(TITLE PAGE)

THE EFFECTS OF POVERTY ON THE

ACCESSIBILITY OF HEALTH CARE IN
LOW-INCOME FAMILIES WITHIN LIPA
CITY

A Research

Presented to

the Faculty

of the Junior High School Department

LCC Silvercrest School

Lipa City

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for Social Studies 10

(Kontemporaryong Isyu)
 by:

-Marcus Yuan T. Fadallan

-Jed Joaquin C. Velasco

-Blademier D. Borgonia

-Leighanna Jahzara M. Atienza

-Kate C. Moral

-Joashua Paul M. Esca

-Cherry Sophia K. Masupil

April 2021
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………...i

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………..…….

CHAPTER

I. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Introduction…………………………………………………………………....1

Conceptual Framework………………………………………………….

Theoretical Framework………………………………………………….

Statement of the Problem………………………………………………

Scope, Limitation and Delimitation of the Study………………………….

Definition of Terms………………………………………………………......

I. RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Conceptual Literature………………………………………………………..

Research Literature…………………………………………………………..

II. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary…………………………………………………………………..….101

Conclusion……………………………………………………………….……106

Recommendations…………………………………………………………...106

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CURRICULUM VITAE.
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

This study aims to understand the correlation of poverty and health accessibility within Lipa city,
Batangas on the year (2019-2020) and was made because of the underlying cases of poverty per
year within the city. The researchers intend to understand if poverty plays a role on healthcare
accessibility. Keeping this intention in mind,  the study was conducted because the research
team believes that everyone within the social classes should have the ability to put their health
in the top of their priorities. With the rising cases within the year’s pandemic, the study can be
considered crucial as a determinant to how much of the Philippines' population is  deprived of
healthcare when on top of a global recession.

Certain studies support this subject, consider World health organization (WHO)’s study (2003)
discussed around the correlation between poverty and healthcare . “The poor suffer worse
health and die younger. They have higher than average child and maternal mortality, higher
levels of disease, and more limited access to health care and social services”. Other context also
tackled about this subject, take for example; an article entitled “Poverty and Health” published
on (August 15, 2014) by “The world Bank” states Poverty is a major cause of ill health and a
barrier to accessing health care when needed. This relationship is financial: the poor cannot
afford to purchase those things that are needed for good health, including sufficient quantities
of quality food and health care.

Healthcare is one of the most crucial human necessity, it controls our whole well-being and our
body. With the rising rate of families struggling under the poverty line in Lipa city, the
researchers aimed to see if there are certain factors that may affect their affordability of public
services; factors such as family size, and their socioeconomic status. Public services price are
steadily increasing because of the economic inflation, affecting the prices of healthcare by
drastically increasing it; making it more unaffordable. This study was purposefully made to see
the problems that may persist by the increasing economic complications and it’s effects on the
people living below the average class. 

Health is now higher on the international agenda than ever before, and concern for the health
of poor people is becoming a central issue in development. Indeed, three of the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) call for health improvements by 2015: reducing child deaths,
maternal mortality, and the spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. The nations of the
world have agreed that enjoying the highest attainable standard of health is one of the
fundamental rights of every human being, without distinction of race, religion, political belief,
economic or social condition. Beyond its intrinsic value to individuals, health is also central to
overall human development and to the reduction of poverty.
We are trying to assess the problem by conducting an interview within the chosen respondents
to gather accurate data, We serve to make this research qualitative as basis of the statement
from the families. We are directing our focus on helping the families by giving awareness, on the
struggles of the people living within lipa city’s poverty line. We serve to seek solutions and ease
to help them go through the new economic changes. We are trying to see what we can do about
it, what you can do about it. That is why we decided to take a toll in this research we’re here to
speculate about the idea, the certain factors that may lead into more complicated manners. We
serve for them to benefit and how much they matter as an individual and part of our society.
This research is to know the struggle of our society’s minority which are low-income families.
We purposefully made this research to benefit the knowledge of our society’s group of
minority. 
Conceptual framework: This figure shows the concept of our research entitled “THE
EFFECTS OF POVERTY ON THE ACCESSIBILITY OF HEALTH CARE WITHIN THE CHOSEN
RESPONDENTS IN LIPA CITY”

