38,202 - Renewable Project

MTE PROJECT REVIEW
Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources

and Simulation of Grid connected PV Array
RISHANT KUMAR (202), ANAS AYUB (038)
Anas Ayub 2K19/EE/038 Rishant Kumar 2K19/EE/202

Contents
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Smart grid technology
Balancing of overall Grid system requires
Safety Equipment
3. Large scale wind and solar ...
3.1. Challenges
3.1.1 Non controllable variability
3.1.2. Extensive unpredictability
3.1.3. Dependency on Location
3.2 Solutions
4. GRID CONNECTED PHOTOVO...
4.1 Operation
4.2 Features
Some common types of solar...
Grid System
Off-grid systems

Grid Connection Principle
Connecting Module
Maximum Power Point Tracking
4.3 Simulation
4.4 Results
4.5 Advantages
4.6 Disadvantages
5.Conclusion
6.References

Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources
Abstract
Since renewable resources are unevenly distributed with more than 72,422 MW of installed
capacity with an estimated potential of 189,000 MW, it is indeed difficult to integrate them
into a smart grid in a country like India . The main source of production is heat, of course,
everything has been focused in recent years on developing renewable resources so that
they coincide with conventional resources. At the same time, the large assets created in the
transportation and distribution sectors will also continue to be used profitably. The
document discusses the problems and solutions related to the integration of
unconventional energy sources into the smart grid based on the current scenario. It

describes the systems approach required to solve technical and non-technical problems
related to implementation.
1. Introduction
Generating electricity using renewable energy sources (such as solar, wind, geothermal and
hydropower) instead of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) reduces the greenhouse effect
of the electricity industry and helps fight climate change. In order to properly balance
electricity supply and demand on the grid, grid operators must be aware of the amount of
renewable energy produced at any given time, the amount of renewable energy expected
and the response to changes in electricity production .Due to the intermittency of
renewable energy and the diversity of the size and location of renewable energy on the
grid, grid operators may have difficulty understanding all this information . As the share of
renewable energy capacity on the grid increases, these issues become increasingly
important to understand. This explainer explores how renewables connect to the grid, the
impact of these connections on grid performance, and the implications of using more
renewables for the grid in the future,
Renewable Energy Integrated into the Grid
There are two main types of renewable energy production resources: decentralized
production, which refers to small sources of renewable energy on the distribution network
where the electrical load is served; and centralized power generation at utility scale, which
refers to larger projects connected to the grid by power lines.
Utility Scale Electricity Generation
Centralized utility-scale renewable energy plants comparable to fossil-fueled power plants
capable of generating from several to several hundred megawatts (MW) of electricity, Like

natural gas, coal, and nuclear power plants, large renewable power plants produce
electricity that is sent through transmission lines, converted to low voltage, and transmitted
through distribution lines to buildings and homes.
However, unlike conventional fossil fuel power plants, renewable energy power plants are
often non-replaceable (or able to produce power when needed), as they depend on
variable resources such as the sun and the changing wind.In the course of the day. Also,
since wind and solar have zero fuel costs, they are first in the order of shipment, which
means their output is used before other types of generators.
Distributed Generation
The other end of the spectrum , there are small residential and commercial renewables
typically ranging from 5 to 5500 kilowatts ( kW ) . Most of these small renewables are solar
panels, which can be easily sized ) . These distributed resources are typically located on-site
in homes or businesses ( Such as rooftop solar panels ). Unlike large centralized renewable

power plants that are connected to the grid via high voltage transmission lines, distributed
resources like these are connected to the grid via lines on the electrolytic grid . low-voltage
distribution, which is the power supply lines for customers.
Typically, these projects take place “behind the meter,” meaning that electricity is
generated for on-site use (such as a rooftop solar system that supplies electricity to a
household ). These small distributed projects generally reduce the demand for electricity at
the source rather than increase the supply of electricity on the grid . For example, when the
sun is shining, a house with rooftop solar panels may not need electricity from the grid
because its solar panels produce enough electricity to meet the needs of its people.
Community-scale renewable energy, larger than rooftop projects but smaller than utilities,
is also connected to the grid through distribution lines and is therefore also considered
distributed electricity generation. distribute. However, unlike small rooftop renewables,
community-scale renewables reside 'before the meter', meaning that the electricity they
generate is not used on site but is instead generated. transferred to the distribution
network to be used by nearby homes and businesses.
We are at the crossroads of a major shift in the way traditional electricity is viewed. A
revolutionary shift from a central network controlled by utilities to a less central and more
interactive network with consumers is coming. The upgrade to the smart grid promises to
greatly affect the entire industry business model, including vertically integrated entities and
its relationship with all stakeholders in the service chain. Regulators, processors and
oversight of energy service providers and users will all be affected. The integration of
renewable energy sources into the smart grid has attracted adequate national attention.
India is in the early stages of deploying a smart grid with many technologies, such as
advanced metering and regenerative generation remote sensing, still at a critical stage. Its
implementation is being reviewed and tested at some pilot sites across the country. These
technologies go through various advanced trials and tests before they can be deployed
across the country. A close combination of factors will push India to adopt smart grids, such

