Module

in
UCSP 12
nd
2 SEMESTER

Miss Ruthzel C. Mijares

Teacher

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Semi- Finals
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Objectives

II. Lesson

III. Written Activities

Teacher: Miss Ruthzel C. Mijares

Mobile #: 09306801621
FB/Messenger Account: Ruthzel Clemena Mijares
Gmail Acount: ruthzelmijares@gmail.com

I. OBJECTIVES
The students will be able to:
a. identify the groups within society and their functions ;

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b. analyse in- groups and out-groups as forms of reference group; and
c. define the kinship, marriage and household.

II. LESSON (Chapter 5: How Society is Organized)

Lesson 1: SOCIAL GROUP

Social group can be defined as a collection of people who regularly interact with one another on the basis of
shared expectations concerning behaviour and who share a sense of common identity. With these
qualifications as to what constitute a group, it will be better to define /describe the categories of groups
based on some standards:
- PRIMARY GROUP: This is typically a small social group whose members share close,
personal, enduring relationships. Primary groups are marked by members concern for one
another and shared activities and culture.

COMPARISON OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GROUPS

GROUP BASIC FEATURES EXAMPLES
PRIMARY Small; characterized by long Family , childhood friends
lasting intimate relationship
which binds the members
together more than the goal
SECONDARY Can be larger or small; Project group
common interests bind the
members together more than
their relationship

- SECONDARY GROUP: This has the opposite characteristics of primary group. Secondary
groups can be small or large and they are mostly impersonal and usually short term. These
groups are typically found at work and school.
- REFERENCE GROUP: This is the group to which we compare ourselves. We use reference
groups in order to guide our behaviour and attitudes and help us to identify social norms. Hence
reference group may also be called as “identity association group “ since its creation is fueled by
a person’s desire to provide a character connection. Reference groups may be classified as in-
group or out-group.

REFERENCE GROUPS AS IDENTIFY GROUPS

GROUP BASIC FEATURES EXAMPLES
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 Reference Group In-group: social groups to Fraternity
which an individual feels
he/she belongs. One feels
loyalty and respect for these
groups.
Out-group: social groups Sports team opponent
that an individual does not
identify with. One feels
antagonism and contempt for
these group.

Groups and how they behave are not necessarily categorized in terms of membership, actual
as in primary and secondary group or imagined as in the reference groups. They may be
categorized in terms of how an individual is linked to any actual or imagined groups, as in the
networks defined as sets of informal and formal social ties that link to the people to each other. A
network may not be physical group or a group that is populated by actual people. It is formed by
the presence of social linkage invoked and availed by an individual for some personal, economic,
religious, or political reasons.

Groups my influence their members in a variety of ways, from their thinking to their
actual behaviour. Sometimes violent behaviors and certain forms of biases result. With this, we
can appreciate the insight that groups are part of our social psyches in thoughts and in actions.

A groupthink- a process by which the members of a group ignore ways of thinking and plans
of action that go against the group consensus- is said to be taking place. GROUPTHINK is the
psychological influence exerted over us by our respective groups on moral, legal, scientific and
religious matters. Groupthink is normally evaluative in nature, hence it may affect the
relationships of groups with each other.

LESSON 2: CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS: KINSHIP,

MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD

KINSHIP
Kinship is a social institution that refers to relations formed between members of society. It
explains the nature and reason for the formation of the different types of bonds that exist within
society. Sociologists define kinship as the different forms of socially accepted relations amongst
people developed through blood or consanguineal relationships, marriage or affinal relationships,
adoption, and other culturally accepted rituals.

TYPES OF KINSHIP
Societies developed kin relationships in different ways. It can be based on birth or blood
relations, marriage, or through the acceptance of rituals.
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 - KINSHIP BY BLOOD
Consanguineal kinship or kinship based on blood is considered as the most basic and general
forms of relations. The relationship is achieved by birth or blood affinity. The relationship
existing between parents and their children, between siblings, and between nieces/ nephews and
aunts/ uncles are example type of kinship.

Descent refers to biological relationship. Societies recognize that children descend from parents
and that there exists a biological relationship between parents and their offspring. Descent also
often refers to an individual’s child or offspring or his/her parents and ancestry.
Lineage refers to the line where one’s descent is traced. An individual’s decent can be traced by
studying either the person’s paternal or maternal line or both the father’s and mother’s line.

Principles of Descent
Kinship can be studied by analysing the relationship that exist between persons. Anthropologists
develop diagrams to clearly explain and illustrate the different consanguineal relationships.
Below is an example of the different symbols used by anthropologists to visually explain patterns
of descent and kin groups.

SYMBOLS USED BY ANTHROPOLOGISTS TO STUDY PATTERNS OF DESCENT

AND KIN GROUPS

=
MALE FEMALE

Legend:
= marriage bond
Descent bond
Codescent bond CHILDREN

UNILINEAL DESCENT
Descent is usually traced by most societies through a single line of ancestors from either the male or
female. This is called as the unilineal descent principle. In this principle of descent , both males and
females are members of unilineal family but their descent lines are recognized only through the relatives of
either the male or female member. Unilineal descent have two basic forms , namely: patrilineal and
matrilineal.
Under the patrilineal form of descent, both males and females belong to the kin group of their
father but they do not belong to their mother’s kin group. In this form of descent, only the males pass on to
their children their family identity.
Matrilineal form of descent, focuses on the unilineal descent that is traced through the female line.
In this form of descent pattern, persons are related if they can trace their descent through females to the same
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woman ancestor. Both male and female offspring are considered members of their mother’s matrilineal
descent group but only the daughters can pass on the family line to their offspring.

Bilateral Descent
Some societies trace their descent through the study of both parents’ ancestors. This is called
nonunilineal or cognatic descent principle. In a bilateral descent, kinship is traced through both ancestral
lines of the mother and father.

- KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
Affinal kinship or kinship based on the marriage refers to the type of relations developed when a
marriage occurs. When marriage takes place, new forms of social relations are developed. The husband
forms new relations with his wife and with his wife’s family. In the same manner the wife also develops new
relations with her husband’s family

Marriage Across Cultures

Different societies have dfferent sets of cultural practices, norms and rules pertaining to marriage.
Culture across societies have developed traditions, customs, rules, and norms that determine how marriage
will be done.

Endogamy and Exogamy

Some societies practice endogamy or compulsory marriage, in their own village, community, ethnic,
social or religious group. Members of societies who do not follow or who disobey the endogamous rules of
marriage are sometimes penalized mildly, through others may receive more severe sanctions like death or
ostracism.

Exogamy or out-marriage, refers to a marriage custom where an individual is required by society’s norms
and rules to marry outside of their own group, community, or social classes.

Monogamy and Polygamy

Monogamy came from the Greek words monos and gamos which literally mean “one union”. It
refers to the marriage or sexual partnering custom or practice where individual has only one male or female
partner or mate.
Polygamy refers to the practice of having more than one partner or sexual mate. It can be polygyny
if a man has a multiple female partners or mate or polyandry if a woman has a multiple male partners and
mates.

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Postmarital Residency Rules
In the study of postmarital residency rules, social scientist analyse the intersection of both the
consaguineal and affinal kinship relations. Traditionally, the residence customs of most partners who just got
married are based on well-established social traditions. They would most often settle independently and
build a new home that is independent from the place of residence of both of the newlywed’s parents. This
kind of set-up is often referred to as neolocal form of residence. There are forms of neolocal rules of
residence. This include patrilocal, matrilocal, and biolocal rules of residence.
1. Patrilocal rule of residence occurs when married couples stay in the house of the husband’s
relatives or near the husbands kin.
2. Matrilocal rule of residence happens when the couples live with the wife’s relatives or near the
wife’s kin.
3. Biolocal residence happens when the newlywed couple stay with the husband’s relatives and
wife’s kin alternately.

Referred Marriage and Arranged Marriages

In our society today, finding partner can be done differently. Some find their partners through other
people like friends and relatives who act as matchmakers. These matchmakers help their single friends and
relative to find their possible husband or wife by referring him or her to another man or woman is also
interested in finding life partner. This is also called as referred marriage partners.
In some societies, marriage partners are not referred but they are arranged by the parents of the
groom and bride. This is usually called as fixed or arranged marriages. In this kind of marriage, the man or
woman’s, parents, community leaders, religious officials or leaders determine the marital partner of the
individual. This was done to ensure that the young man and woman will marry to the most appropriate
person according to the dictates and rules set by the family, community or religious group. There are a
number of types of arranged marriages. These include the following:
1. Child Marriage – It happens when parents arrange for the marriage of their child long before the
marriage takes place. The marriage will be consummated in the future.
2. Exchange Marriage – In this form of marriage, there is a reciprocal exchange of spouses between
two coutries, tribes, or groups.
3. Diplomatic Marriage – This form of marriage occurs when an arranged marriage has been
established between two royal or political families in order to forge political or diplomatic alliances.
4. Modern Arranged Marriage – In this form of marriage, the child’s parents, with the consent of
the child, choose from several possible mates. The parents organize a meeting with the potential partner of
their child. The two children will then be given a short time to get to know each other, after which the child
will choose whom he or she will marry. In the process of choosing the partner, parents would usually have a
say in their child’s choice.

- KINSHIP BY RITUALS
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 Compadrazgo, literallytranslated as “godparenthood,” is a ritualized form of forging co-parenthood
or family. Originating in the medieval Catholic rituals like baptism, confirmation, and marriage. Through the
compadrazgo set-up, a relationship between the child’s biological parents, their children, and persons close
to the parents but not related by blood become a family. These people people who were chosen by the
biological parents to act as witnesses during baptism, confirmation and marriage, becomes the spiritual
parents of the child. In the Philippines, the spiritual parents are called by the child’s biological parents as
compadre or kumara for the male godparent and kumare for female godparent. The godson or goddaughter
is called inaanak by the godparent.

NUCLEAR FAMILY AND EXTENDED FAMILY

A nuclear family is a type of family that is made up of a group of people who are united by social
ties and is usually made up of two adults and their socially recognized children. An extended family
household is a type of family whose members go beyond the nuclear family made up of parents and their
offspring.

BLENDED OR RECONSTITUTED FAMILIES

A blended family is a tyoe of family where the parents have a child or children from previous
marital relationships but all the members stay and congregate to form a new family unit.

- KINSHIP OF POLITICS: POLITICAL DYNASTIES AND ALLIANCES

Politics have also been influenced by kinship relations. In the Philippines, most politicians elected in
public offices and government positions are relatives. This known in politics as Political Dynasties. In the
pending Political Dynasty Bill of the House of representatives, the House proposal states that a political
dynasty exists when “two or more individulas who are related within the second degree of consanguinity” or
“ those relatves of a peron who may be the latter’sbrother or sister, direct ascendant or direct
descendant,wether legitimate or illegitimate, ful or half blood, including their spouses” hold elected
government positions. Despite the provision og the 1987 Philippine Constitution that prohibits political
dynasties in government, it continues to exists because there are no enabling laws that will prevent it and
prohibit politicians from exercising it until present time.
Political Alliances are also common in the Philippines. Politicalparties tend to align and forge
cooperation with other stronger parties or with the administration party to ensure victory in the elections or
guarantee the passage of a legislation. By creating alliances, politicians would continue to receive more
funds, resources and support from the ruling party or administration party.

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