The independent variable are the people living below Lipa city’s poverty line and are grouped
according to their Family size, socioeconomic status, and perception on healthcare. Our
dependent variable is the accessibility of healthcare within the people living below the poverty
line in Lipa City and are grouped according to their Access on medication, overall health and ,
health complications. The figure visually explains how the specifications of the respondents may
affect their accessibility on healthcare and overall health, such how low-income family’s size,
socioeconomic status, and perception on healthcare could affect their affordability of
medications and treatments. Thus, making them more prone to health complications. In
addition their lack of access on their required medications and treatments could alter or affect
their overall health.

Theoretical framework:

Our study was based around 2 theories which are marxism or marxian theory, made in 19th
century by Karl marx written in his doctrine and the theory of liberalism by John Locke.
Firstly the theory of marxism considered as a part of social and economical conflict. The theory
itself talks about the privilege of the other individuals within the higher parts of the social
construct. This theory progressed to explain the elements of social classes within an economy,
considering the idea of the capitalist groups are considered production companies, business
owners, bourgeoisies; the theory itself explain the other element as the working class, ordinary
laborers. Marx’s class theory portrays capitalism as one step in the historical progression of
economic systems that follow one another in a natural sequence. They are driven, he posited,
by vast impersonal forces of history that play out through the behavior and conflict among social
classes. According to Marx, every society is divided among a number of social classes, whose
members have more in common with one another than with members of other social classes.
This theory supports the idea of economic injustice that people face from social inequalities,
Marx’s theory held to see the advantage of the people within the   Capitalist class; capitalists are
privileged enough to seize the idea of healthcare, and proper inhabitations. The working class
are at bay putting them at higher risk of lower income since they rely on the company itself,
they naturally think of healthcare as their last option because priorities from their daily lives are
compromising their ability to spend their income on healthcare. Ordinary laborers, who do not
own the means of production, such as factories, buildings, and materials, have little power in the
capitalist economic system. Workers are also readily replaceable in periods of high
unemployment, further devaluing their perceived worth and putting their income at risk, in turn
putting their access on healthcare seem impossible.

On the other-hand, the theory of liberalism; this theory promotes individual rights, civil liberties,
democracy, and free enterprise. This theory states that all individuals should have equal rights
and proper access on human necessities like education, healthcare, ability to vote freely, and
have a permanent job. This theory aims to show and reduce the amount of social injustices
within the economy. Which correlates with our study, in way that explains that even if you’re
from the lower class you deserve a better system of healthcare. People living below the poverty
line are usually the ones that are at risk with illnesses and health complications, yet they are the
ones that are neglected of healthcare. This theory and study aims to put everyone within the
society at a fair leverage.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

This research aims to investigate about the effects of poverty and the abundance of
health care within the chosen respondents, specifically it aims to answer these
question:
1. What are the demographic profile of the respondents, in terms of?
1.1 Family size;
1.2 Socioeconomic status;
1.3 perception on healthcare?
2. Based on the evidences found, Is there any significant relationship between
poverty and the accessibility of healthcare?

3. How can poverty affect low-income families access on healthcare when

grouped according to:
3.1 Access on medications;
3.2 overall health; 
3.3 health complications?

4. Does the respondents have enough knowledge about healthcare and

healthcare facilities?
Significance of the study:

This study entitled “The Effects of Poverty on The Accessibility of Healthcare”

Is created to benefit the following:

Government officials- This study is based of the social injustice directed into the
people living below the poverty line and is a subject regarded into the social and
economical system of the country. This could be a basis of citations for
government official because this study shows factual information that concludes
the struggle of people in the economy.

Future researchers- Our study could be used as reference for future researchers
that wishes to tackle about social injustices, this study also features information
that can be used for future researches that may correlate with similar subjects.