as reducing all technical and business losses to resolve the gap between supply and
demands . India is in the process of upgrading its infrastructure to a more advanced power
supply solution with high growth, low carbon sustainable economic development goals.
Several factors will lead to Indian smart grid adoption. All areas of renewable energy are
being developed. However, the wind power program is growing the fastest, contributing
about two-thirds of the grid-connected renewable capacity installed to date. Of course,
given the estimated potential for solar, the total number of off-grid and off-grid renewables
will lead in the long run. Early development of renewable energy focused on isolated
systems. But with the advancement of technology with larger scale and more units,
especially with wind power plants, grid connectivity has improved. At the same time, the
gradual development of smart grids or smart grids using widely used information and
communication technologies paves the way for grid connectivity even for remote factories .
However, unlike developed countries, India is still far from using electric vehicles,
immediate use of battery storage is not possible. Of course, in some areas battery storage
is used (especially with IT and communications equipment) mainly due to a general lack of
peak capacity and, to some extent, quality.
Overview of Grid Integration Issues
To promote sustainable, low-emissions development, many countries are setting
ambitious renewable energy targets for their electricity supplies . Since solar and wind
energy tend to be more variable and uncertain than conventional sources, achieving these
goals will involve changes in power system planning and operation .Grid integration is the
practice of developing an effective method of supplying variable renewable energy (RE) to
the grid . A robust integration method maximizes the cost-effectiveness of integrating
variable RE into the power system, while maintaining or improving the stability and
reliability of the system .
Network integration covers many areas including:
● New generation of renewable energy

● New transmission
● Increased system flexibility
● Planning for a high RE future
1. New generation of renewable energy
Power grid planners can secure and support investments in new generation of renewable
renewable energy by aligning targets and incentives with grid integration considerations.
Long-term, ambitious renewable energy goals set a vision that can drive innovation in
policies and system operations that support clean energy. In addition, 'grid-sensitive'
incentives are also important (for example, rewarding wind and solar generators that
incorporate technologies that contribute to grid stability), to promote investment in
renewable energy and minimize the effect . negative integration of these resources into the
network.
As planners consider increasing variable renewable energy production, the inherent
variability of wind and solar power sources complicates the assessment of whether a
system with significantly variable renewables can be a supply sufficient to meet long-term
demand for electricity or not. There are many different approaches to estimate the value of
variable renewable energy capacity, as well as techniques that allow utility companies and
power grid operators to use wind and solar power to reliably meet demands of the need of
electricity.
Distributed solar photovoltaic (PV) integration offers its own advantages and challenges
over utility scale solar and wind integration. Substantial local growth in PV can raise
concerns such as voltage violations and current reversals in low voltage distribution
systems. However, various studies have shown that positive effects (e.g. reduction of line
losses and avoidance of power generation costs) can also be attributed to distributed PV.
Updating federated distribution planning standards, procedures, and methods to better
reflect distributed PV characteristics can help realize these benefits and delay or even
prevent increased demands .

2. New transmission
Variable renewable energy production expansion requires grid expansion and upgrading
so that power systems can access high-quality, often remote wind and solar energy sources
existing transmission grids. A well-designed mix of policies, rules and procedures (for
example, designed through an “ER zone”) approach encourages investment in large-scale
transportation expansion . These measures will not only improve the use of renewable
energy, but may also delay the need for network renovation.
3. Increased system flexibility
Access to sources of operational flexibility is becoming increasingly important in grid-tied
solar and wind-intensive systems. System operational processes and market practices –
particularly forecasting, faster planning, ancillary services, grid codes, and power purchase
agreements – are often the few options. most expensive to unlock significant flexibility
without major investments in new physical infrastructure. Another important option for
institutional flexibility is to coordinate activities across balanced jurisdictions, allowing
resources to be shared through the sharing of reserves, coordinated planning and / or
merge operation.
Other sources of flexibility include flexible generation and transmission networks. In
addition, demand responsiveness and storage are emerging as tools to increase flexibility
when RE penetration is very high.
Options for achieving flexibility vary depending on the regulatory context. For vertically
integrated public services, the policy or contractual mechanism is the main basis for
encouraging the adoption of flexible measures. In contrast, a partially or fully restructured
electricity market promotes flexibility through market design and incentive mechanisms,
such as hourly allocation, markets for ancillary services, and ancillary service . price
sensitive demand .
4. Planning for a highly renewable energy future

