This document provides a summary of key events and developments in Indian history from prehistoric times up until the colonial period. It touches on the earliest human settlements in India, the Indus Valley Civilization, the rise of kingdoms and empires like the Mauryas and Guptas, the arrival of Islam, the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire, and concludes with the establishment of British rule and the rise of nationalist movements. Key figures, religions, technologies, and administrative systems are also briefly outlined.
This document provides a summary of key events and developments in Indian history from prehistoric times up until the colonial period. It touches on the earliest human settlements in India, the Indus Valley Civilization, the rise of kingdoms and empires like the Mauryas and Guptas, the arrival of Islam, the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire, and concludes with the establishment of British rule and the rise of nationalist movements. Key figures, religions, technologies, and administrative systems are also briefly outlined.
This document provides a summary of key events and developments in Indian history from prehistoric times up until the colonial period. It touches on the earliest human settlements in India, the Indus Valley Civilization, the rise of kingdoms and empires like the Mauryas and Guptas, the arrival of Islam, the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire, and concludes with the establishment of British rule and the rise of nationalist movements. Key figures, religions, technologies, and administrative systems are also briefly outlined.
This document provides a summary of key events and developments in Indian history from prehistoric times up until the colonial period. It touches on the earliest human settlements in India, the Indus Valley Civilization, the rise of kingdoms and empires like the Mauryas and Guptas, the arrival of Islam, the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire, and concludes with the establishment of British rule and the rise of nationalist movements. Key figures, religions, technologies, and administrative systems are also briefly outlined.
Jahangir >> Manuscript → Album & individual portrait
Narmada Valley- Hunting and gathering Magadha- The first big kingdom Garo hills- Early agriculture Indus and its tributaries- The first cities Ganga Valley- Cities about 2500 years ago
Palaeolithic >> 99% of human history
1st wild ancestors>> DOG Burzahom>>Pit-houses (khadda ghar) Earliest Agri. Evidences on india >> Mehrgarh(Cotton-7000 yrs ago) Harappans grew- wheat, barley, pulses, peas, rice, sesame, linseed, mustard. does not receive heavy rainfall >> Irrigation Copper- Rajasthan Gold- Karnataka Tin- Afghanistan Precious stones- Gujarat Hymns mostly male + few female >> 1000+ Sukta/ wall said the dead were buried with distinctive pots, which are called Black and Red Ware. recognised as rajas by performing very big sacrifices >> Ashvamedh/ horse >> rajas of janapadas rather than janas. some janapadas became more important than others, and were known as mahajanapadas(eg. Magdha| river- Ganga, Son| Rulers-Bimbisara & Ajatasattu)>> have capital cities Taxes- 1/6th on crops Buddha + Mahavira >> Gana/Sangha All free men over the age of 30 were recognised as full citizens. women were not considered citizens. The Buddha(Prakrit) taught that life is full of suffering and unhappiness. Upanishad (Buddha) literally means ‘approaching and sitting near’ and the texts contain conversations between teachers and students. >> Upanishadic thinkers were men (brahmins and rajas) women thinkers Jain > Vardhamana Mahavira >> kshatriya prince of the Lichchhavis (Vajji sangha) Prakrit >> known as Magadhi Emperors need more resources than kings because empires are larger than kingdoms, and need to be protected by big armies. Arthashastra tells us that the north-west was important for blankets, and south India for its gold and precious stones. It is possible that these resources were collected as tribute. Ashoka’s dhamma did not involve worship of a god, or performance of a sacrifice medical treatment for both human beings and animals. Central Asian people known as the Shakas, were followed by the Kushanas Shakas who ruled over parts of western India fought several battles with the Satavahanas, Tamil >> Sangam Literature Jatakas >> composed by ordinary people >> preserved by Buddhist monks Sangam poems mention the muvendar >> three chiefs, used for the heads of three ruling families, the Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas Puhar/ Kaveripattinam- port of the Cholas, and Madurai- capital of the Pandyas. older form of Buddhism- Theravada Buddhism Geeta >> UNESCO- Oral and intangible heritages of humanity Mahabharata >>> Bhagavad Geeta (just a part) Bodhisattvas- Mahayana Buddhism Lords of the dakshinapatha- Satavahana rulers Samudragupta’s prashasti >> as equal to the gods samantas. Whenever the ruler was weak, samantas tried to become independent. ur was a village assembly found in areas where the land owners were not brahmins. nagaram was an organisation of merchants. Abhijnana Shakuntalam- Love story- Dushyanta+ Shakuntala Silappadikaram- Ilango Manimekalai- Sattanar