Students- the subject of this study will provide definitive information for the
students who wishes to use our study as a basis for their literary works that involve
subjects such as healthcare, social injustices, and poverty.

Low-income families- this study will fully benefit the low-income families within
lipa city, because it could be a basis of information for their needs and neccesity.
This study puts attention to them and is directed to their rights to have sufficient
access to healthcare.

Scope, Limitation and Delimitation of the Study

This Study focuses on the people living below the poverty line in Lipa city
or low-income families. The selection of the respondents are only limited To be
conducted within 2020-2021. We decided to limit the survey to 10 families. This
research was designed to fully understand the effects of poverty on people’s
accessibility on healthcare, and how to ease or stop the problem itself. This study
will also seize to explain the importance of healthcare within the inhabitants of
each parts of society. This study was made for us to know the specific
circumstances that a family from a lower part of society may encounter. Likewise,
our paper will fully discuss about an element of social injustices like access on
healthcare.

Definition of Terms:

Accessibility- the ability to gain to have or to have access to.

DOC- Declaration of conduct. a set of rules outlining the norms, rules, and
responsibilities or proper practices of an individual party or an organisation.

Healthcare- the organized provision of medical care to individuals or a

community. (I.e: medications, treatments, check-ups)

HIV/AIDS- human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency

syndrome. Sexually transmitted disease which can be obtained through sexual
fluids and pregnancy.

MDG- millennium development growth: were eight international development

goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium
Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United
Nations Millennium Declaration.

Poverty- a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial

resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living.

Poverty line- a level of personal or family income below which one is classified as
poor according to governmental standards. — called also poverty level.
Privelage- a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a
particular person or group

Social injustice- also the way unjust actions are done in the society. Social
injustice occurs in a situation where the equals are treated unequally and
the unequal is treated equally. Three common examples of social
injustice include: discrimination, ageism, and homophobia 

Social construct- Social constructionism is a theory of knowledge in

sociology and communication theory that examines the development of
jointly-constructed understandings of the world that form the basis for
shared assumptions about reality.

Social classes- a division of a society based on social and economic status.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the conceptual and research literature, both foreign
and local studies; found to be useful for our study.

CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE:

This research explains the concept of healthcare inaccessibility on people living in poverty and
forms of health risk caused by inability to afford healthcare services. 

We speculated the idea of the social injustice affecting a large group of the population’s
healthcare accessibility. Becoming a large problem for the people living below the poverty line.
This research is trying to see how we can serve and help the minority of our society which are
poor people. Technically, this research was purposely made to explain, and give awareness to
the situation of the people from the lower part of our society.

In the researcher’s views we saw how crucial and important healthcare are for people, we
believe it is a right for everyone to have access to it; and we mean conveniently have access to
it. Some parts of our society doesn’t even consider healthcare as a priority because mostly are
financially unable to afford healthcare services such as medication, treatments, and check-ups.
Most of the people from the society are unaware of the struggle of the minority of the
community which are people living in poverty.

HEALTHCARE INACCESSIBILITY ON PEOPLE LIVING IN POVERTY

Healthcare have always been a problem in poverty driven areas within the society. Other studies
and articles actually prove this fact, base on the article made by (Adam Wagstaff, 2002). States
that people who live below poverty line have more regrettable wellbeing results than good
individuals. The relationship among neediness and medical affliction reflects causality running in
the two ways. Ailment or unnecessarily high richness may generously affect family pay also, may
even have the effect between being above and being underneath the poverty line. Besides,
medical affliction is regularly connected with significant medical services costs. Poor people
within a city, experience the ill effects of a variety of hardships that convert into significant
degrees of sick health.Thus trapped in an endless loop: poverty breeds ill-health, ill-health
maintains poverty and vise versa.

(Davic H. Peters, 2002) an article titled “Poverty And Access to Health Care in developing
coutries” article states that poor people inside a poor country have less access to health service
and poor people within these countries have much more less access to health care. Although a
lack of financial resources or information can create barriers to accessing services the causal
relationship between access to health services and poverty also runs in the other direction.
When health care is needed but is delayed or not obtained, people’s health worsens, which in
turn leads to lost income and higher health care costs, both of which contribute to poverty.