In any power system, planning activities include a long-term needs assessment and
evaluation of options to increase capacity and transmission load . With the advent of
renewable energy production that can change dramatically, power system planning is
increasingly focused on evaluating options to increase the flexibility of the power system .
Grid integration studies help to establish flexibility requirements and build confidence of
investors and operators that the power system can be operated reliably at a level
Renewable energy shift is increased. Grid integration studies simulate the operation of
electrical systems in different scenarios, identify potential constraints to reliability and
assess the costs of actions to reduce these limitations. Effective grid integration studies rely
on substantial stakeholder input, as well as a large set of baseline data.
Although the grid integration studies often include the generation cost of simulations to
model engagement and economic coordination , determining system-wide costs of solar
and energy integration wind turbines is much more difficult . The total cost and value of
variable renewable energy assets to the power system depends on the dynamic and
complex interactions between these generators and loads, storage, heat generators and
transmission grids.
Grid integration studies highlight the barriers and opportunities that wind and solar
integration can pose to power systems, helping to dispel myths about grid integration and
the misconceptions that hinder large scale deployment. ladder. These studies also lay the
groundwork for prioritizing and aligning network integration investments.
2. Smart grid technology

The grid integration study is an analytical framework for evaluating electrical systems with
high levels of variable renewable energy (RE) penetration. Generally, network integration
study:

1. Simulate the operation of the electrical system in different scenarios of
variable renewable energy;
2. determine the reliability constraints;and
The variable renewable energy scenario in the grid integration study determines where,
how long, and within what time period the power generation and transmission capacity will
be established, which ideally reflects the spatial diversity advantages of wind and solar
resources. The results help build confidence among decision makers, system operators and
investors to promote plans to increase the number of VREs in the network.
With the reorganization and expansion of the infrastructure of the energy sector; the
introduction of new regulations; Open Source; To increase the share of renewable energy
in energy transactions, it is very important to design and operate the Indian power grid as a
centralized national smart grid . . The total capacity of the core grid is estimated to be in the
range of 300 GW, including around 40-50 GW of renewable energy in the coming years.
Integrating renewable energy and wind as a primary energy source will increase the
complexity of monitoring and controlling such a huge grid because the wind is intermittent
and not constant. The application of advanced synchrophasor measurement technology
instead of the traditional electricity meter can provide the required interface for wide-area
monitoring of such a wide range of power grids to a certain extent. Information and
communication technology in the smart grid allows you to obtain the expected benefits of
reality. These technologies cover a wide range of operations, such as fault detection and
identification and rapid response to power outages; provide consumers with near real-time
information about the amount and cost of energy they use; improve system security; and
link all elements of the network, In order to make better resource usage decisions. With
continuous updates and modifications, these technologies will produce more and better
data quality, which will provide utilities companies with greater flexibility and new
opportunities to improve their customer load patterns and tariffs. Analysis, so as to provide

customers with better service . Technology uses the network more effectively to
immediately identify and correct supply-demand imbalances and
Figure 1: Smart Grids Provide Two-way Communication and reduce the cost.
Detect failures in the self-repair process to improve service quality and reliability . Some of
the measures that
has introduced to the system include supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA),
distribution management system (DMS), distribution automation system (DA), Energy
Management System (EMS), Automatic Meter Reading (AMR), Interrupt Management
System (OMS), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Geographic Information System .
The installation of the latest technologies and systems in the power system is expected to
reduce the loss level and subsequently increase the reliability of the network. Successful
smart grid implementation also requires the introduction of technologies based on Wide
Area Measurement System (WAMS) to achieve network performance. Installing a phasor
measurement unit (PMU) in a utility is a prerequisite for WAMS.

Figure 2: Various Layers of Smart Grid Infra-Structure
Now there is the question of how to incorporate these sources in our network system . The
first main requirement is the balance of the entire system, which depends entirely on our
needs. Depending on the load and application requirements, approximately half of the
total cost of the deployed system will be spent on this balancing system . But the
equipment required for normal is as follows:
● Instrumentation/Parts
● Requirements for connections of grids
● Place for deployment, community and other specific requirements
Balancing of overall Grid system requires
1. Power Conditioning instrumentation

2. Safety requirement
3. Smart meters for efficient performance

Once it is determined that these power sources will be connected to the conventional
grid system, the simplest way is to connect the generated current directly to the load, but if
storage is required, the situation will change.
For batteries, a charge controller is required. Stored standard image looks like this ...
The battery is used as a backup battery and is an effective storage method when connected
to wind or photovoltaic power. The battery (lead-acid) is a deep-cycle battery that can be
used for 9-10 years if properly maintained. The adjustment of the
battery current is completely controlled by the charge controller. Does the controller keep
the battery fully charged and also prevent the battery from overcharging? In addition, it
also controls when to draw additional current from the load side and prevents overload by
deploying shunts.

