them to the HLR. The TMSI will be updated frequently, this makes it very difficult for the call to be traced and therefore provides a high degree of security for the subscriber. The TMSI may be updated situations: Call setup On entry to a new LAI On entry to a new VLR in any of the following

WHITE LIST Contains

valid mobile equipment.

those

IMEIs

which are known to have been assigned to

BLACK LIST Contains IMEIs of mobiles

which have been reported stolen or which are to be denied service for some other reason.

GREY LIST Contains IMEIs of mobiles

which have problems e.g. faulty software. These are not, however, sufficiently significant to warrant a black listing.

The EIR database is remotely accessed by the MSCs in the network and can also be accessed

Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number

As a subscriber may wish to operate outside its home system at some time, the VLR can also allocate a Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN). This number is assigned from a list

by a MSC in a different PLMN. As in the case of the HLR, a network may well contain more than one EIR with each EIR controlling certain blocks of IMEI numbers. The MSC contains a translation facility, which when given an IMEI, returns the addresses of

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the EIR controlling the appropriate section of the equipment database.

Operations and Maintenance Centre OMC

The Operations and Maintenance Centre (OMC) is a centralized facility that supports

AUTENTICATION CENTRE AUC

The AUC is a processor system; it performs the authentication function. It will normally be co-located with the Home Location Register (HLR) as it will be required to continuously access and update, as

the day to day management of a cellular network as well as providing a database for long term network engineering and planning tools. OMC manages a certain area of the PLMN thus giving regionalized network management.

Network (NMC)

Management

Centre

necessary, the system subscriber records. The AUC/HLR centre can be co-located with the MSC or remotely from the MSC. The authentication process will usually take place each time the subscriber initializes on the system. In the authentication process secure data stored on the SIM card is manipulated and compared with data held in the HLR database. This data is entered into the SIM and the system database (HLR) at the time the SIM card is issued.

The Network Management Centre (NMC) has a view of the entire PLMN and is responsible for the management of the network as a whole. The NMC resides at the top of the hierarchy and provides global network management. The NMC offers the ability to provide hierarchical regionalized network management of a complete GSM system. It is responsible for operations and maintenance at the network level, supported by the OMCs which are responsible for regional network management. The NMC is therefore a single logical facility at the top of the network management

OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE SYSTEM

The Operations and Maintenance subsystem provides a capability to manage the GSM network remotely. It comprises of two parts:

hierarchy. The NMC has a high level view of the network, as a series of network nodes and interconnecting communications facilities. The OMC, on the other hand, is used to filter information from the network equipment for forwarding to the NMC, thus allowing it to focus on issues requiring national co-

Network Management Centre NMC

The Network Management Centre (NMC) has a view of the entire PLMN and is responsible for the management of the network as a whole. The NMC resides at the top of the hierarchy and provides global network management.

ordination. The NMC can also co-ordinate issues regarding interconnection to other networks, for example the PSTN. The NMC can take regional responsibility when an OMC is not manned, with the OMC acting as a transit point between the NMC and the network equipment. The NMC provides

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operators with functions equivalent to those available at the OMC.

OMC(S) OMC controls specifically the

Network Switching System The OMC should support the following functions :

Event/Alarm Management Fault Management Performance Management Configuration Management Security Management Channels on the Air Interface

The main reasons why GSM uses a digital air interface:

It is noise robust, enabling the use of tighter frequency re-use patterns and minimizing interference

OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT CENTRE (OMC)

The OMC provides a central point from which to control and monitor the other network entities (i.e. Base Stations, switches, database, etc) as well as monitor the quality of service being provided by the network as a whole. Equipment manufacturers have their own OMCs which are not compatible in every aspect with those of other manufacturers. This is particularly the case between Radio Base Station equipment suppliers, where in some cases the OMC is a separate item and Digital Switching equipment suppliers, where the OMC is an integral, but functionally separate, part of the hardware. There are two types of OMCs. These are :

problems; It incorporates error correction, thus protecting the traffic that it carries; It offers greatly enhanced privacy to subscribers and security to network providers; It is ISDN compatible, uses open standardized interfaces and offers an enhanced range of services to its subscribers.

GSM- FRAME STUCTURE

OMC(R)- OMC controls specifically the

Base Station System

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The geographical areas of the GSM network

The figure 2 presents the different areas that form a GSM network. The figure 2 presents the different areas that form a GSM network.

High transmission quality

high audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (e.g., from cars, trains).

CONCLUSIONS
The aim of this seminar was to give an overview of the GSM system and not to provide a complete and exhaustive guide. As it is shown in this, GSM is a very complex standard. It can be considered as the first serious attempt to fulfill the requirements for a universal personal communication system. GSM is then used as a basis for the development of the UniversalMobile Telecommunication System (UMTS).

As it has already been explained a cell, identified by its Cell Global Identity number (CGI), corresponds to the radio coverage of a base transceiver station. A Location Area (LA), identified by its Location Area Identity (LAI) number, is a group of cells served by a single MSC/VLR. A group of location areas under the control of the same MSC/VLR defines the MSC/VLR area. A Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) is the area served by one network operator.

GSM is also the basis of 2.5G mobile communication system like EDGE (Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution) & GPRS (General Packet RadioService).

FUTURE SCOPE OF TELECOMMUNICATION

Communication is the fastest growing segment of the industry. It has experienced exponential growth over the last decade. Cellular phones have become a critical business tool and they are rapidly replacing outdated wire line systems in many developing countries. The explosive growth of Communication Systems suggests a bright future for Communication Engineering field.

Advantages of GSM Communication

mobile, wireless communication, support for voice and data services.

Total mobility
international access, chip-card enables use of access points of different providers.

REFERENCES
1.http://ccnga.uwaterloo.ca/~jscouria/GSM/i ndex.html 2. http:/www.iec.org 3. 'An introduction to GSM' from the book 'Cellular Radio Systems', edited by Balston and Macario. Published by Artech House.

Worldwide connectivity
one number, the network handles every location.

High capacity
better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per cell.

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