In addition, an article posted by (Marriana S. Sioson, 2004) It states that healtcare is costly and
Approximately 27% of Filipinos live below the poverty line. The more ill the person is, the
greater expenses incurred. The larger population of a country, the greater the risk of declined in
health, therefore the greater the need for appropriate and adequate healthcare services. This
research made by Marrianna was made in the year 2004 but what about now year 2020 to 2021
in Lipa City? There are pandemics, viruses spreading, Therefore jobs of many people stopped
causing more Lipeños live below the poverty line, plus the virus spreading, Lipeños who lived
below poverty line had a super hard time dealing with healthcare accessibility.

(Judith A. Malmgren, 1996) Some helpful information helped to enlighten the reasoning behind
of healthcare inaccessibility within people living near or in poverty. They conducted an interview
survey in community residences. They found that 16% of the interviewees are reported to be
denied in healthcare services, mostly because they are incapable of accessing it in terms of
financial aid. Most of them consider healthcare as a far-off option and focus on their day to day
necessity and transportation.

An article made by (Celia M. Reyes, 2002) explained the idea behind poverty this article also
tackled about how chronic poverty affects people within the lower parts of society. The citation
also mentioned poverty’s ability to render poor families unable to access simple social services
such as healthcare and education. Basically depriving them from basic human necessities.

(Christine Loignon, 2015) created an article describing the the ideology of healthcare
inaccessibility. Explained that healthcare deprivation is commonly associated with any country
and is a common up-rising problem for an economy. People living in poverty were deserted and
deprived from healthcare services. Mostly are financially unstable making healthcare
unaffordable.

In addition, article created by(Sally Murray, 2008) explained that poverty and healthcare are
intertwined or conceptual. Being able to breast-feed, attend school, work to grow food, earn a
living or feed a family all depend on a baseline level of good health. It is also stated that poverty
could also be a cause to less opportunities and possibilities for poor people, making them more
financially unstable and unable to afford healthcare services.

(Steven deller, 2015) tested if food access contributed to well-established poverty and poor
health relationships. It is stated here that poverty and poor health is mostly seen in rural areas.
This article believes that access to healthier foods could diminish the poverty and poor health
relationship, but one must take a regional perspective when thinking about rural communities
and public health.

An study made by (Alexis M. Fillione,    2011) This study attempts to relate the poverty problem
in the Philippine using spatial accessibility measures. Spatial accessibility is the ease with which
one could avail of the social services and economic opportunities laid in geographic space to the
individual. A social composite index value for the household was derived from the 13+1 CBMS
core indicators of poverty, which represents the unmet needs of the household and which was
then aggregated at the barangay level. The spatial accessibility values were estimated by
measuring how each barangay, specifically households, would avail themselves of the social
services (such as school and hospitals) and economic opportunities in the town center or major
economic centers. The ease or difficulty of availing these social services and economic
opportunities was estimated using the variable in order to relate accessibility to the poverty
indicators in the barangay.
An article posted by (Tomás Sanabria, 2013) stated that healthcare itself is becoming more and
more inaccessible, because expenditures grows 2% faster than the income. The crisis includes
economics as well as the exclusion of large groups of people due to poverty, ignorance, a lack of
contact, and geographical distance. In less than a century, the world's population has increased,
and life expectancy has more than doubled. A shortage of primary care physicians and
specialists has been recorded in many countries, indicating a supply and demand imbalance.

(Mahmoud Karasneh, 2021) obstacles prevent them from obtaining medical services when they
are sick. The reasons they gave were as follows: getting permission to go for treatment, getting
money for treatment, distance to healthcare facilities. 27% of women stated that distance from
a health facility is a serious obstacle. Rural women (65%) are more likely than urban women
(51%) to report problems in accessing healthcare services. Looking at economic status, the
survey shows that women from the lowest wealth quintile (52%) were more likely than those
from the highest wealth quintile (13%) to say that remoteness of healthcare facilities prevents
them from seeking health services.