Therefore, power regulation is the most important thing. The energy generated by these
power sources is mainly direct current, so the conversion of direct current to alternating
current is very important for the transmission and distribution of alternating current in the
system .
1. Frequency matching
2. Voltage matching
3. Phase matching
4. Constant to oscillation power matching
Inverters are used for this power regulation. Investor cost accounting is the next step,
including the following:
1. Application range and level

2. Power quality
3. Input current voltage
4. Required AC voltage
5. Power requirement
6. Other functions of the inverter, such as counters and indicator lights.
Safety equipment
When it comes to electricity, safety is the most important factor to consider. The safety
system protects the entire system from damage caused by sudden lightning strikes, power
transmission and leakage or current failures.
These steps can lead us to merge renewable energy with smart grids, and by deploying
these systems, we can share most of the load and meet our needs.
3. Large-scale wind energy and solar energy in the grid

The integration of wind and solar energy in the grid will make the grid more reliable,
independent, efficient and self-correcting system in the event of power failures and
blackouts; allowing local community groups to learn from local Electricity is obtained from
renewable energy sources and causes the grid to transition from an infrastructure that
cannot be automatically restored to a detection and control infrastructures . To a large
extent, this integration is designed to manage peak loads. Provide new services to meet the
needs of individual users; and improve the use of assets. It involves a systematic approach
to develop and justify technical, regulatory, economic and other obstacles to the use of
renewable energy and distributed power generation.
3.1. Challenge
In India, the main focus of renewable energy integration is wind power and solar power.
Although some developments are already in progress, both wind and solar power are
facing intermittent technical problems. Uncontrollable variability, some degree of
unpredictability, and location dependence. Grid operators and power generation owners
face three different problems when integrating wind and solar Energy in the grid:
uncontrollable variability, high unpredictability and location dependence.
3.1.1 Uncontrollable variability
In renewable energy resources, variability refers to unstable production . It's different from
unpredictability: in a sense, even if the operator can perfectly predict wind and solar power
production, production will still tend to change and will challenge the operator . Network
operators must deal with voltage and frequency fluctuations in units of seconds to minutes
. Left unchecked, they can cause significant damage to the system (including the equipment
connected to it). One possible way to do this can be to inject energy (active or reactive) into
the grid, which has the technical characteristics of balancing the actual and expected
generation , which is essential to maintain a stable voltage and frequency in the grid . These
auxiliary services can have various names and descriptions.

An overview of the various services observed includes:
• Frequency adjustment: mainly through automatic power generation control signal (AGC)
for renewable energy, and generated within a few seconds to a few minutes .
• Spinning reserve: When the generator in the system is suddenly shut down or
deactivated, the spinning reserve is activated and provides power within a few minutes .
• Non-rotating reservations: Although they have the same functions as rotating
reservations, the response time of non-rotating reservations is much slower.
• Voltage support: These generators are used for reactive voltage to increase the voltage
when necessary.
• Black start capability-In the event of a cascading power failure, these generators can be
used to restart the power system .
In addition, network operators must track load deviations throughout the day and ensure
that supply always matches demands . When energy demand increases significantly, load
tracking functions become more important during peak hours of the day. On the other
hand, since the installation of network operators have been maintaining voltage and
frequency, following load changes and maintaining reserves.
Grid . This is due to the variable nature of fees. Also, conventional power generation has
encountered problems time and time again and cannot achieve the planned performance.
Although consumer demand can be predicted, it has some degree of variability. Wind and
solar power will not create problems that power generation operators have never faced.
When the penetration rate is low, the integration of renewable energies will introduce
specific problems of the local network, mainly equipment problems, such as harmonics and
subsynchronous resonance. However, with a relatively high penetration rate, wind and
solar have added more inhomogeneities to the energy system than grid operators have
ever encountered before, impacting ancillary services and balancing overall demands .
Energetic .

3.1.2.Widespread unpredictability
Unpredictability or uncertainty is different from the ever-existing variability of solar and
wind power, which is due to dependence on changing sunlight or wind speed to affect the
system on time scales from time to time . On the other hand, unpredictability is related to
our innate inability to predict whether we can use wind and solar power generation in an
hour or a day. Grid operators use unit commitments to manage most of the energy on the
grid, so day-to-day uncertainty is not that important. Unit commitment refers to the
process of scheduling power generation in advance, usually one day in advance, to meet
the expected load . Therefore, when production cannot meet demand, network operators
will use auxiliary services to make up the difference. The production of renewable energy
leads to an increase in the distribution between the supply of energy and the planned
energy, which leads to higher cost. Currently, drive engagement is largely deterministic,
which means that once the generator is in a predetermined operating state, it is expected
to run at full load . This approach is proven in the relative predictability and controllability
of the traditional generation. Resource availabilityBecause it is ready to balance supply and
demand, it is possible to protect a power supply that supports the power supply and,
therefore, the generator and stop of the transmission line. To ensure reliability, complex
issues occur to ensure that the process of commitments and unit reserve calculations is
uncertain to calculate reliability according to specific or random data. You will do it . The
prediction of time due to prediction technology is to predict wind energy and dawn in
several time frames with greater precision, and as a result, grid operators that allow
companies to schedule and send resources more effectively transmitting prediction . If you
correct the output level of the sun and the wind, the operator changes the generator
programming more dynamically and allows all assets by the grid operator to use it
optimally. Methods of the Advanced Unit Engagement Support operators within the
process preparing a system for potentially uncertain consequences that are not predicted
by prediction technology.
3.1.3. Location