Our Past- 2 Arab geographer al-Idrisi Rajputs >> who claimed Kshatriya caste status patrons — new rulers searching for prestige. Merchants and migrants >> holy Quran to India 7th century Dantidurga- Rashtrakuta chief Cholas- vetti- taken not in cash but in the form of forced labour, and kadamai- land revenue. “tripartite struggle”- Gurjara-Pratihara, Rashtrakuta and Pala >> control over Kanauj Rajaraja I- most powerful Chola ruler Thanjavur and Gangaikonda-cholapuram Temple >> by Rajaraja and Rajendra Chola bronze >> finest in the world Ur- settlements of peasants, Rich Peasants >> Vellala caste Gurjara Pratiharas- Gujarat and Rajasthan Rashtrakutas- Western Deccan Palas- Bengal Cholas- Tamil Nadu
Delhi 1st capital of Tomara Rajputs, Coin >> Dehliwal
Raziyya >> Delhi, Rudramadevi (Kakatiya) >> Andrapradesh, Didda >> Kash- mir Bandagan- special slaves purchased for military service Tax >> cultivation of Kharaj, cattle, houses Mughals >> Timurid ancestry “trabeate” or “corbelled” Technique Prilgrimage >>> Township Traders = Banjaras devadasis (temple dancers) emporium- Trade, Big shops hundis- note recording a deposit made by a person Factor- Official merchant of the East India Company. Hagiography- Writing of saints’ lives. Zikr >> KARANNI Hospice- House of rest for travellers Buddha- questioned social differences Shankaradeva- namghar Nizamuddin Auliya- Sufi saint Nayanars- worship of Shiva Alvars- worship of Vishnu Lilatilakam >> grammar and poetics Manipravalam– “diamonds and corals” Anantavarman- Orissa Mangalakavya- Bengal Jagannatha- Puri Miniature- Kangra Mahodayapuram- Kerala Lilatilakam- Kerala Sardeshmukhi- land revenue Subadar- provincial governor Ijaradar- a revenue farmer Kunbis- Maratha peasant warriors Faujdar- a Mughal military commander Misl- a band of Sikh warriors Umara- a high noble Chauth- tax levied by the Marathas
Our Past- 3 big market in Europe >>Pepper, cloves, cardamom, cinnamon Dharmashastras – Sanskrit texts >> social rules and codes of behaviour Sawar – Men on horses Musket – A heavy gun used by infantry soldiers Matchlock – An early type of gun in which the powder was ignited by a match Haats- Weekly Markets One bigha of indigo cultivation required two ploughs. systems of indigo cultivation – nij and ryoti >>> agreement (satta) Indigo could be cultivated only on fertile lands gomasthas – agents of planters >> collect rent 1859- indigo ryots- support of the local zamindars and village headmen Birsa was born in a family of Mundas(Chottanagpur) >> followers- Santhals and Oraons Bewar – Madhya Pradesh for shifting cultivation
1906- revolt of Songram Sangma- Assam
Finely woven textiles as “muslin” >> Calico>> Cotton textile jamdani weaving >> Dacca in Bengal and Lucknow Khadi gradually became a symbol of nationalism. The charkha came to represent India, and it was put at the centre of the tricolour flag of the Indian Na- tional Congress adopted in 1931. new cotton mills- Bombay, Ahmedabad, Sholapur, Nagpur, Kanpur. high carbon steel called Wootz Bellows – pump air Madrasa – An Arabic word for a place of learning Munshi – A person who can read, write and teach Persian “English education has enslaved us” “Literacy in itself is not education”- MG Tagore’s “abode of peace” William Jones- respect for ancient cultures Rabindranath Tagore- learning in a natural environment Thomas Macaulay- promotion of English education Pathshalas- gurus Mahatma Gandhi- critical of English education
Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar, used the ancient texts to suggest that widows could remarry Women write about women Begums of Bhopal- promoting education among women Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain- schools 4 Muslim girls >Patna & Calcutta Tarabai Shinde (Poona) >> Stripurushtulna Pandita Ramabai- widows’ home at Poona 1873, Phule >> Gulamgiri >> all those Americans who had fought to free slaves
Dadabhai Naoroji Naoroji’s >> Poverty and Un-British Rule in India
Picket – People protesting outside a building or shop to prevent others from entering Mahants – Religious functionaries of Sikh gurdwaras