(Ravi Duggal, 2007) Inadequate public health spending not only contributes to adverse health
outcomes, but also to poverty expansion. Using data from national surveys, this article examines
the relationship between poverty and healthcare financing and concludes that public funding is
crucial to providing good access to healthcare for the poor, and that its inadequacy is linked to
poverty levels.

HEALTH COMPLICATIONS BY INABILITY TO AFFORD HEALTHCARE SERVICES

AND PROPER NECESSITIES:

Certainty of risk and health complications may persist when you’re living below the society’s
poverty line. There are studies to back up this ideology take for example an article written by
(Rita Paul-Sen Gupta, 2017) entitled "The Impact of Poverty on the Current and Future health
Status of Children", poverty does not only affect the onset of a Child's health, but as well as
his/her developing years. It also states that children living with low-income families tend to have
worse health. These include key indicators such as including infant mortality, low birth weight,
asthma, overweight and obesity, injuries, mental health problems and lack of readiness to learn.
Poverty affects children’s health not only when they are young, but also later in their lives as
adults. The health sector should provide services to mitigate the health effects of poverty, and
articulate the health-related significance of child poverty, in collaboration with other sectors to
advance healthy public policy.

In addition, Other facts may persist to show the struggle of people living below the society’s
poverty line. take for example the article by (Chung, 2020); According to this article, healthcare
in developed and less developed setting are never comparable. To these settings, poverty mean
two different things. To less developed settings, poverty could lead to ill-health, poor lifestyle,
and even lead to psychological stress, as a result from deprivation.

(Walter L steihm, 2000) stated that poor people tend to have health problems considering their
lifestyle is compromised by uncertainty of financial problems. An overview of the problem sees
the cause to be poor living conditions like unsanitary and improper lifestyle and poor health-
seeking habits; such actions may persist to change and affect the people’s health.

(Barbara Starfield, 1992) Two major points derive from this paper. First, the search for
mechanisms of action of poverty is likely to be facilitated by a focus on the poor and lower
classes and on poor white children as well as on poor minority children. Second, new ways to
characterize illness and health are needed to clarify the nature and extent of the impact of
poverty on children and to assess the effectiveness of strategies to reduce the disadvantage that
derives from it. Other types of data, such as impairment or activity restrictions, can also help to
characterize a person's health. Responses to concerns about movement limitations in the
National Health Interview Survey. Manding health issues reveal an excessive amount of
deficiencies among children from low-income families across the world.

(Eileen M. Crimmins, 2009)’s article explained that people who have less education and who are
poorer are more likely to experience earlier disease onset, loss of functioning, and physical
impairment. Population differentials in health at older ages result from a lifetime of differences.
Socioeconomic differences in health in old age disappear because of health and mortality
differentials at earlier ages. Poorer people “age” earlier and this affects the age pattern of social
differentials.

(Virginia A Rauh, 2008) The importance of adequate housing for the maintenance of health and
well-being has long been a topic of scientific and public health policy discussion, but the links
remain elusive. Here we explore the role of the residential environment in the etiology of illness
(specifically asthma) and the persistence of socioeconomic health disparities. Housing
conditions, shaped by social forces, affect exposure to physical and chemical “toxicants,”
thereby translating social adversities into individual illness and population health disparities. We
discuss the mediating role of housing in determining health outcomes at multiple levels in terms
of social–structural, neighborhood, and individual family. To date, little attention has been paid
by most environmental health scientists to the social–structural conditions underlying gross
inequities in the distribution of toxic exposures, with even less attention to the processes
whereby these social conditions may directly affect susceptibility to the toxic exposures
themselves.

(Margaret Whitehead, 2021) Infection exposure is uneven. Since their face-to-face work cannot
be performed from home, people in insecure, low-paying manual jobs in the nursing, retail, and
service sectors have become more vulnerable to covid-19. Overcrowding and inadequate
housing in densely populated areas have often increased their risk. When infected, poorer
populations have also become more vulnerable to serious disease. 