Long-term plans, such as the new transmission routes, do not go to the daily management
of the grid . Even if the generation of renewable energy plays a very important role in this
scenario, it introduces new challenges. Wind resources and solar energy often exist from
the area of real use. Because it is far from the cargo center, it is very important to develop a
sufficient transmission infrastructure for the integration of renewable energy to the
renewable energy network . Transmission planning policies are very diverse and tend to be
affected by regional policy. The capacity of energy production is in a state and passes in
another state and finally used in another state. Such generation capabilities, transmission
capacity position, load-size fluctuation position between various locations, development of
renewable energy transmission complexes, and expanding more attitudes for cost
assignment , The new established transmission infrastructure has established a certain
technical need for technologies that transport generation of renewable energy, renewable
energy and the technology used for the transmission. Distributed energy resources are
providing an alternative version of the generation of energy and use in microgradures,
which avoids the loss of microgrid transmission and capital cost. Electrical networks can be
extended throughout the country and expand their energy transmission needs and
cooperating to cooperate with each other.
3.2. Solutions
Dynamic response compensator (DSTATCOM) and other reactive power compensation
solutions that provide fast response have been proven to effectively reduce the impact of
renewable energy generation fluctuations on the power system . These systems are
commonly used in wind and solar power plants with over 10444 MW. Numerous
transmission system operators

Figure 3: Renewable energy integration to smart grid
Many regions of the world have established strict interconnection requirements for
renewable power plants to protect the transmission system from such production
fluctuations , DSTATCOM can provide VAR support effectively, but it requires real power to
smooth the power generated by photovoltaic (PV) panels and manage the P V slope . New
Volt / Reactive Power Optimization (VVO) technology can also help solve the impact of
renewable energy on the grid . The latter solution can provide a comprehensive solution by
optimizing and adjusting the voltage curves of all distribution feeders served by the
substation, thus helping to solve the problem of voltage fluctuations caused by changes in
renewable energy production . VVO solutions can also use data from advanced electricity
meters to better monitor voltage levels at the customer level to ensure that the levels
remain within the appropriate range to provide the required level of power quality.
Advanced metering infrastructure and related home energy management solutions can
also play a role in adjusting intermittent renewable energy supply and demand in real time
. The idea is that advanced electricity meters, when combined with appropriate household
technology, can allow consumers to use energy only when generating renewable energy
supplies, so that demand can be matched with renewable energy supplies. However, this
method is still a theory. These features are not yet available at this stage . Even if

consumers can use this technology, it is not clear if they are willing to change their
electricity consumption, which is usually very inconvenient unless they can save a lot of
electricity . The savings should outweigh the inconvenience. Additionally, utilities still need
to maintain backup power supplies to continually balance power supply and demand in
real time, because this balance is essential to ensure grid stability .
4. GRID CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
Figure 4: A grid Connected residential solar rooftop system

A solar energy generation system connected to the grid or a PV system connected to the
network is a system of solar power generation cells connected to a grid . The photovoltaic
systems connected to the grid consist of solar panels, one or more inverters, power
adjustment units and grid connection devices. They range from small residential areas and
commercial rooftop systems to large practical solar power plants. Unlike independent
energy systems, grid connection systems still include integrated battery solutions, since
they are still very expensive. If the condition is correct, the photovoltaic system connected
to the network supplies excessive energy consumed by the load connected to the grid .
4.1 Operation
Grid-connected residential roof systems with a capacity of more than 10 kilowatts can meet the
needs of most consumers. They can feed surplus electricity to the grid, where other users will
consume electricity. Feedback is done through the meter to monitor the transmitted power.
The photovoltaic power can be less than the average consumption, in this case, consumers will
continue to buy energy from the grid, but less than before. If the photovoltaic power far
exceeds the average consumption, the energy generated by the panel will far exceed the
demands . In this case, the excess energy can be sold to the grid to generate revenue.
According to the agreement with the local grid company, the electricity user only needs to pay
the electricity cost minus the electricity price generated. If more electricity is generated than
consumed, this will be a negative number. In addition, in some cases, network operators will
pay consumers cash rewards.
can only establish the connection of the photovoltaic power generation system through the
interconnection agreement between the user and the utility company. The agreement specifies
various security standards that must be followed while connecting.
4.2 Features