(Karin Schelzig, 2005) Private health care is prohibitively expensive for the poor, and access is a
major issue as a result of urban bias. Making people in poverty in more risk of healthcare
complications and lack of access in medications.

(Sedona Sweeney, 2021) the possibility of quickly assessing the equity effects of social security
and non-pharmaceutical intervention policies using publicly accessible data the paper the
potential for social security to mitigate the health and economic inequity that comes with
lockdown. While social security is usually aimed at the poorest, the middle quintiles will almost
certainly require assistance because they are the ones who suffer the most.

(Paolo C. Colet, 2018) made a study regarding the lifestyle of people living in poverty his findings
described Some aspects of poverty-related quality of life are closely linked to demographic
profile, adding to the growing body of evidence that socioeconomic status plays a significant
role in poor people's quality of life. Given the respondents' poor quality of life, the local
government and related agencies must provide services such as universal education and
improved health care.

(PZ Janjua, 2014) created a study regarding the negative development of the Philippines into an
anti-poor economic system. Their finding  found evidences proved that health outcomes are also
negatively but moderately correlated with level of income inequality. improvements in
educational and health outcomes are strongly and negatively associated with poverty incidence.

(M. Ridley, 2020) stated in his study that there is a significant effect seen within poverty and
mental health. Evidence from natural experiments confirms that this relationship is causal. For
instance, reduced agricultural output and income due to extreme rainfall caused increased rates
of depression and suicide in rural parts of Indonesia.

On the study made by (E Ortiz Juarez, 2020) we found certain subjects that correlate the effects
of poverty in healthcare accessibility. With the rise Covid-19 within the Philippines people living
in poverty are in jeopardy in terms of their health and ability to sanction in a better life. There’s
also 

RESEARCH LITERATURE 

(Duggal, 2007) Countries with universal or near universal access to healthcare have health
financing mechanisms which are single-payer systems in which either a single autonomous
public agency or a few coordinated agencies poolresources to finance healthcare. This
contributes to both equity in healthcare as well as to low levels of poverty in these countries.
Making an overall easier system for the po

In a study made by (Kent jason G Cheng, 2021) took a concrete statement from 1000 filipinos
across the nation with the use of their HRqol (age, sex, marital status, educational attainment,
employment, and poverty status) majority of the respondents reported not feeling certain
negative effects such as pain or discomfort in any part of the body. Anxiety or depression were
the most common issues reported by respondents, with anxiety or depression coming in second
and third. Religious attendance, caregiver status, living in an urban area, living in Visayas or
Mindanao, and having a diagnosed disease were all found to be negatively correlated with
HRQoL. Current study confirms that HRQoL varied across socioeconomic statuses and
communities in the Philippines.

Based on the study published by Philippine Institute for Development Studies, The rising burden
of NCDs in poor communities has ramifications for poverty reduction efforts and the country's
economic prospects. NCD-related premature deaths are growing at a much higher pace in the
country's poorest populations, although they are decreasing in relatively wealthy areas. (Jhanna
Uy, 2020)

Based on the article made by(Matt Fisher, 2021) entitled ‘classism’ Poverty can result in poor
physical and mental health due to a lack of resources and access to material resources. Access
to adequate healthcare, affordable housing in secure neighborhoods, ongoing jobs, and healthy
lifestyle opportunities, including food and activities, may all be disrupted by a lack of income.
People who live on a low income or in poverty may face challenges in terms of education and
employment opportunities.

(Sannie Y. tang, 2015) explain that Health and wealth are interconnected, and dynamic social
and political structures regulate their distribution. In the current neoliberal globalisation
background, we are experiencing an increasing wealth and health divide not only between
nations, but also between citizens. 