If the electrical energy from the photovoltaic panel is to be used To be transmitted to the
network, it must be converted to alternating current through an inverter . The inverter is
located between the solar cell array and the grid . It can be a large standalone device or a
collection of small inverters, which connect to each solar panel as an AC module. The
inverter must control the voltage, waveform and frequency of the grid .
The inverter must detect a grid fault and cannot supply power to the grid . The inverter
connected to the faulty power line will automatically disconnect in accordance with safety
rules, which vary by jurisdiction. The location of the fault current plays a crucial role in
determining whether the inverter protection mechanism will be activated, especially for low
and medium power utility grids . The protection system must ensure the normal operation
of the external fault of the inverter in the grid . The inverter must be designed to
synchronize its AC frequency with the grid to ensure the correct direction of the power
flow.
Some common types of solar PV and there storage installations
There are three main types of solar power and storage systems: grid-tied,
grid-tied/combined, and off-grid . They all have their pros and cons and it really depends on

the customer's current power supply and what they want from the system .
Grid System
Grid system is a basic solar installation using a standard grid-connected inverter and no
storage batteries. This is perfect for customers who already have grid power and want to
add solar power to their home. These systems may be eligible for state and federal
incentives that help pay for the system . Grid link systems are designed to be simple and
very cost effective because they have relatively few components. The primary goal of a
grid-tied system is to reduce your energy bills and benefit from solar energy incentives.
A disadvantage of this type of system is that in the event of a power failure, so does your
system . This is for safety reasons, as line managers working on power lines need to know
that there is no electricity on the grid . Inverters connected to the grid should automatically
disconnect when they do not detect the grid . This means that you cannot provide
electricity during a power outage or emergency, and you cannot store energy for later use.
You also have no control over when you use your system's energy, such as during peak
periods.

But if customers have a basic system attached to the network, they're out of luck if they
want to add storage later. The solution was to create an AC hybrid system in which the
primary grid-connected inverter is coupled to a battery backup inverter . This is a great
solution for customers who need to install solar power right now to take advantage of
incentives but are not ready to invest in batteries.
A customer can benefit from over-the-air metering because when solar power generates
more than it uses, it can send electricity back to the grid . But when the load is higher than
the solar generated, they can buy electricity from the utility. Customers do not depend on
solar energy to power their entire load . The main thing to remember is that when the grid
goes down, so does the solar power and there is no backup battery in the system .
Grid-Interactive System with Battery Backup
The next type of system is a Grid-Connected System with Battery Backup, also referred to
as a Grid-Coupled System . This type of system is ideal for network connected customers
who know they want battery backup. Good candidates for this type of system are

customers who are prone to outages in their area, or who just generally want to be
prepared for an outage.
With this type of system, you get the best of both worlds because you stay connected to
the grid and can benefit from federal and state incentives and reduce your water and
electricity bill . In addition, in the event of a power failure, you have a backup. A
battery-based grid connected system provides power during a power failure and you can
store it for emergency use. You can save essential loads like lighting and appliances during
a power outage. You can also use energy during peak times because you can store energy
in a battery bank for later use.
The disadvantages of these systems are that they are more expensive than basic
grid-connected systems and are less efficient. There are also more ingredients. Adding
batteries also requires a charge controller to protect them. There should also be a
secondary table containing the critical loads that you want to back up.
Not all loads that the house uses on the network are backed up with the system . The
large loads required in the event of a network failure are isolated in a back-up sub-card.
Off-grid systems

This is a system diagram of a basic off-grid system . You can see that all loads are powered
by the battery and no mains power is available. It is also common to have both AC and DC
loads in an off-grid system, as DC loads can be slightly more efficient as they will not pass
through the inverter.
Off-grid systems are ideal for customers who cannot easily connect to the grid . This may
be due to the location or the high cost of the power supplies . In most cases, it doesn't
make sense for a person connected to the network to completely disconnect and make the
system off-grid .
The advantage of an off-grid system is that one person can be self-sufficient and can
supply power to remote places, far from the grid . You also have fixed energy costs and you
will not receive a bill for your energy consumption.
Another great aspect of off-grid systems is that they are modular and you can increase
capacity as your energy needs increase. You can start with a small, budget-conscious
system and add up over time.
Because the system is your only power source, many off-grid systems contain multiple
charging sources such as solar, wind, and generators. You need to consider weather and
year round conditions when designing the system . If your solar panels are covered in
snow, you need another way to keep the battery charged. You will probably also want a
backup generator in case your renewable sources sometimes don't have enough to charge
the battery.
One limitation is that off-grid systems may not be eligible for certain incentives. You should
also design your system to cover 100% of the load power and hopefully a little more.
Off-grid systems have more components and are also more expensive than standard
off-grid systems.

Grid Connection Principle
Connecting Module
So the take away from here is that the current controlled inverter consisting of inductor
and inverter and the feedback given by measuring the inductor current back and setting
the reference current according to the peak power of PV module would be a very effective
way of connecting the PV module to the Grids.
Maximum Power Point Tracking(MPPT)
● Therefore, in photovoltaic modules, there is only one operating point at any time at
which maximum power can be drawn. So we have to follow this point and see that
the PV module operating point is always at this point or around this point.
● To do this, always try to keep the PV panel operating point at its maximum power
point. Maximum power point is maximum power point tracking.
● At this point, the power absorbed by the PV module for given values of current and
voltage will still be maximum and for all other values of I and V will be much less
than that. with peak power.

Figure 5:Curve Showing the Max Power point
4.3 Simulation
Figure 6: Simulink model of a 100-kW array connected to a 25-kV grid via a DC-DC boost
converter and a three phase three-level VSC
4.4 Results

(i)
Here Va_B1 & Ia_B1 are pure sine wave whereas, there is a slight difference in Ia
owing due to the step time of DeBlock which is 0.05, for t>0.05, Ia becomes Sine wave

Figure Showing : Three Phase Voltage and Three phase Current waveform and the
Scope Resembling these Waveforms Finally going or getting Injected to the Utility
Grid.

(ii)
• This represents the output of the converter or the Inverter
• In the beginning there was a pure scientist. It is before the converter or before
everything works, that is it represents the open circuit stage it then starts working or
generating waves at 0.05 seconds. Starting from these harmonic waveforms, the 3
level converter operates and we can see the three stages in the harmonic waveform.

(iii)
We see that the DC link is at 500 volts, it is regulated by using a
controller inside the inverter itself.

(iv)
Here there are lots of inputs ar which are irradians, temperatures, average power,
average voltage and the duty cycle so all the parts of the simulation results has been
shown in the next part
(v)

We see in Irradiance (W/m^2), that it starts from 1000 watts and it goes down to 250
watts and then goes up at the given values of temperature (25*C)
In this the power generated goes to 100k Watts and then goes to 25k watts but at 100k
watts and 25 degrees centigrade the power generated is close to maximum power.This
underlines the concept of maximum power point tracking.
Vavg : This is the output from the PV panel if we look at her in the beginning it is more
than 300 it represents the open circuit voltage then at a certain time that is 0.05 seconds

of DeBlock converter it goes down and fluctuates and then it goes to a certain value and
remains constant.
Duty cycle: in the beginning that is when the PV panel has voltage of 300 volts it is at a
certain value then when the duty cycle changes then the V average also changes and so
on. So we basically see the change of the duty cycle because of the change in the
controller here. ending the duty cycle will lead to the change in the Vavg: I.E ( average
voltage of PV panels
Figure 6. Schematic illustration of the Gapa Island Smart Grid Model, Korea

4.5 Advantages
● Grid connected PV systems are easy to install because the battery systems are not
needed.
● The interconnection of the grid of the photoelectric energy production system (PV)
provides efficient use of the generated power. Because there is no storage loss of
● The photovoltaic electrical system is negative carbon depending on life and is
negative carbon like all the energy produced. The panel occupies the need to burn
fossil fuels early. The sun does not always shine, but some facilities provide a
reasonably predictable reduction in carbon consumption.
4.6 Disadvantages
● Grid Connect Connect PVS can cause voltage control problems. The traditional grids
work under the hypothesis of a single or radial flow. However, electricity may involve
the grid to increase the voltage and result in the level of 5% of the acceptable
bandwidth.
● The gate connected PV can damage the quality of the power supplies . The
intermittent nature of the PV means a sudden voltage change. This can not only
wear a voltage regulator due to frequent settings, but can also cause tension
flashers.
● Connecting a Grid of many protection tasks, such as a high level of gate-related PV,
causes problems such as relays, unpleasant triggers and interference with
automatic reconstruction.
5.Conclusion