Based on the journal examined the factors that connect health and inequality, as well as the
evidence for the impact of income inequality on aggregate and individual mortality, both in time
and space. the journal found out or concluded that there isn't a clear connection. Correlations
emerge from a number of causes other than income disparities, some of which are related to
wider conceptions of inequality and inequity that are likely to have a negative effect on health.
(Deaton, 2003)

(Robert Booy, 2008) Infectious diseases continue to account for a significant proportion of
deaths in low-income countries, reflecting health inequalities primarily exacerbated by
economic gaps.

study made by (A hodge, 2016) found that there are moderate wealth-based inequalities in the
use of institutional distribution within the Philippines, according to this report; The findings
highlight the significance of the Philippine government's recent efforts to introduce sustainable,
pro-poor health programs in the country's most impoverished regions.

A study made by (David Litaker, 2005)

Found that the weighted percentage of people who said they didn't have a regular source of
treatment was 18.0%. While current health, insurance status, wages, demographics, educational
attainment, and social support were all strongly linked to this outcome, county-level
characteristics such as poverty level and degree of urbanization remained important.
Moreover, a study made by (Soon ae Kim, 2014) found that there are limited information about
healthcare behaviors among parents and guardians. 74.3% of the respondents are said rely on
healthcare services provided by the government, because it is certainly more affordable.

A research made by (Maritana, 2020) the accessibility of healthcare services is filled with
inequities in the Philippines, states that when it comes to accessing medications, treatments,
health facilities, human health resources; are mostly caused by behavioral or financial factors.

(Mendoza, 2020) stated that that access to healthcare should be universal in order to fortify the
health seeking behaviors of poor or low-income communities within the Philippines. With the
rise of the pandemic this should an important necessity.

Synthesis:
Our research mainly focuses on the social injustices directed among low-income families within
lipa city. We consider the factors of affordability, socioeconomic status, and perception of the
respondents. We seize to understand the reasoning and cause of inaccessibility of healthcare
services within low-income families.

The research of Jhana Uy from 2020 mainly focuses on the effects of the lack of healthcare
services within low-income families in the Philippines. It portrays the same idea likely to our
paper but it is more focused on premature deaths within poor communities.

In addition to that, Litaker’s paper from 2005 studied on the financial capabilities of the it’s
respondents. Our research paper not only focuses on the affordability of healthcare within the
respondents but also seize to see their perception on healthcare of the respondents; (do they
consider it negative or positive?)

Meanwhile, starfield’s research in 1992 mainly focuses on the well-being of children, she
speculated on the idea of the children living in minorities had a lot of health-related problems.
“Manding health issues reveal an excessive amount of deficiencies among children from low-
income families across the world” -(Barbara Starfield, 1992), while our research focuses on the
low-income families and their lack of privilege to afford and access healthcare facilities.

The study of Fillione from 2011 to further understand the poverty problem within Philippines
are focused on general problems such as inaccessibility of social services by means of using
spatial accessibility measures. They assessed the members of the household’s ability to access
schools and hospitals. While our paper mainly focuses on the minority of our society which are
poor families ability to access healthcare services.

An study made by (Alexis M. Fillione,    2011) This study attempts to relate the poverty problem
in the Philippines using spatial accessibility measures. Spatial accessibility is the ease with which
one could avail of the social services and economic opportunities laid in geographic space to the
individual. The paper represents the unmet needs of the household and which was then
aggregated at the barangay level. The spatial accessibility values were estimated by measuring
how each barangay, specifically households, would avail themselves of the social services (such
as school and hospitals) and economic opportunities in the town center or major economic
centers. The ease or difficulty of availing these social services and economic opportunities was
estimated using the variable in order to relate accessibility to the poverty indicators in the
barangay.

An article posted by (Tomás Sanabria, 2013) stated that healthcare itself is becoming more and
more inaccessible, because expenditures grows 2% faster than the income. The crisis includes
economics as well as the exclusion of large groups of people due to poverty, ignorance, a lack of
contact, and geographical distance. In less than a century, the world's population has increased,
and life expectancy has more than doubled. A shortage of primary care physicians and
specialists has been recorded in many countries, indicating a supply and demand imbalance.
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

Findings

Conclusion

Recommendation
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

A.A. Unpublished Materials

CURRICULUM VITAE