Renewable energy is becoming a major source of electrical energy and due to its high
potential, especially in the field of wind and solar energy, in the coming years they will form
a significant part of production . supply to the power grid . However, as it has unpredictable
and changeable contributions, while smart grid integration uses advanced digital
computing and communication technology, it must operate and control the system . power
system within acceptable parameters. Regulatory mechanisms in India, some already in
vogue and others coming into effect gradually, encourage the promotion of decentralized
production and renewable energy, and the protection of green energy sources. relevant to
meet the electricity demand at all times with conventional nuclear or centralized thermal
power generation. But at the same time, strict measures must be observed in operation
when connecting to the network, taking advantage of the advances in technology available
to the smart grid that over the years have changed compared to the previous years. with
the former in terms of operation and control.
References
[1]. North Delhi Power Limited, Smart Grid Project in India, August, 2011
[2].https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117/108/1179108141/
[3].IEEE explore ( For some Research papers )
[4].Moacyr A. G. de Brito, Leonardo P . Sampaio, Luigi G. Jr., Guilherme A. e Melo, Carlos
A. Canesin "Comparative Analysis of MPPT Techniques for PV Applications", 2011
International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP).
[4]Rahman, Varma, R.K., Vanderheide, The Generalised model of a photovoltaic panel.
[5]Ministry of New & Renewable Energy ―Achievements
[6]Merabet, A.,Ahmed , K.T. Ibrahim, H., Beguine, R.,Ghias, A.M. Energy Management and
Control System for Laboratory Scale Microgrid Based Wind-PV-Battery(IEEE).

[7] Integration Plan for desert power development ,Desert Power India-2050.
[8]Kumar, N. Saha, T.K.; ,Dey, J. Sliding-mode control of PWM dual inverter-based
grid-connected PV system: Modeling and performance analysis(IEEE).
[9] Detailed project report for establishment of renewable energy management centres
(REMC).
[10]L. E. Jones, ―strategies and decision support systems for integrating variable energy
resources in control centers for reliable grid operations,‖ Global Best Practices.
[11]Baharudin , S.H.; Mansur, T.M.N.T.; H.Hamid, F.A.; Ali, R.; Misrun, M.I. Topologies of
DC-DC converter in solar PV applications. Indones. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci. 2016 .
[12]Choi, H.A.K. High-Gain Interleaved DC-DC Converters for Renewable Energy
Systems ; University of New South Wales Sydney : Sydney , Australia , .

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MTE PROJECT REVIEW

Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources

RISHANT KUMAR (202), ANAS AYUB (038)

Anas Ayub 2K19/EE/038 Rishant Kumar 2K19/EE/202

2. Smart grid technology

Balancing of overall Grid system requires

3. Large scale wind and solar ...

3.1.1 Non controllable variability

3.1.2. Extensive unpredictability

3.1.3. Dependency on Location

4. GRID CONNECTED PHOTOVO...

Some common types of solar...

Anas Ayub 2K19/EE/038 Rishant Kumar 2K19/EE/202

Maximum Power Point Tracking

Anas Ayub 2K19/EE/038 Rishant Kumar 2K19/EE/202

document discusses the problems and solutions related to the integration of

Anas Ayub 2K19/EE/038 Rishant Kumar 2K19/EE/202

and the response to changes in electricity production .Due to the intermittency of

renewables for the grid in the future,

Renewable Energy Integrated into the Grid

refers to larger projects connected to the grid by power lines.

Utility Scale Electricity Generation

Centralized utility-scale renewable energy plants comparable to fossil-fueled power plants

Anas Ayub 2K19/EE/038 Rishant Kumar 2K19/EE/202

through distribution lines to buildings and homes.

means their output is used before other types of generators.

Anas Ayub 2K19/EE/038 Rishant Kumar 2K19/EE/202

distribution, which is the power supply lines for customers.

distributed electricity generation. distribute. However, unlike small rooftop renewables,

network to be used by nearby homes and businesses.

Anas Ayub 2K19/EE/038 Rishant Kumar 2K19/EE/202

about two-thirds of the grid-connected renewable capacity installed to date. Of course,

peak capacity and, to some extent, quality.

Overview of Grid Integration Issues

To promote sustainable, low-emissions development, many countries are setting

practice of developing an effective method of supplying variable renewable energy (RE) to

the grid . A robust integration method maximizes the cost-effectiveness of integrating

reliability of the system .

Network integration covers many areas including:

● New generation of renewable energy

Anas Ayub 2K19/EE/038 Rishant Kumar 2K19/EE/202

● Increased system flexibility

● Planning for a high RE future

1. New generation of renewable energy

incorporate technologies that contribute to grid stability), to promote investment in

As planners consider increasing variable renewable energy production, the inherent

Updating federated distribution planning standards, procedures, and methods to better

prevent increased demands .

Anas Ayub 2K19/EE/038 Rishant Kumar 2K19/EE/202

example, designed through an “ER zone”) approach encourages investment in large-scale

3. Increased system flexibility

Access to sources of operational flexibility is becoming increasingly important in grid-tied

institutional flexibility is to coordinate activities across balanced jurisdictions, allowing

resources to be shared through the sharing of reserves, coordinated planning and / or

Other sources of flexibility include flexible generation and transmission networks. In

when RE penetration is very high.

encouraging the adoption of flexible measures. In contrast, a partially or fully restructured

4. Planning for a highly renewable energy future

Anas Ayub 2K19/EE/038 Rishant Kumar 2K19/EE/202